最全高中化學(xué)方程式分類匯總.doc

此文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除高中化學(xué)方程式總結(jié)目錄學(xué)習(xí)資料第一部分 金屬一 堿金屬鈉1鉀2鋰3二 常見金屬鎂3鋁3鐵4三 其他金屬錳4銅5鈣5鋇5鉛5鋅5鈹5汞5第二部分 鹵族元素、氮族元素一 鹵族元素氟6氯6溴6碘6二 氮族元素氮6磷7第三部分 碳族元素、氧族元素一 碳族元素碳8硅8二 氧族元素氧9硫9第四部分 有機反應(yīng)一 烴甲烷 10乙烯 11乙炔 11苯 11甲苯 12二 烴的衍生物溴乙烷 12乙醇 12苯酚 13乙醛 13乙酸 14乙酸乙酯 15三 糖類、油脂、蛋白質(zhì)葡萄糖 15蔗糖、麥芽糖 15淀粉、纖維素 15油脂 16氨基酸 16第五部分 離子反應(yīng) 17第六部分 電極反應(yīng)方程式 20第七部分 熱反應(yīng)方程式 22第一部分 金屬一、堿金屬1.鈉Na4Na+O22Na2O2Na+O2Na2O2Cl2+2Na2NaCl2Na+SNa2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH32NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)4NaCl+TiNa2ONa2O+H2O2NaOH2Na2O+O22Na2O2Na2O+SO3Na2SO4Na2O+CO2Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na2Na2O（此反應(yīng)用于制備Na2O）2Na2O2+2H2O4NaOH+O2(此反應(yīng)分兩步Na2O2+2H2O2NaOH+H2O2；2H2O22H2O+O2。H2O2的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng))2Na2O2+2CO22Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2ONaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2ONa2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(過量)+CO2Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(過量)NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O（常溫下強堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃）2NaOH+Al2O32NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HClNaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O52NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O52Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O4Al(OH)3NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H2SO4(濃)NaHSO4+HClH2SO4(濃)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl22NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(濃)NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(濃)NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HClNaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3Fe(OH)3+3CO2NaHCO3+HClNaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32NaNO2+O2H2SO4(濃)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4ClNaCl+N2+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HClNa2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HClNaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HClH3PO4+NaClNa2S、NaHSNa2S+Cl22NaCl+S3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SNa2SO4、Na2SO3、Na2S2O33Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4Na2S2O3+H2SO4Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONa2SO3+SO2+H2O2NaHSO32NaHSO3Na2SO3+SO2+H2ONa2SiO3Na2SiO3+2HClH2SiO3+2NaClC6H5ONaC6H5ONa+CO2+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO32.鉀KK+O2KO22K+2H2O2KOH+H2K2O、K2O2K2O+H2O2KOHK2O+CO2K2CO32K2O2+2CO2K2CO3+O22K2O2+2H2O4KOH+O2KOH2KOH+CO2K2CO3+H2OKOH+CO2KHCO3K2CO3K2CO3+2HCl2KCl+CO2+H2OK2CO3+CaCl2CaCO3+2KCK2CO3+2AgNO3Ag2CO3+2KNO3KHCO3KHCO3+HClKCl+CO2+H2O2KHCO3K2CO3+CO2+H2OKClO32KClO32KCl+3O2KClO3+6HClKCl+3Cl2+3H2OKClO3+5KCl+3H2SO43Cl2+3K2SO4+3H2OKI2KI+Cl22KCl+I2KI+AgNO3AgI+KNO3KAl(SO4)22KAl(SO4)2+6NaOHK2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al(OH)32KAl(SO4)2+3Ba(OH)2K2SO4+3BaSO4+2Al(OH)3KAl(SO4)2+2Ba(OH)2KAlO2+2BaSO4KSCN3KSCN+FeCl3Fe(SCN)3+3KClKHKH+H2OKOH+H23.鋰LiLi+O2Li2O2Li+2H2O2LiOH+H2Li2OLi2O+CO2Li2CO3Li2O+H2O2LiOHLiOH2LiOH+CO2Li2CO3+H2OLiOH+CO2LiHCO3Li2CO3Li2CO3+2HCl2LiCl+CO2+H2OLiHCO3LiHCO3+HClLiCl+CO2+H2O2LiHCO3Li2CO3+CO2+H2O二、常見金屬1.鎂Mg2Mg+O22MgOMg+2H2O2Mg(OH)2+H2Mg+Cl2MgCl22Mg+CO22MgO+CMg+SMgSMg+Br2MgBr23Mg+N2Mg3N2Mg+2HClMgCl2+H2Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融)Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl(熔融)MgCl2+2RbMgOMgO+2HClMgCl2+H2OMgO+H2OMg(OH)2Mg(OH)2Mg(OH)2+2HClMgCl2+2H2OMgCO3MgCO3+2HCl2MgCl2+CO2+H2OMgCO3+2H2OMg(OH)2+CO2MgCO3CO2+MgOMg(HCO3)2Mg(HCO3)2+2HClMgCl2+2CO2+2H2O2Mg(HCO3)2Mg(OH)2+CO2+H2OMgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH)2Mg(OH)2+BaSO4MgSO4+2NaOHMg(OH)2+Na2SO4Mg3N2Mg3N2+8H2O3Mg(OH)2+2NH3H2O2.