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從語法上講,有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)可以比較:1) 如果要表達(dá)人與人、事物與事物之間是相似的,就可以用as 或是 like。此外,so do I, neither / nor do I 等也表示相似。2) 當(dāng)要表達(dá)的事物之間在某一方面一樣時(shí),可用 asas(后接形容詞或副詞)和 as much / manyas(后接名詞或動詞)結(jié)構(gòu)。3) 表達(dá)事物之間差別的結(jié)構(gòu)可采用 more (than) 或 less (than),后可接形容詞、副詞、動詞或名詞。但要注意的是 morethan 還可譯作“與其說,不如說”,在這種結(jié)構(gòu)里,more + 形容詞(或副詞)并不構(gòu)成比較結(jié)構(gòu)。另外還要注意的是,在 morethan 以后的英語雖然是肯定的,但譯成中文必須是否定的。實(shí)際上,英語的比較結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)注意英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)上的差異。1. “What we take out of the sea is no longer as important as what we do not put into it,” said a noted underwater explorer, describing how pollution of sea-life cycles ultimately threatened even terrestrial respiration.分析:What we take out of the sea是主語從句,它與what we do not put into從句相比較。這里把從海洋中獲取資源和向海洋傾倒生活和工業(yè)垃圾造成嚴(yán)重的污染后果進(jìn)行比較。否定詞在as 從句的比較結(jié)構(gòu)中常見,但是在“ notas (well等) as”結(jié)構(gòu)中只否定前面的部分,后面的部分表示肯定。本句中為了強(qiáng)調(diào)what we do not put into it,翻譯時(shí)前置,并使用了肯定語氣。譯文:一位著名的海底探險(xiǎn)家在說明海洋生物界的污染最終甚至?xí)﹃懙厣锏暮粑a(chǎn)生威脅時(shí)指出,“現(xiàn)在我們不往海里傾倒什么,已經(jīng)比我們從海洋中撈取什么更為重要了?!?. Tapping the new spirit, there can be no nobler nor more ambitious task for America to undertake on this day of a new beginning than to help shape a just and peaceful world that is truly humane.分析:no nobler nor more ambitious 中的 nor 是連詞,常與 neither 或 nor 連用,有時(shí)也與 no, never 等表示否定的詞連用。主句是含有 no morethan 的普通比較句型。分詞短語tapping the new spirit 是表示目的的狀語。本句選自美國前總統(tǒng)卡特在1977年的就職演說。譯文:為了發(fā)揚(yáng)這種新的精神,在這一新的開端開始之際,對美國來說,最崇高和最有雄心勃勃的任務(wù)是幫助建立一個(gè)真正人道、正義、和平的世界。 3. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.分析:本句雖然短,但要理解和正確翻譯并不容易。首先,no more 可以換成 not any more;其次,than 后面的部分,表面上看上去是肯定的,但是實(shí)際上是否定的。這個(gè) no morethan 的真正意思是 notjust asnot(不正如不一樣),than 的前后兩部分都是否定的。注意它和 not morethan 的區(qū)別:not morethan 的意思是“不比更”。譯文:鯨不是魚,正如馬不是魚一樣。4. A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.分析:no lessthan正好與 no morethan 意思相反,than 前后兩部分都是肯定的,它的意思是 quite asas (是也是)。再者,注意它和 no lessthan 的區(qū)別:no lessthan 的意思是“在方面不亞于”。譯文:鯨是哺乳動物,正如馬是哺乳動物一樣。5. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.分析:arisen 后面的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是 less throughand more from,意思是“與其說倒不如說”。as an intellectual discipline 中的as 的意思是“作為”,整個(gè)短語修飾history,即把歷史作為一門學(xué)問。但前面的challenge to 則對此說法提出挑戰(zhàn)。本句應(yīng)當(dāng)采用意譯法為好,例如:interestarisen,如果譯成“對歷史方法的興趣已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生”,不如譯為“人們對歷史研究的方法產(chǎn)生了興趣”。 譯文:人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論,其原因主要不在于外界對歷史學(xué)是否是一門嚴(yán)格意義上的學(xué)問提出質(zhì)疑,而在于歷史學(xué)家內(nèi)部的相互爭吵。6. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.分析:這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-being 是 extent 的定語從句。that can make the difference between a full and an empty life 是 psychological well-being 的定語從句。intangible,crucial 和 psychological 這三個(gè)形容詞很容易被誤認(rèn)為是平行結(jié)構(gòu),事實(shí)上,intangible,crucial是修飾 psychological well-being 的。翻譯本句不能用直譯,例如extent 就不能直接譯出來。故采用意譯為主。 譯文:但我們很少認(rèn)識到,工作在心理健康方面給予我們的決定生活是充實(shí)還是空虛的那種難以察覺、但至關(guān)重要的東西有多少。7. The aims of our present-day culture are avowedly ease and material well being: shorter hours; a shorter week; more return for less accomplishment; more soft-soap excuses and fewer honest, realistic demands.分析:本句雖然很長,卻是簡單句。句子的主干是 the aims are avowedly ease and material well being,除此之外,后面的全部與aims 是同位語關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步說明aims 。比較結(jié)構(gòu)用的是形容詞的比較級 shorter hours, more return。翻譯時(shí)采用順序法。形容詞的比較級則譯為漢語的偏正結(jié)構(gòu)。