小胖子版語(yǔ)法心得-取之于prep語(yǔ)法筆記2.02.doc

目錄一比較3二時(shí)態(tài)11三指代12四省略20五獨(dú)立主格21六同位語(yǔ)22七分詞24八并列28九句子及其它成分299.1Run-on sentence連寫(xiě)句299.2There be309.3冠詞309.4句子完整結(jié)構(gòu)319.5夾心修飾319.6Redundancy word list319.7嵌入式關(guān)系分句329.8不定式329.9As & When 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句339.10倒裝大全，大愛(ài)總結(jié)大全349.11列舉35十定語(yǔ)從句36十一虛擬語(yǔ)氣38十二重點(diǎn)詞組的用法3912.1Except3912.2Require4012.3Number 用法4112.4While 的用法4312.5Date to/ at4412.6Intend4512.7Help4612.8Also4612.9Expect4612.10Due to4612.11Tend4712.12Bother4712.13Support4712.14unqualified & unqualifying4812.15Plan4812.16After4812.17Prohibit4812.18Neither4812.19As4912.20to 和 in order to4912.21表原因5012.22Reach5012.23to do for doing5012.24時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)5012.25Capability & Ability5012.26Especially & specially5112.27Need5112.28Whether or not5112.29介詞加that5112.30Estimate5112.31Conclude5212.32Be known5212.33Design 固定搭配5212.34according to 與 in accordance with5212.35Inhabit5312.36Method5312.37So & As5312.38With & By5312.39Conceive5412.40Other than5412.41介詞詞組5412.42Attempt5412.43Despite5512.44Amount5512.45As many5512.46Extend5512.47不能接被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)5512.48Announce5612.49Because of 與 account of5612.50Limit5612.51Through & by5612.52單復(fù)數(shù)5712.53Efficient5712.54Namely5712.55With5812.56Make & allow5812.57Ensure的固定搭配58一比較1. 詞組：less/fewer than X percent of Y，less或fewer的選用取決于Y是否可數(shù)，本題的比較對(duì)象是drive-ins。既然全句比較的是可數(shù)名詞，相應(yīng)地，需要用are、fewer和many/number等與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式相一致的表述。More + adj + n注意more + adj. + n.的結(jié)構(gòu)，往往都有修飾歧義，因?yàn)閙ore可以做形容詞也可以做副詞，不知more是修飾adj.，還是修飾n.如more fuel-efficient small cars可能有下面兩種意思： more fuel-efficient small cars：詞組的核心意思是更多的車(chē)，而這些車(chē)是經(jīng)濟(jì)省油的 more fuel-efficient small cars：更經(jīng)濟(jì)省油的小車(chē)Less Less要與than搭配，不能與(as) compared to搭配。比較結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)志詞比較結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)志詞：nowherethan ; any other places thanWhereas/while/like/unlike的互換比較（comparison）1. 比較：(1) whereas = while（while前后句子之結(jié)構(gòu)要求并列相對(duì)）(2) whereas連接的平行比較只要求對(duì)比的核心邏輯上有對(duì)稱關(guān)系，不要求對(duì)稱位置必須是對(duì)稱名詞，下面句子中主從句的主語(yǔ)分別是energy和nuclear power并不是對(duì)稱名詞，但是對(duì)比的核心都是“核能發(fā)電占總產(chǎn)出能量的份額”：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，like/unlike后只加名詞(不一定具體名詞)表比較，不能加不定式短語(yǔ),分詞短語(yǔ)(prep 1-54 unlike cooking with speices錯(cuò)),句子或介短。（后面接這些東西的時(shí)候unlike要改為whereas等等）。(4) like/unlike是嚴(yán)格的硬梆梆比較，比較對(duì)象必須嚴(yán)格對(duì)等，中間不能插入任何成分比如介詞短語(yǔ)As & than 的省略1. as+adj/adv+as或more than固定搭配：as或than引導(dǎo)比較從句中的省略原則-from 白勇語(yǔ)法1) 比較從句謂語(yǔ)與主句謂語(yǔ)相同，可用do，did，does代替。2) 比較從句連系動(dòng)詞be與主句連系動(dòng)詞be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。3) 主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)使用“助動(dòng)詞（如have，has，had，will）或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（can，could，may，should）+verb”形式時(shí)，比較從句往往省略verb，保留助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。4) 比較從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，可以全部省去，常常保留做狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句。5) 比較從句的主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)相同，可以省略。A is more * than B 比較比較-主語(yǔ)比較 1.（1）對(duì)主謂賓全的句型主語(yǔ)比較：A do sth than B do.