中考常用時態(tài)歸納.doc

動詞時態(tài)一、動詞時態(tài)的基本知識與結構： 概念結構時間狀語否定和一般疑問句一般現(xiàn)在時表示經常、反復發(fā)生的動作或者行為及目前的某種狀況，還可以用來表示某個事情的特點和性質。is/ am/ are動詞原形/動詞單數(shù)第三人稱have/ hasoften，usually，always，never，sometimes，every week，once a week，on Sundays 等主語am/is/are not 主語dont/ doesnt 動詞原形Am/Is/Are主語？Do/Does 主語動詞？一般過去時表示過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或者狀態(tài)，過去習慣性經常性的動作或者狀態(tài)。was/ were動詞過去時hadago，yesterday，the day before yesterday，last week/year/month/night，in 1989，just now，at the age of twelve，one day，long long ago 等主語was/werenot . 主語didnt動詞原形.Was/Were 主語.？ Did主語謂語動詞.？一般將來時表示將來某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或者狀態(tài)，或者將來某一段時間經常發(fā)生的動作或者狀態(tài)。will/shall 動詞原形is/am/ are going to 動詞原形tomorrow，next week/month/year，in the future等主語wont 動詞原形. 主語isnt/arent +going to動詞原形.Will/Shall 主語動詞原形.？ Am/Is/Are 主語going to謂語動詞.？過去將來時表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。would/should動詞原形was/were goingto動詞原形the next day/ week/ month/ year等主語wouldnt /shouldnt動詞原形. 主語wasnt/werent +going to動詞原形.Would/Should 主語動詞原形.？ Was/Were 主語going to謂語動詞.？現(xiàn)在進行時表示說話時正在發(fā)生的動作，或現(xiàn)階段進行的動作，但說話時不一定正在進行。is/ am/ are現(xiàn)在分詞(v-ing)now，at this time，at present，these days等主語am/is/are +not現(xiàn)在分詞.Am/Is/Are 主語現(xiàn)在分詞.？過去進行時表示過去某個時間里正在發(fā)生的動作或者行為。was/were 現(xiàn)在分詞(v-ing)then，at that time，at ten last night等主語wasnt/werent 現(xiàn)在分詞. Was/Were 主語現(xiàn)在分詞.？現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結果。have/has 過去分詞(v-ed)already，just，ever，before，never，yet，since，for，so far等主語havent/hasnt過去分詞. Have/Has主語過去分詞.？過去完成時表示過去某個時間之前已經完成的動作或者行為。had 過去分詞(v-ed)by the time, before we got there, after, by the end of 等主語hadnt過去分詞. Had主語過去分詞.？二、動詞時態(tài)的中考重點和考點： 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時：（1）表示經常發(fā)生的動作或者經常存在的狀態(tài)。經常和表示時間的狀語often，always，usually，sometimes，every day等連用。例如： My sister usually goes to school on foot. 我姐姐經常步行去上學。 We often come to school at six in the morning. 我們經常在早上六點到學校。（2）表示某種習慣或者能力，也可以表示職業(yè)、特征等。例如： My mother often gets up very early in the morning. This kind of car runs very fast. 這種小汽車跑得非?？臁Ｃ枋鋈嘶蚴挛锏男再|和特征，如描寫某個人的外貌特征和性格特點要用一般現(xiàn)在時。所以介紹人物、說明事物等說明文用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如： Our school is bigger than yours. 我們的學校比你們的大。 Our new teacher is young and outgoing. 我們的英語老師即年輕又開朗。 This is my father. He is an actor. He likes action movies. He often acts some farmers in the movies.（3）表示客觀事實、客觀規(guī)律或者客觀真理。例如： This kind of trees never grows in the desert. 這種樹從來不在沙漠里生長。 Do you know that knowledge is power? 你知道知識就是力量嗎？（4）在時間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中，表示將來的動作。例如： Theyll be so happy when I tell them. 我告訴他們時，他們會很高興的。 If you arent here on time tomorrow, Ill write to your parents. 如果你明天不準時到，我就給你父母親寫信。注意：一般現(xiàn)在時的be動詞不能和其它的行為動詞連用，這是學生最容易出現(xiàn)錯誤的地方。例如在下句中is不能和goes連用。所以去掉be動詞is。He is often goes to school on foot. 他經常步行去上學。