鋁AlAl+3O22Al2O32Al+3SAl2S32Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe（鋁熱反應(yīng)）2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O（Al、Fe在冷、濃的H2SO4、HNO3中鈍化）2Al+2NaOH+2H2O2NaAlO2+3H2Al2O3、Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O（Al2O3是兩性氧化物）Al2O3+2NaOH2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HClAlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+6H2OAl(OH)3+NaOHNaAlO2+2H2O鋁鹽AlCl3+3NaOHAl(OH)3+3NaClAlCl3+3NH3H2OAl(OH)3+3NH4Cl2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClAlCl3+3NaHCO3Al(OH)3+3CO2AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O4Al(OH)3Al2(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SAl4C3+12H2O4Al(OH)3+3CH43.鐵Fe2Fe+3Cl22FeCl33Fe+2O2Fe3O4Fe+SFeS2Fe+3Br22FeBr3Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2SFeS+H22Fe+6H2SO4(濃)Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀)FeSO4+H2Fe+6HNO3Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2OFe+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O10Fe+36HNO310Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O8Fe+30HNO38Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO)2CuCu+(CH3COO)2FeFeO3FeO+2AlAl2O3+3Fe6FeO+O22Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFe2O3Fe2O3+2AlAl2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO2Fe+3CO2Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O（制還原鐵粉）Fe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OFe3O4+8HCl(濃)FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH)2、Fe(OH)34Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl22FeCl3FeCl2+MgFe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu2FeCl2+CuCl2（用于雕刻印刷電路板）2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2OFe(OH)3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaClFeCl3+3NaHCO3Fe(OH)3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClFeCl3+3KSCNFe(SCN)3+3KClFeSFeS+2HClFeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4FeSO4+H2S4FeS2+11O22Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H2FeO4+2H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O4Fe(OH)3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH)3+3NaClO+4NaOH2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2OFe2O3+3Na2O22Na2FeO4+Na2O其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO4)3+2AgFeSO4+Ag2SO4（較難反應(yīng)）Fe3C+22HNO33Fe(NO3)3+CO2+13NO2+11H2O三、其他金屬1.錳KMnO42KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+16HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2O2KMnO4+5KNO3+3H2SO42MnSO4+K2SO4+5KNO3+2H2PMnO2MnO2+4HCl(濃)MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O2.銅Cu2Cu+O22CuO2Cu+SCu2SCu+Cl2CuCl2CH4+4CuO4Cu+CO2+2H2O3CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HClCuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4CuSO4+H2OCu(OH)2+2HClCuCl2+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2SCuS+2HClCuCl2+2NaOHCu(OH)2+2NaClCuSO4+H2SCuS+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOHCu(OH)2+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH)2Cu(OH)2+BaSO43.鈣CaCaO+H2OCa(OH)2CaO+SiO2CaSiO32Ca(OH)2+2Cl2CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2OCa(OH)2+SO3CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2（用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等還原性氣體）CaCO3+SiO2CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(濃)CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO4)2+3H2SO4(濃)3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO4)2+2H2SO4(濃)2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2+4H3PO43Ca(H2PO4)2（重鈣）CaH2+2H2OCa(OH)2+2H24.