（AB為對(duì)等名詞，加do是為了顯示這是一個(gè)可以發(fā)出動(dòng)作的名詞，因而確定是主語(yǔ)，進(jìn)而確定是主語(yǔ)對(duì)比）。時(shí)態(tài)要據(jù)后定。There be 句型等同于一般的主謂賓俱全的句型。 （2）主語(yǔ)相同，狀語(yǔ)的比較主語(yǔ)若相同，可省，但助動(dòng)詞不能省。如： As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980s than (few people省略)did in the 1960s and 1970s, a twenty-year period during which people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers. 2.對(duì)只有主謂，沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)的句子，因?yàn)闆](méi)有賓語(yǔ)，只可能有主語(yǔ)比較，因而不需要重復(fù)do來(lái)確認(rèn)這是一個(gè)可發(fā)出動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)，所以其比較形式如下（如果主語(yǔ)有定語(yǔ)成分，必須要that/those來(lái)指代）： I eat faster than you.注意與下句區(qū)別 I eat apple faster than you do 如果寫(xiě)成 I eat apple faster than you 按GMAC的理解，從語(yǔ)法上就變成我吃蘋(píng)果比吃你快，成了賓語(yǔ)比較。邏輯上顯然不通。 3.主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的比較與主謂結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如果時(shí)態(tài)不一致，則需補(bǔ)出助詞，如： The economy of Florida is more diversified than it was ten years ago Just as A do, so B dojust as A do, so B do平行比較結(jié)構(gòu)的習(xí)慣搭配：意思是：就如同AB*: 這里的as是不能用like,whereas的。而且likeso不符合搭配習(xí)慣，應(yīng)該去掉so*: just as with和just like都是很wordy的2. 下面三種形式無(wú)區(qū)別（后兩種強(qiáng)烈語(yǔ)氣，不可以隨意刪掉so）前后都要用句子，不能只用短語(yǔ)。Just as , so Just as you sow, so you will reap 主從句要盡量形式對(duì)稱Just as , as Just as you sow, as you will reap 主從句要盡量形式對(duì)稱Just as , so too 主句要部分倒裝(so too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reap so with是錯(cuò)誤結(jié)構(gòu)。(prep 1-15)l as with的結(jié)構(gòu)在日常語(yǔ)法中是對(duì)的(意思為“正如的情況一樣”， 看作是as is the same with的省略式，with 后面常跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞或what從句)：倍數(shù)表達(dá)法一、倍數(shù)表達(dá)法1、twice的用法：twice as manyas; twice as muchas; twice + n.(可以是代詞，比如that); twice + what從句; *：一個(gè)大家常誤會(huì)的句子：The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 農(nóng)場(chǎng)有多于豬兩倍多的牛的數(shù)量（農(nóng)場(chǎng)牛的數(shù)量比豬的兩倍還要多）。（很多人會(huì)誤讀為豬比牛多。）解讀方法：可以類比一下A has B twice as many as C這個(gè)比較句型也可以寫(xiě)為A has twice as many B as C. 所以句子的核心是A has B，即：The farm has cows. 詳細(xì)解讀：twice as as中前一個(gè)as是副詞，more than twice as修飾many；而as it has pigs中的as自然是個(gè)連詞，所以后面跟的是一個(gè)adverbial clause（狀語(yǔ)從句/副詞從句），而asas句型比較特殊，后面的as要與前面as所修飾的內(nèi)容相呼應(yīng)，所以as it has pigs應(yīng)該與前面as所修飾的對(duì)象many相呼應(yīng)，即as it has pigs也是修飾了many。不管怎么說(shuō)as it has pigs都不是核心成分。這樣翻譯過(guò)來(lái)就是農(nóng)場(chǎng)有牛，相當(dāng)于兩倍多的豬。故，牛多豬少。2、用動(dòng)詞表達(dá)倍數(shù)：double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple -這些動(dòng)詞可以做形容詞(double還能做adv, predeterminer)sth. double sth.; sth. is doubled; sth. double(adj.);幾個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)錯(cuò)誤的形式：(1)produce double； a doubling of; produce a doubling(2)as much as twice the apples(much與apples矛盾)（要改為twice as many apples as; sth. double sth.）*：這幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以用主動(dòng)也可以用被動(dòng)，但是不能和as搭配;（差不多記住這句話就可以）3、times(或數(shù)字) as + 形容詞或副詞+as;4、sb. be + 百分?jǐn)?shù) + more likely (to do sth.) than to do sth.(前面的to do 能省，后面的不能省) 如：at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack5、表達(dá)倍數(shù)用“ times + more +adj.+than， time as +adj.+as”都正確6、三類表示倍數(shù)的形容詞為：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。以twofold為例，其意思為two times as much or as many of something。