（1）一般現(xiàn)在時的第三人稱單數(shù)：在一般現(xiàn)在時中，如果句子的主語是第三人稱單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用其第三人稱單數(shù)形式。例如：My father often watches TV after dinner at home. 我的爸爸經常在晚飯后在家看電視。（2）一般現(xiàn)在時的謂語如果是實義動詞，其否定句和一般疑問句要用助動詞do，第三人稱單數(shù)用does，doesnt來構成。例如：My little brother doesnt do his homework at school. 我的小弟弟不在學校做家庭作業(yè)。隨時練：1. Jim. Youd better go home now. OK! I will go home as soon as I _ my homework.A. will finish B. finishing C. finish D. finishes2. We will climb the hill if it _ tomorrow.A. doesnt rain B. isnt raining C. wont rain D. will rain3. Whats wrong with these noodles? It _ terrible.A. is tasting B. was tasted C. tastes D. tasting4. Have you heard of the story of Holi? It _ like this: there is a bad king whoA. tells B. comes C. goes D. says5. When _ your mother _ to work every day, Mary? Sorry, I really cant remember.A. does; go B. has; gone C. had; gone D. did; go答案： C A C C A2. 一般過去時：（1）表示過去經常發(fā)生的動作或者過去經常存在的狀態(tài)。常與表示過去的時間狀語yesterday，just now，a moment ago，last week/ year/ night，in 1985，in those days，when I was at middle school等連用。例如：They went to college last year. 他們是去年上大學。We had a good time in the park yesterday. 我們昨天在公園玩得很高興。（2）表示過去接連發(fā)生的一系列動作。例如：We played football first，then went boating and fishing,，and at last had a picnic there. 我們先踢足球，然后去劃船、釣魚。最后我們在那里野餐。（3）在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中，表示過去將來的動作。She told me that she would not leave until I came back. 她告訴我我回來她才會離開。注意：（1）表示過去經常或反復的動作，而現(xiàn)在卻不這樣做了，也可以用used to +動詞原形來表示。例如： I used to get up very late. 我過去總是起床很晚。（2）如果主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在完成時，since引導的時間狀語從句用一般過去時。例如： We have made a lot of friends since we came here. 自從我們來到這里以來已經交了很多的朋友。（3）談論某人的出生日期經常用一般過去時。例如： When were you born? 你是什么時候出生的？ I was born in 1983. 我出生于1983年。(4)一般過去時的否定句和疑問句，主語不論是第幾人稱、不論是單數(shù)形式還是復數(shù)形式，其否定和疑問形式都是用助動詞did構成。注意不要丟掉或忘記改后面的謂語動詞為原形。這是中考最容易出現(xiàn)錯誤的地方。例如： My father didnt go to movies with my mother yesterday evening. 我爸爸昨天晚上沒有和我媽媽一起去看電影。（5）一般過去時的be動詞was/were不能和其它的行為動詞連用，這是學生最容易出現(xiàn)錯誤的地方。例如下句中was不能和did連用。所以去掉be動詞was。He was did his homework after dinner last night. 他昨天晚上吃完午飯后做他的家庭作業(yè)。（6）動詞的過去式有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種形式。規(guī)則變化是在動詞原形的后面加詞尾ed。例如： My mother worked in that factory last month. 我的媽媽上個月在那家工廠上班。隨時練：1. When _ your mother _ back? About half an hour ago.A. did；come B. had; come C. do; come D. have; come2. Betty _ to school yesterday because she was ill.A. isnt come B. didnt come C. comes D. doesnt3. _ you _ take a bus to school? Yes. But now I usually go to school on foot.A. Were; used to B. Did; used toC. Do; used to D. Did; use to4. When _ your mother _ you that blue dress, Mary? Sorry, I really cant remember.A. does; buy B. has; bought C. had; bought D. did; buy5. Who told you to take some cameras? Our teacher _. She said we need to take many photos.A. does B. has C. had D. did【答案】 A B D D D 3. 