鋇BaBa(OH)2+CO2BaCO3+H2OBa(OH)2+2CO2(過量)Ba(HCO3)2Ba(OH)2+H2SO4BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH)2+2H3PO3Ba3(PO4)2+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4BaSO4+2NaClBaCO3+2HClBaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3Ba(NO3)2+CO2+H2OBaO2+H2SO4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)5.鉛Pb、PbO2Pb+2HClPbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(濃)PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O鉛鹽Pb(NO3)2+H2SPbS+2HNO3(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S=PbS+CH3COOH6.鋅ZnZn+SZnSZn+2HClZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl32FeCl2+ZnCl2As2O3+6Zn+12HCl2AsH3+6ZnCl2+3H2OZnOZnO+2HClZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH)2Zn(OH)2+2HClZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH)2+4NH3H2OZn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZn(OH)2ZnO+H2O7.鈹BeBe+2HClBaCl2+H2Be+2NaOHNa2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOHBe(OH)2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2HClBeCl2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2NaOHNa2BO2+2H2O8.汞Hg3Hg+8HNO3(稀)3Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+4H2OHg+4HNO3(濃)Hg(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2第二部分 鹵族元素、氮族元素一、鹵族元素1.氟F2F2+H22HF2F2+2H2O4HF+O2HF4HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2O2.氯Cl2Cl2+H22HCl（光照或點燃）Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl22FeCl32Cl2+2NaBr2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI2KCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S2NaCl+SCl2+H2S2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2OH2SO4+2HClCl2+H2OHCl+HClOCl2+H2O22HCl+O2Cl2+2NaOHNaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(熱、濃)5KCl+KClO3+3H2OHCl6HCl+2Al2AlCl3+3H22HCl+FeFeCl2+H24HCl(濃)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO42KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O72KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2OHCl+NH3NH4Cl（白煙）2HCl+FeOFeCl2+3H2O6HCl+Fe2O32FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(濃)+Fe3O4FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OHCl+Na3PO4Na2HPO4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4H3PO4+NaClHCl+Na2CO3NaHCO3+NaClHCl+NaHCO3NaCl+H2O+CO2HClOHClO=HCl+O23.溴Br2Br2+H22HBrBr2+FeFeBr3Br2+2FeBr22FeBr3Br2+NaINaBr+I2Br2+HIHBr+I2Br2+H2OHBr+HBrOBr2+NaOHNaBr+NaBrO+H2OBr2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrBr2+H2SS+2HBr2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2HBrHBr+NaOHNaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl22HCl+Br24.碘I2I2+H22HII2+Fe FeI2I2+2NaOHNaI+NaIO+H2OHI2HIH2+I22HI+Cl22HCl+I2HI+NaOHNaI+H2O催化劑高溫、高壓二、氮族元素1.氮N2N2+3H2 2NH3N2+O22NON2+3MgMg3N2N2+6Na2Na3NNO、NO2、N2O52NO+O22NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2）6NO+4NH35N2+6H2ONO2+2KI+H2ONO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO2）4NO2+H2S4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2SO3+NO3NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀)Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO4HNO3(濃)+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO26HNO3+FeFe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+FeFe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)3S+2NO+4H2O4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O（見光或受熱分解）NH3+HNO3NH4NO3（白煙）（用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S、HI、HBr、SO2）3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O3Cu2S+22HNO36Cu(NO3)2+10NO+3H2SO4+8H2O5HNO3(濃)+PH3PO4+5NO2+H2OP4+20HNO3(濃)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(濃)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2OS+6HNO3(濃)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3(稀)+4H2O6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NOAs2S3+28HNO3(濃)2H3AsO4+3H2SO4+28NO2+8H2ONH32NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(純氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO5N2+6HO（用氨清除NO）NH3+HClNH4Cl（白煙）NH3+HNO3NH4NO3（白煙）2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯氏制堿法）2NH3+SO2+H2O(NH4)2SO3NH3H2ONH3+H2ONH3+H2ONH3H2ONH4+OH-NH4HCO3、(NH4)2CO3NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO2(NH4)2CO32NH3+H2O+CO2NH4ClNH4ClNH3+HCl2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2CaCl2+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3+H2ONH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3H2ONH4NO3NH4NO3+NaOH=NaNO3+NH3H2ONH4NO3+NaOHNaNO3+NH3+H2O5NH4NO32HNO3+4N2+9H2O(NH4)2SO3、(NH4)2SO4(NH4)2SO3+SO2+H2O2NH4HSO3(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3H2O(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2NH3+2H2O2.磷P2P+3Cl22PCl3PCl3+Cl2PCl5P4+6H24PH34P+5O2P4O10（常寫成P2O5）P4+20HNO3(濃)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O11P+15CuSO4+24H2O5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4PH3+2O2H3PO4P2O3、P2O5、P4S3P2O5+H2O(冷)2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(熱)2H3PO4（P2O5極易吸水、可作氣體干燥劑）P2O5+3H2SO4(濃)2H3PO4+3SO3P2O5+2NaOH2NaPO3+H2OP2O5+6NaOH2Na3PO3+3H2OP4S3+38HNO3+8H2O9H2SO4+12H3PO4+38NOH3PO44H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)23Ca(H2PO4)2H3PO4(濃)+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(濃)+NaINaH2PO4+HI第三部分 碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素1.碳CC+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl42C+O2(少量)2COC+O2(足量)CO2C+CO22COC+H2OCO+H2（生成水煤氣）2C+SiO2Si+2CO（制得粗硅）C+SiSiC（金剛砂）C+2SCS23C+CaOCaC2+CO3C+SiO2SiC+2COC+2H2SO4(濃)CO2+2SO2+2H2OC+4HNO3(濃)CO2+4NO2+2H2OCO2CO+O22CO2CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2CO+H2OCO2+H2CO2CO2+2Mg2MgO+CCO2+H2OH2CO3CO2+2NaOH(過量)Na2CO3+H2OCO2(過量)+NaOHNaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(過量)CaCO3+H2O2CO2(過量)+Ca(OH)2Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+Na2ONa2CO32CO2+2Na2O22Na2CO3+O2CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2ONaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯氏制堿法）H2CO3H2CO3CO2+H2O2.硅SiSi(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4SiCl4+2H2Si(純)+4HClSi(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC（金剛砂）Si+2NaOH+H2ONa2SiO3+2H2SiO22C+SiO2Si+2CO3C+SiO2SiC+2CO2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si4HF+SiO2SiF4+2H2OSiO2+2H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg2MgO+SiSiO2+CaOCaSiO3SiO2+2NaOHNa2SiO3+H2O（常溫下強堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃）SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO22NaOH+SiO2Na2SiO3+H2O二、氧族元素1.氧O2O2+2H22H2OO2+KKO22O2+3FeFe3O4O2+SSO2O2+N22NO3O22O34P+5O22P2O5C+O2(足量)CO2Si+O2SiO24Na+O22Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Mg+O22MgO4Al+3O22Al2O34NH3+5O24NO+6H2O2SO2+O22SO32CO+O22CO26FeO+O22Fe3O42H2SO3+O22H2SO44Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O4Fe(OH)32Na2SO3+O22Na2SO4O32O33O2O3+2HII2+O2+H2OH2O2F2+2H2O4HF+O2Cl2+H2OHCl+HClO2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H2Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H23Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H22H2O2H2+O2SO2+H2OH2SO3SO3+H2OH2SO43NO2+H2O2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O2HNO3P2O5+H2O(冷)2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(熱)2H3PO4CO2+H2OH2CO3H2O22H2O22H2O+O2H2O2+Cl22HCl+O25H2O2+2KMnO4+6HCl2MnCl2+2KCl+5O2+8H2O2.