該類詞為形容詞，多用于構(gòu)成形容詞名詞的詞組，如：a threefold increase in revenue，少用于比較兩個(gè)事物之間的倍數(shù)關(guān)系。二、章振邦語(yǔ)法中介紹的倍數(shù)表達(dá)法：i. x times(twice) + the + n. (twice還能做determiner)ii. x times adj. (比較形式) thaniii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名詞匹配A do x times as adj. x as B do iv. x times + what 分句 (名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞)v. x-foldvi. double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextupleTimes 作比較時(shí)的用法1. times做比較時(shí)的用法1）X times+as+adij./adv.+as2）X times+the+n.3）X times more thanTwicetwice只能作副詞, 在句子中表達(dá)的意思卻是比較, 這樣的題目, 首先要弄清楚比較的雙方是否合理, 如果合理的話, 再看twice作為副詞的位置: 可以用在as.as或比較級(jí)之前, 也可以放在比較點(diǎn)的名詞之前, 擔(dān)要保證twice前后的詞要能直接搭配(副詞的作用).eg: He is twice the man he was. = He has twice the strength he had =He is twice as strong as he was.Twice as many/much as 結(jié)構(gòu)1. 關(guān)于twice as many/much as結(jié)構(gòu)：2. If you say twice asmany, then this construction should be paired with acountable noun.e.g.,twice as many dogs- dogs is a countable noun3. If you said twice asmuch, then this construction should be paired with anuncountable noun.e.g.,twice as much water- water is an uncountable noun4. If the noun in question is already anexplicitly numerical quantity, then you should useneithermuch nor many. Instead, you should just use twice or double by itself.e.g.,twice the increase- increase is an explicitly numerical quantity5. These rules are followed pretty closely.so, for instance:twice as much water- correct, since water is an uncountable noun (but is not an explicitly numerical quantity)twice the water.- incorrect, since water is not a numerical quantitytwice as much as the increase.- incorrect; redundanttwice the increase.- correct類似just as 的結(jié)構(gòu)what = just as,意為“恰像，猶如，好比”用作連詞,引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句(1) 慣用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意為“A對(duì)B而言正如C對(duì)D一樣”例如：Air is to us What water is to fish. 空氣對(duì)于我們猶如水對(duì)于魚(yú)。(介詞to表示兩者的關(guān)系) (2)也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如：Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 廚師離不了家禽正如畫(huà)家離不開(kāi)畫(huà)布一樣。（介詞for表示“供使用”）(3)what 引導(dǎo)的從句也可以放在句首,其句式是: What C is to D, that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.) 在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，喻體在前，主體在后，相當(dāng)于“just as.,so.”結(jié)構(gòu),意思也是“A對(duì)B而言正如C對(duì)D一樣”例如:What blood vessel is to a mans body, that railway is to transportation.（=Just as blood vessel is to a mans body, so Railway is to transportation.）鐵路對(duì)于運(yùn)輸,好比血管對(duì)于人體一樣。(4)需要注意的是what不可以直接被just as替換，just as需要有遵循屬于自己的平行比較格式。比較之庖丁解牛對(duì)主謂賓全的句型主語(yǔ)比較： A do sth than B do.（AB為對(duì)等名詞，加do是為了顯示這是一個(gè)可以發(fā)出動(dòng)作的名詞，因而確定是主語(yǔ)，進(jìn)而確定是主語(yǔ)對(duì)比）介賓比較： A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2對(duì)等名詞）賓語(yǔ)比較： A do C1 than C2.(C1C2為對(duì)等名詞）狀語(yǔ)比較： A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加狀語(yǔ)）ETS就這幾下子，原則就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。按照這個(gè)原理，對(duì)下一種句型只有主謂，沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)的句子，因?yàn)闆](méi)有賓語(yǔ)，只可能有主語(yǔ)比較，因而不需要重復(fù)do來(lái)確認(rèn)這是一個(gè)可發(fā)出動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)，所以其比較形式如下：I eat faster than you.注意與下句區(qū)別I eat apple faster than you do如果寫(xiě)成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，從語(yǔ)法上就變成我吃蘋(píng)果比吃你快，成了賓語(yǔ)比較。