現(xiàn)在進行時： （1）表示說話的時候正在發(fā)生的動作，經常與時間狀語now，at present，at this time/ moment等連用。例如：The boys are playing football over there now. 這些男孩子們正在那邊踢足球。My father is watching TV with my mother now. 我的爸爸正在和媽媽一起看電視。在句子中有Look!/Listen! /at this time/ Its six oclock等詞句提示時，句子的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在進行時。例如：Look! All the boys of our class are playing soccer on the playground. 看！ 我們班所有的男孩都在操場上踢足球。（2）表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行著的動作，但不一定在說話時正在進行。經常與now，these days等時間狀語連用。例如： I am learning French in Beijing these days. 這些天我正在北京學法語。（3）一些瞬間動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時可以表示一般將來時表示“即將”，常有表示將來的時間狀語。常用的這類動詞有come，leave，go，arrive，die等。例如： Hurry up! The bus is coming. 快點！公共汽車馬上就要開了。 He is coming back tomorrow. 他明天會回來。(4)介紹人物的動作、說明某一過程，描寫做某事的場面等短文多用現(xiàn)在進行時。例如：Its eight now. All of us are planting trees on the hill. Some big boys are digging hard. Some girls are watering the young trees. Our teacher is carrying some water from a little river. What is our monitor doing? Look! He is helping ayoung boy to dig holes. We are all working hard. 現(xiàn)在是八點，我們所有的人都正在山上栽樹。一些大的男孩們正在努力挖坑，一些女孩們正在澆水，我們的老師正在從小河里抬水。我們的班長在做什么？看！他正在幫小同學挖坑。我們都在努力地工作。(5)現(xiàn)在進行時與頻率副詞always，again等連用，表示說話人的某種感情色彩 (贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等)。 The little boy is always making trouble. 這個小男孩總是惹麻煩。注意：使用現(xiàn)在進行時應該注意以下幾點。（1）現(xiàn)在進行時不能丟掉be動詞，這是學生最容易出現(xiàn)錯誤的地方。例如： He swimming with his friends in the river now. 他正在河里面游泳。（少is）（2）動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞是動詞v.ing。注意一些動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞變化規(guī)則。例如： swim，run，shop，begin等重讀閉音節(jié)詞結尾且只有一個輔音字母的要雙寫詞尾加ing；write，like，live等以不發(fā)音e結尾的要去掉字母e再加ing。但是see seeing lie- lying隨時練：1. listen! Who _ the piano in our classroom? I think it must be our music teacher.A. plays B. is playing C. is play D. played2. Many children like eating some snacks while they _ interesting cartoons on TV.A. watching B. are watching C. watch D. is watch3. Hello! Is that John speaking? Sorry. This is Henry. John _ supper.A. is cooking B. cooked C. cooks D. cooking4. Keep quiet, please. Your father _ in the bedroom. OK, Mum.A. sleep B. sleeping C. is sleeping D. sleeps5. Do you often hear your mother _ in your room? Yes. Listen! She _ in her bedroom now.A. singing; singing B. is singing; singing C. sing; is singingD. sing; sings【答案】 B B A C C 4. 過去進行時：表示說話的過去某個時候或某一階段正在進行的動作。這一特定時間除了有上下文暗示外，經常和表示過去時間的狀語then，a moment ago，at this time yesterday，at ten last night，at that time/ moment等連用。例如：What were you doing at this time yesterday? 昨天這個時候你正在做什么？I was cooking with my mother. 我正和我媽媽一起做飯。My mother was watching TV at eight last night. 昨天晚上八點我媽媽正在看電視。when引導的時間狀語從句是一般過去時，主句常用過去進行時。例如：My father was watching TV when I got home last night. 我昨天晚上到家的時候，我爸爸正在看電視。