譯文:我們當(dāng)代文明承認(rèn)的目標(biāo)就是追求舒適和物質(zhì)享受:每天的工作時(shí)間越來越短;每周的工作日越來越少;以少的成就換取多的報(bào)酬;姑息寬容的理由越多,正當(dāng)而又實(shí)際的要求就越少。8. Marriage has never been more popular and desirable than it is nowso appealing in fact, that even those who are in the process of divorce can scarcely wait for the law to allow them to marry again.分析:本句是主從復(fù)合句,than 后面跟的是一個(gè)句子:it is (popular) now,appealing 的邏輯主語是marriage,其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 sothat; that 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示結(jié)果。在該狀語從句中還有who 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾those,wait for 與否定詞連用,表示“急于做某事”。翻譯時(shí)采用順序法。但是who 從句需要譯成定語。譯文:婚姻從未像現(xiàn)在這樣受大眾歡迎,為大眾所渴望。事實(shí)上,婚姻是如此地吸引人,以至那些正在辦理離婚手續(xù)的人,幾乎等不到法律的判決,就想再度結(jié)婚了。9. Much as she loved her cat, we may imagine that she was more horror than grief-stricken at her discovery.分析:本句中的as 放在主語前面,并與副詞連用,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,意思是“盡管”。在該句中還有 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,作 imagine 的賓語。比較級結(jié)構(gòu)中,總是拿兩個(gè)同類的事物或概念做比較。譯文:盡管她很愛那只貓,但是我們可以想象,當(dāng)她發(fā)現(xiàn)那只貓的樣子時(shí),與其說是傷心至極,不如說是驚恐萬分。10. Such estimates are little better than guesses.分析:本句的比較結(jié)構(gòu)是little better than,意思相當(dāng)于 almost the same as,意為“幾乎與一樣”、“簡直是”。譯文:這類估算近于猜測。倒裝和分割結(jié)構(gòu)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某些部分,或是為了保持句子平衡,英語中常常使用倒裝。大體說來,倒裝可以分為主謂倒裝和非主謂倒裝。主謂倒裝里又分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。在翻譯的時(shí)候,既可以按照主謂語的順序翻譯,也可以按照字面意思翻譯。非主謂倒裝只是將強(qiáng)調(diào)部分前置,以保持句子平衡或是起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。翻譯時(shí)可以采用順序譯法或是倒序譯法。1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析:本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 屬于部分倒裝。正常語序?yàn)椋篿f he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文體中,可以將虛擬條件句中的if 省略,并將助動詞提前。譯文:例如,它們(指測試)并不彌補(bǔ)社會的不公,因此不能說明一個(gè)貧困青年,要是在比較有利的境況下長大,會有多大才干。2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.分析:該句中so did bigger crops of babies 屬于語法倒裝。用so 來代替前述肯定句謂語部分所說情況。譯文:不間斷的移民浪潮也起了作用而且隨著昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人達(dá)到生育年齡,嬰兒的出生數(shù)量增加了,這同樣起了作用。3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.分析:該句的Much as I have traveled是一個(gè)由as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。相當(dāng)于though I have traveled much,但語氣要比后者強(qiáng)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)要求部分倒裝。譯文:我雖然見多識廣,但還從未見過比她細(xì)心的人,不管什么職業(yè)。4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.分析:相信大家對這種結(jié)構(gòu)都不陌生。Only后加副詞、介詞、狀語從句時(shí)要用部分倒裝。但是要注意的是,如果only修飾的不是狀語,則不用倒裝。譯文:只有很好地掌握了語法知識,寫出來的東西才會正確。5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. 分析:當(dāng)句首是否定副詞或含有否定詞的詞語時(shí),一般要部分倒裝。譯文:1980年哪里的人口普查統(tǒng)計(jì)資料也不如遠(yuǎn)西地區(qū)的更能生動地說明美國人對寬敞的生活環(huán)境的追求。6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.分析:hardlywhen 的結(jié)構(gòu)表示“剛就”。含有這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子常將 hardly 置于句首,而采用部分倒裝的語序。此外,hardly 分句中一般采用過去完成時(shí),而 when(或 before)分句中使用過去時(shí)。還有,與 hardlywhen結(jié)構(gòu)類似的用法還有 barely (scarcely)when譯文:他剛開始講,聽眾就打斷了他的話。7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.分析:suchthat 結(jié)構(gòu)可將such或含有such 的詞組放在句首,使全句采用部分倒裝。與此用法類似的還有sothat結(jié)構(gòu)。譯文:她在排演中搞得太過分,以致兩名男演員退出不干了。8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.分析:本句為表語前置,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。正常語序應(yīng)為:It is certain that。譯文:植物發(fā)育生長的全部基本過程當(dāng)然是在水中發(fā)生的。9. We rally should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.分析:這兩句話是為了使上下文緊密銜接,從而將第二個(gè)并列分句的表語前置。譯文:我們確實(shí)不應(yīng)因?yàn)楸环Q作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋,而且還會繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridges most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.