邏輯上顯然不通。AS族的比較大同小異，as 可單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)比較，也可以復(fù)合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不變，如Sand road costs twice as many to build as to manintain(類似于介賓比較）Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主語(yǔ)比較,）Sand road costs the govement twice as many to build as the residents.(賓語(yǔ)比較）ETS考過(guò)AS比較的習(xí)慣用法（不受上述限制，如下）AS poor as they are, they can not afford a car.They have 800million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.(注意以上都是用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的句子，AS在這里的作用更類似連詞，連接一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)從句）注意AS有時(shí)不表比較的如as you work hard, you will pass the exam.表原因了。There be 句型等同于一般的主謂賓俱全的句型OG89There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主語(yǔ)比較)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as DVD player(賓語(yǔ)比較)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as for school teachers.(介賓比較)There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介賓比較)以上的綱領(lǐng)代入EST的OG幾乎都成立，在我這次實(shí)戰(zhàn)中也成立，但GWD中有一題是例外的，也就是說(shuō)并沒(méi)有放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的真理，清楚，簡(jiǎn)潔，合理才是ETS的最高宗旨。依然比較，大愛(ài)比較1. whereas/while這種連詞連接的比較成分不要求含義上絕對(duì)的平行，具體見(jiàn)prep 1-211。3. 1) compared with直接跟在逗號(hào)后面可以修飾逗號(hào)前面名詞短語(yǔ)的核心詞：Example： In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.2) Compared with也可以修飾前面整個(gè)分句，compared with后面的名詞與主語(yǔ)比較：Example:u Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.u In the United States, Fifty-two percent of high school graduates go on to college, compared with thirty-five percent in Canada and fifteen percent in Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany.u One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six in 1975. 3) as compared to/with中as指代前面整句的核心含義：A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEOs now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.As. As 中間加名詞 as adj. a noun. as as.as之間是可以加 adj+noun的，不過(guò)好像只限于幾種形式(張振邦)：as+adj.+不定冠詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)+as I havent seen as old a car as this for years.as+adj.+零冠詞+不可數(shù)名詞+as 對(duì)應(yīng) prep2-9 (見(jiàn)類似題鏈接)as+adj.+零冠詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+as I dont smoke as expenesive cigarettes as those.2. as adj. (a) noun. as = (a) noun. as adj. as，其中第一個(gè)as是adv.比較結(jié)構(gòu)的指代1. 比較句要求比較對(duì)象對(duì)等，邏輯含義合理，且句子沒(méi)有歧義。 2. 關(guān)于指代：前面是單數(shù)名詞，后面如果要指代，只能用that，如果需要表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)意思，那么只能重復(fù)這一名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，如economy-economies,不能隨意改成those, ets視之為指代錯(cuò)誤。(1)單數(shù)名詞- that/該名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式(2)復(fù)數(shù)名詞- those比較結(jié)構(gòu)省略（把后面的知識(shí)點(diǎn)看懂，說(shuō)明你挺不錯(cuò)）1. 一道類似卻不一樣的題 - 未完稿：OG10-19. In addition to having more protein than wheat does, the protein in rice is higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.