as，when, while引導的狀語從句，常用過去進行時為主句的謂語動作描述一件事發(fā)生的背景。 例如：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down. 他跳上跳下，弄壞了椅子。隨時練：1. What _ you _ at seven last night? Oh, I was watching TV.A. did；do B. is；doing C. are；doing D. were；doing2. My mother _ when I got home.A. cook B. cooks C. cooked D. was cooking3. Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes4. As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was fallingD. read; fell【答案】D D C B 注意：英語中有四類動詞一般不用進行時(現(xiàn)在進行時和過去進行時)：1.表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動詞：love 、hate、like、care、please、prefer、know 等。2.表示存在、狀態(tài)的動詞，如：appear、exist、lie (位于）、remain、seem等。3.表示感覺的動詞see、hear、feel（摸起來）、smell、sound、taste 4.表示一時性的動詞accept、allow、decide、end、refuse、promise等。例如：On the foot of the mountain lies a small village. 山腳下有一個小山村。The silk feels soft and smooth. 這種絲綢摸起來又滑又軟。5. 一般將來時：幾種一般將來時的不同用法：表示將來發(fā)生的動作或者存在的狀態(tài)。常和表示將來的時間狀語，如tomorrow，next week/ year/ month，this afternoon/ evening，tonight，in a few days，when he comes等連用。一般將來時的構成：1） will/shall動詞原形 2）be going to動詞原形。其中shall用于第一人稱，will用于第二和第三人稱。例如：Ill come and help you tomorrow. 我明天來幫助你。He will go to Beijing and see his father next week. 他下個星期去北京看他的爸爸。（1）will +動詞原形，表示主觀意愿,未經事先精心計劃或打算，可用于各種人稱。例如： There is someone at the door. I will go and open it. 門口有人，我去開門。 Who will go and help that poor old man? 誰去幫助那位可憐的老人？（2）be going to +動詞原形，強調計劃、安排要發(fā)生的事或有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如： He is going to buy a new car next week. 他打算下周買臺新車。 Look at the dark clouds. I think it is going to rain soon. 看那些烏云，我想要下雨了。（3）shall +動詞原形，主語通常是I或 we并且在肯定句中常被will +動詞原形構成的將來時代替，而在疑問句中Shall I./ Shall we.? 常用來征求對方意見. Shall I /we go fishing tomorrow? 明天去釣魚怎么樣？ When shall we meet? 我們什么時候見面？（4）一些動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時的結構表示一般將來時,這些動詞有come，go，leave，start，arrive等。例如：Hurry up! The train is leaving. 快點，火車馬上就要開了。注意：（1）shall一般和第一人稱的代詞連用構成shall I或者shall we的一般疑問句，用來詢問對方的意圖和愿望，征求別人同意等。例如： Shall we go swimming this afternoon? 今天下午我們去游泳好嗎？（2）助動詞shall引起的一般疑問句征求別人同意時，回答不能用Yes, you shall或者No, you shall not，應該用Yes, please do.或者No, please dont. 例如： Shall I close the window? 我把窗戶關上好嗎？ No, please dont.不，別關。（3）be going to+動詞原形，常用來表示已經決定或安排要做的事，也用于表示必然或很可能發(fā)生的事。例如：They are going to finish the work this evening. 他們打算今天晚上完成這項工作。Its going to snow. 要下雪了。隨時練： 1. The TV show Home with Kids is so wonderful. You shouldnt miss it. If I have time, I _ it.A. see B. saw C. will see D. have seen2. When I grow up, I _ to make my parents live happily.A. try B. tried C. will try D. have tried3. You have left with the lights on in your classroom, Jim. Oh, I am sorry. I _ to turn then off right now.A. would B. have gone C. will go D. go4. Dont worry. I _ you as soon as I finish my work.A. helpB. will helpC. helpedD. was helping5. Mr. Smith _ us a talk on computer games next Monday.A. give B. gave C. has given D. is going to give【答案】C C C B D6. 