硫SS+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+FeFeSS+2CuCu2S3S+2AlAl2S3S+ZnZnSS+O2SO2S+6HNO3(濃)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2O3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2OS+2NaNa2S(爆炸)S+MgMgSS+FeFeSS+2H2SO4(濃)3SO2+2H2OSO2SO2+2H2S3S+2H2O2SO2+O22SO32SO2+O2+2H2O2H2SO4SO2+Cl2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4+2HISO2+NO2SO3+NOSO2+2H2S3S+2H2OSO2+H2OH2SO3SO2+2NH3+H2O(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O2NH4HSO3SO2+Ca(OH)2CaSO3+H2O（不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒別）2NaOH+SO2(少量)Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)NaHSO3Cl2+SO2+2H2OH2SO4+2HClSO3SO3+H2OH2SO4SO3+MgOMgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2CaSO4+H2OSO3+Na2ONa2SO4SO3+2KIK2SO3+I2H2SH2S+Cl22HCl+SH2S+MgMgS+H22H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)2S+2H2O2H2S+SO23S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(濃)S+SO2+2H2OH2SH2+S3H2S+2HNO3(稀)3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO42MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2ONa2SO4+6NaOHH2S+FeFeS+H2H2S+CuCl2CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2PbS+2HNO3H2S+4NO24NO+SO3+H2OH2SO3H2SO3+X2+H2OH2SO4+2HX（X表示Cl2、Br2、I2）2H2SO3+O22H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO42MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2OH2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3H2O+SO22H2SO3+2H2S3S+2H2OH2SO4Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2Fe+H2SO4FeSO4+H2Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H22Al+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SO42Al+6H2SO4(濃)Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2OH2S+H2SO4(濃)S+SO2+2H2OP2O5+3H2SO4(濃)2H3PO4+3SO3BaO2+H2SO4(稀)BaSO4+H2O2)Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4Al2(SO4)3+3H2O2H2SO4(濃)+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(濃)+S3SO2+2H2O6H2SO4(濃)+2FeFe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(濃)+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2HBrSO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2HISO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+CaF2CaSO4+2HFH2SO4(濃)+NaClNaHSO4+HClH2SO4(濃)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HClH2SO4(濃)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2圖1 乙烯的制取第四部分 有機反應(yīng)一、烴CaO1.甲烷甲烷的制取：CH3COONa+NaOH Na2CO3+CH4烷烴通式：CnH2n-2點燃（1）氧化反應(yīng)甲烷的燃燒：CH4+2O2 CO2+2H2O甲烷不可使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液及溴水褪色。光（2）取代反應(yīng)光一氯甲烷：CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl+HCl光二氯甲烷：CH3Cl+Cl2 CH2Cl2+HCl光三氯甲烷：CH2Cl2+Cl2 CHCl3+HCl（CHCl3又叫氯仿）四氯化碳：CHCl3+Cl2 CCl4+HCl高溫（3）分解反應(yīng)甲烷分解：CH4 C+2H2濃硫酸1702.乙烯乙烯的制?。篊H3CH2OH H2C=CH2+H2O烯烴通式：CnH2n 高溫（1）氧化反應(yīng)乙烯的燃燒：H2C=CH2+3O2 2CO2+2H2O乙烯可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色，發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)。（2）加成反應(yīng)催化劑與溴水加成：H2C=CH2+Br2 CH2BrCH2Br與氫氣加成：H2C=CH2+H2 CH3CH3與氯化氫加成：H2C=CH2+HCl CH3CH2Cl與水加成：H2C=CH2+H2O CH3CH2OH CH2CH2 一定條件（3）聚合反應(yīng)乙烯加聚，生成聚乙烯：n H2C=CH2 n3.乙炔圖2 乙炔的制取乙炔的制?。篊aC2+2H2O HCCH+Ca(OH)2炔烴的通式：CnH2n-2點燃（1）氧化反應(yīng)乙炔的燃燒：HCCH+5O2 4CO2+2H2O乙炔可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色，發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)。（2）加成反應(yīng)Br與溴水加成：HCCH+Br2 HC=CH Br CHBr=CHBr+Br2 CHBr2CHBr2催化劑與氫氣加成：HCCH+H2 H2C=CH2Cl與氯化氫加成：HCCH+HCl CH2=CHCl CH2CH一定條件（3）聚合反應(yīng)注意：制取乙烯、乙炔均用排水法收集；乙烯、乙炔的加成反應(yīng)一般都需要催化劑（溴除外）。氯乙烯加聚，得到聚氯乙烯：nCH2=CHCl nCH=CH一定條件乙炔加聚，得到聚乙炔：n HCCH n 4.苯苯的同系物通式：CnH2n-6點燃（1）氧化反應(yīng)苯的燃燒：2C6H6+15O2 12CO2+6H2O苯不能使溴水和酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色。（2）取代反應(yīng)FeBr苯與溴反應(yīng)+Br2 +HBr （溴苯）硝化反應(yīng)NO2濃H2SO460 +HONO2 +H2O （硝基苯）苯硝化反應(yīng)生成硝基苯，它是一種帶有苦杏仁味、無色油狀液體，有毒。磺化反應(yīng)SO3H7080 +HOSO3H +H2O （苯磺酸）+3H2 催化劑（3）加成反應(yīng) （環(huán)己烷）苯還可以和氯氣在紫外光照射下發(fā)生加成反應(yīng)，生成C6H6Cl6（劇毒農(nóng)藥）。5.甲苯點燃（1）氧化反應(yīng)甲苯的燃燒：C7H8+9O2 7CO2+4H2O甲苯不能使溴水褪色，但可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色。CH3|+3HNO3 濃硫酸O2NCH3|NO2|NO2+3H2O（2）取代反應(yīng)甲苯硝化反應(yīng)生成2，4，6-三硝基甲苯，簡稱三硝基甲苯，又叫梯恩梯（TNT），是一種淡黃色晶體，不溶于水。它是一種烈性炸藥，廣泛用于國防、開礦等。CH3|SO3HCH3|+3H2SO4 HO3SSO3H+3H2O注意：甲苯在光照條件下發(fā)生側(cè)鏈的取代，而在催化劑條件下發(fā)生苯環(huán)上的取代。（3）加成反應(yīng)+