(A) the protein in rice is higher quality than that in(B) rice has protein of higher quality than that in(C) the protein in rice is higher in quality than it is in(D) rice protein is higher in quality than it is in (E) rice has a protein higher in quality thanIn this sentence, the initial clause modifies the nearest noun, identifying it as the thing being compared with wheat. By making protein the noun modified, choices A, C, and D illogically compare wheat with protein(是指In addition to having more protein than wheat does這個(gè)從句里面) and claim that the protein in rice has more protein than wheat does. In C and D, the comparative structure higher in quality than it is in wheat absurdly suggests that rice protein contains wheat. B, the best choice, logically compares wheat to rice by placing the noun rice immediately after the initial clause. B also uses that to refer to protein in making the comparison between the proteins of rice and wheat. Choice E needs either that in or does after wheat to make a complete and logical comparison. 從E可以看出，用than that in wheat或than does wheat都可以，但這并不能說(shuō)明在其他的比較結(jié)構(gòu)中也能用that in，而不是用主謂(賓)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)與than前面的結(jié)構(gòu)平行。在這個(gè)句子里：Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the moviesfewer than have been killed by bee stings.后面的比較成分是不可以改為less than those killed by bee stings的。具體原因如下：在rice has a protein higher in quality than that in wheat這個(gè)句子里，比較對(duì)象是protein和that（that指代的也是protein），比較的僅僅是protein（rice has不在比較成分之內(nèi)，比較的是protein的屬性），所以允許平行。而在Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the moviesfewer than 中， 不僅僅Only seven people，后面的this century have been killed by the great white shark也都在比較對(duì)象里面，所以后文不能用those killed by bee stings，而應(yīng)該用平行的結(jié)構(gòu)than have been killed。再比如這個(gè)句子(GWD-29-24)：According to recent studies comparing the nutritional value of meat from wild animals and meat from domesticated animals, wild animals have less total fat than (that of) livestock fed on grain and more of a kind of fat thought to be good for cardiac health. 這個(gè)句子不對(duì)。其在livestock前加上that of比較的對(duì)象是animals has less fat和that，that指代fat，而事實(shí)上比較的應(yīng)該是wild animals和livestock的屬性，即擁有fat的多少，所以than后面也應(yīng)該用平行的句式，即主謂賓形式。正確句子為：According to recent studies comparing the nutritional value of meat from wild animals and meat from domesticated animals, wild animals have less total fat than livestock fed on grain and more of a kind of fat thought to be good for cardiac health.。要注意的一點(diǎn)：在此省略了相同的謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)（因?yàn)椴粫?huì)有wild animals have livestock的歧義，只要邏輯上基本成立，GMAT并不認(rèn)為所有沒(méi)有補(bǔ)出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式都是”ambiguities”的）。（原句不對(duì)的另外一個(gè)證據(jù)： more of a kind of fat 后面省略了(than)，而省略的部分應(yīng)該和less total fat than后面的詞句是一致的，這樣才能省略邏輯上看省略的必須是livestock，而不能是that of livestock，因此less total fat than后面跟的也應(yīng)該是livestock。）二時(shí)態(tài)n 注意句子中的現(xiàn)在完成與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行共存的情況，很可能被判時(shí)態(tài)矛盾n 注意：如果句中有兩個(gè)事物的對(duì)比，句中出現(xiàn)他們是simultaneously 或者是the same time什么的，則要注意其中一句如果用完成時(shí)會(huì)與“同時(shí)”相矛盾。以下情況用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：n within/during/in/over+ the past/recent/last+時(shí)間段(注意during/in/over the last year可以用現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可以用完成時(shí)，取決于當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)生的事情是否延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在是否還有影響，而last year用過(guò)去時(shí))ll 出現(xiàn)since考慮現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)以下情況用一般過(guò)去式：l 出現(xiàn)original/originally, firstl 過(guò)去明確時(shí)間l 過(guò)去段時(shí)間以下情況用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)l 自然現(xiàn)象l 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)l 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論l 客觀事實(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)：i. 