過去將來時：一般將來時是以現(xiàn)在為基點看將來，而過去將來時則是說話人以過去某時為基點看將來，多用于賓語從句(包括間接引語），表示從句動作發(fā)生在主句之后。He said that he would ring me at six. 他說他將在6點鐘給我打電話。表示過去某個將來時間發(fā)生的動作或者存在的狀態(tài)。第一人稱用should動詞原形，其他人稱用would動詞原形。也可以用was/were +going +to 動詞原形。過去將來時經常用在間接引語中，主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時。I thought you would change your mind. 我原以為你會改變主意的。Your father said he was going to visit your school next week.你爸爸說他下個星期要到你的學校參觀。They said they would come the next day. 他們說第二天就回來。7. 現(xiàn)在完成時：現(xiàn)在完成時是中考的重點和難點，要特別注意since和for的用法。（1）表示動作發(fā)生在過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或者結果，而這種影響或者結果往往是說話人的興趣所在。常用的狀語有already, yet, not yet, now, just, by this time等。例如： The bus has come here. 公共汽車已經來了。 Someone has cleaned the window. 有人已經擦了窗戶。（2）表示過去已經開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在而且可能繼續(xù)下去的動作。常與表示一段時間的狀語連用，如today, this week/ month/ summer, lately, recently, these days, so far, in the past few days, since the end of last year, for a long time等。例如： We have lived here for two years. 我們在這里住了兩年了。 (3) （1）since引導的時間狀語從句用一般過去時表示自過去某個時間以來,主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時.例如：They have learned two hundred songs since they came here. 自從他們來這里以來，已經學會了二百首歌曲。（2）for和表示一段時間的狀語連用，句子的謂語動詞多用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如： My teacher has taught in this school for ten years. 我們的老師已經在這所學校教了10年書了。（3）現(xiàn)在完成時和for/ since時間狀語連用時，其謂語動詞要用延續(xù)性動詞，這是學生最容易出現(xiàn)錯誤的地方。例如： He has bought the bike for three years. 他買這輛自行車已經三年了。這個句子bought不能和for three years連用，因為“買”這一動作不能持續(xù)三年，是一個瞬間動詞，應改成had，表示“擁有”了三年。也可改為：He bought the bike three years ago. 他三年前買的這輛自行車。注意：（1）buy，borrow，die等非延續(xù)性動詞（也稱為瞬間動詞）的肯定形式一般不能和表示一段時間的for短語及since短語（或從句）連用，這時要用相應的動詞代替這些非延續(xù)性動詞。例如：() I have bought the bike for two years. 我買這輛自行車兩年了。() I have had the bike for two years. 瞬間動詞與延續(xù)動詞的轉換：buyhave stopbe overleavebe away come backbe back borrowkeep diebe dead beginbe onfall asleepbe asleeparrivebe here get upbe up joinbe inbe a member例如：They borrowed the book two weeks ago他們兩個星期前借的這本書。 They have kept the book for two weeks A month has passed since he left home. 他離開家已經一個月了。 He has been away from home for a month.（2）注意以下表示法的含義及用法：have been (to): 去過或到過（某地）（表示某人過去的經歷）have gone (to)：去（某地）了 （現(xiàn)在可能已在某地）have come (to)：來（某地）了 （現(xiàn)在可能已在某地）have been in +一段時間: 已在某地一段時間了例如：He has been to Hangzhou several times. 他到過杭州幾次了。He has gong to Hangzhou, so he cant help us. 他去杭州了，所以他不可能幫助我們。He has come to our city. Lets go to visit him. 他已經到我們城市來了，我們去拜訪他吧。She has been in London for half a year. 她在倫敦已經半年了。（4）注意兩個動詞短語have been to和have gone to 的不同用法。have been to是表示“去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經返回）”的意思；have gone to是表示“已經去了某地”的意思。例：We have been to the Great Wall for many times.我們已經去過長城好多次了。 They have already gone to the Great Wall. 他們已經去了長城。隨時練：1. Tony, _ you _ smoking? Yes. Drinking tea is my favorite now.A. will; stop B. did; stop C. would; stop D. have; stopped2. Mr. Smith speaks Chinese very well. He _ in China since 2000.A. has stayed B. stays C. is staying D. stayed3. Why wont you go to the movie with me? Because I _ it twice.A. see B. will see C. sawD. have seen4. I _ my father since I left my village. I miss him very much.A. didnt see B. havent seen C. wont see D. am seeing5. Where is your father, Mary? He _ Beijing with my mother.A. has been to B. has gone to C. had went D. went【答案】D A D B B幾種時態(tài)的區(qū)別: 一、一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別。一般過去時只表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作和狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在完成時則強調到目前為止動作的完成和結果，與現(xiàn)在的情況有聯(lián)系，對現(xiàn)在也有影響。需要特別注意的是：強調做過的事，用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，當說明或者詢問做事的時間、地點時，要用一般過去時。例如：He has watched the football match. She watched it last Saturday. 她看了那場足球賽，她是上周六看的。 現(xiàn)在完成時強調這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關系，如對現(xiàn)在產生的結果、影響等，所以不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用；一般過去時只表示過去的事實，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關系，可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。例如：Have you seen the film? Yes, I have. (表示結果：已經看過了，因此了解了這部電影)When did you see it? I saw it last Sunday. (表示事實：過去做的一件事的時間)He has taught this class for two years. （現(xiàn)在仍教著，或者剛剛停止）He taught this class for two years. （過去教過）三、易錯點點撥： 1. 助動詞和實義動詞混淆。She doesnt her homework at home.解析把doesnt改為doesnt do。2. 一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進行時混淆。Look! All the boys play games under the tree.解析把play改為are playing。3. 一般過去時忘記使用謂語的過去時形式。Where does your father go last night?解析把does改為did。4. 一般過去時和過去完成時用法混淆。We learned three hundred words in the last two years.解析把learned改為have learned。5. 瞬間動詞用作延續(xù)性動詞。My mother has come back for a month.解析把has come改為has been back。6. 時態(tài)在狀語從句中的誤用。We will call you when your father will come here.解析把will come改為comes。7. 賓語從句中的時態(tài)不對應。He asked us what we will do tomorrow.解析本題是考查在賓語從句中的時態(tài)對應。主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，賓語從句中一般要用相應的過去時，即從句中原來的一般將來時一般要改成過去將來時，另外還要對時間狀語加以調整。所以原句應改為：He asked what we would do the next day.英語的語態(tài)一、中考要求： 動詞的語態(tài)中考要求掌握：動詞的主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的形式與使用。二、知識要點： 英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)表示句子的主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者；被動語態(tài)是表示句子的主語是謂語動作的承受者。例如：我們經常擦黑板。We often clean the blackboard.（我們是擦黑板的執(zhí)行者即主動語態(tài)）The blackboard is often cleaned by us. （黑板是clean的承受者即被動語態(tài)）。1. 被動語態(tài)的構成： 被動語態(tài)由be動詞的過去分詞構成，有各種時態(tài)。（1）一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)：am/is/are過去分詞。例如： The song is often sung by the little boys. 這首歌經常被男孩子唱。（2）一般過去時的被動語態(tài)：was/were過去分詞。例如： The school was built in 1974. 這個學校是1974年建的