條件從句/時(shí)間從句/方式從句/讓步從句不能用將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。（對(duì)比狀從省略的幾種是：轉(zhuǎn)折，時(shí)間，條件。）ii. possibility that/likelihood that/expect that中,that從句后用一般將來(lái)時(shí)iii. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,優(yōu)先使用一般將來(lái)時(shí),主觀將來(lái)時(shí)用be supposed to do,較少用be going to do,不用be to be doing/be to be done一般時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的對(duì)比： 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)，兩者都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一特定的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或時(shí)間段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示在過(guò)去時(shí)間完成的動(dòng)作例如: I was typing a letter last night. 昨晚我在打一封信(可能沒(méi)打完) I typed some letters last night. 我昨晚打了一些信(已經(jīng)打完) 4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： yield用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)都說(shuō)得通，但是含義不一樣，用have yield說(shuō)明了the first trenches是過(guò)去發(fā)現(xiàn)的，至今仍能提供證據(jù)，而yield的話則是說(shuō)明是現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)的，所以用have yield更合理三指代Which Which指代小結(jié)by aeoluseros：以下收錄官方材料中能對(duì)于which的使用，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)which的指代其實(shí)并沒(méi)有固定死規(guī)則，不一定只指代最近的名詞，跟所有代詞一樣，有就近指代的的傾向，但是具體修飾對(duì)象，應(yīng)該根據(jù)各種線索或者邏輯含義來(lái)判斷：1. 盡管A of B的結(jié)構(gòu)，which沒(méi)有就近修飾。561.One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut; by persuading people to eat what had previously been horse feed, market equilibrium was restored.2. which不一定跳過(guò)插入語(yǔ)指代：462.Judge Lois Forers study asks why some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between rich and poor.3. 通過(guò)單復(fù)數(shù)判斷which的所指：80.Changes in sea level result not only from changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also from the melting of glaciers.44.The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.173 (GWD-10-Q18) In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology.205. (GWD-9-Q17) Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies service areas, the merger of the nations leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.216. (GWD-13-1) Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide.4. 通過(guò)時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別which的所指：488.Like the government that came before it, which set new records for growth, the new government has made laissez-faire capitalism its cornerstone.Stoneren關(guān)于which指代的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)： OG10-114: From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids. 當(dāng)which的潛在指代對(duì)象是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)或獨(dú)立的賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，且其指代對(duì)象的修飾成分比較簡(jiǎn)單，那么定語(yǔ)側(cè)重于指代核心名詞（在沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法和邏輯問(wèn)題的前提下）。These 單獨(dú)指代關(guān)于these的單獨(dú)指代prep1-34正確答案: Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphines. 其中these指代endorphins。OG11-115 錯(cuò)誤答案(原句):George Sand (Aur