分析:正常語序應(yīng)為:The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。為使語言生動形象,文學(xué)作品中常用這類倒裝。在翻譯時(shí)要盡量翻譯出原句的語言效果。這里bear=carry。譯文:從擁擠的街道上駛來了一輛劍橋大學(xué)最有特色的車,車上坐著學(xué)校最著名的人物。語法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的現(xiàn)象稱為分割結(jié)構(gòu)。英語中,分割結(jié)構(gòu)的類型是多種多樣的。例如,英語句子的主語和謂語一般都緊密相聯(lián),它們之間很少插入介詞等比較長的結(jié)構(gòu)。但是,在有些情況下,或是為了保持句子的平衡,避免頭重腳輕;或是為了語義嚴(yán)密,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,在主語和謂語之間有時(shí)也會插入其他成分。此外,還有定語(或定語從句)與其中心詞被分隔;某些詞語與其所要求的介詞被分隔;動詞與其賓語被分隔;介詞與其賓語被分隔等等??傊?,英語的分割應(yīng)遵循尾重原則(應(yīng)把長而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末,使結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱)和句尾信息焦點(diǎn)原則(把新信息,即語意重點(diǎn)放在句末)。同時(shí),在閱讀時(shí)要注意找出原來屬于一個(gè)整體部分的意義。 1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turners spell.分析:本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:Most novelists and historiansfell under Turners spell. Turner 是美國歷史學(xué)家。under a spell:被迷住,著迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修飾主語,起分割主謂的作用。而其中的狀語從句when they considered women at all 是定語從句who considered women in the West中的狀語成分。譯文:從本世紀(jì)初到本世紀(jì)中葉從事寫作的小說家和歷史學(xué)家只要描寫婦女,就會描述西部婦女,而且都被特納迷住。2. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.分析:the claim 和其同位語 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定語從句that Americans often made 分割。同位語從句在翻譯時(shí)可按照順序翻譯,將其翻譯為分句。譯文:美國人常認(rèn)為,在他們國家,一個(gè)人的地位可以從社會最底層上升到社會最上層,亞伯拉罕林肯就是極好的例子。3. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determinationindeed, some call it unprecedented determinationto succeed.分析:本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:there were negotiations andthreats of failure。“overcome by”是過去分詞短語,修飾 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定語動詞不定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。譯文:在最后的八年里,進(jìn)行了艱苦卓絕的、幾乎是不間斷的談判,其間屢經(jīng)失敗之虞,但最終通過創(chuàng)造性的協(xié)調(diào)和要取得成功的頑強(qiáng)決心確實(shí)有人稱之為前所未有的決心而渡過難關(guān),取得了勝利。 4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark. 分析:in trying to solve插在 the problem 和定語從句which之間,起到承上啟下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics為investigations 的后置定語,起到分割作用。譯文:由于剩余價(jià)值的發(fā)現(xiàn),使問題明朗化了。而先前,無論資產(chǎn)階級經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家還是社會批評家所從事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。5. A better knowledge of Chinas civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.分析:lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介詞短語 to us 分割。本句選自英國前首相撒切爾夫人1982年在中國歡迎宴會上的講話。翻譯時(shí)要注意轉(zhuǎn)譯的應(yīng)用。如把“better”譯為副詞“更好地”。譯文:更好地了解中國的文明,將為我們打開一個(gè)知識的王國,對這個(gè)王國迄今只有神話般的描述。6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United Statesa recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.分析:insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中間被插入語as a first consideration 分割,做進(jìn)一步說明。該句選自美國前總統(tǒng)羅斯福在1933年的就職演說。漢語中動詞用得較多,翻譯時(shí)可把名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞。譯文:我們首先應(yīng)考慮的是,堅(jiān)持美國國內(nèi)各種因素之間、各個(gè)部分之間的相互依賴關(guān)系即承認(rèn)體現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)的和永遠(yuǎn)重要的美國開拓精神。7. Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.分析:連詞as 引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中,it 代替for two old people to be。to be 后省略了fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。譯文:象兩位老人一生中沒有其他什么東西可愛而彼此相愛一樣,老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相愛慕。8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energyboth of which are essential in turning out and throwing awayand sentiment.分析:該句包含了并列結(jié)構(gòu)被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列結(jié)構(gòu),作two other reasons的同位語。但是被非限定性定語從句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。 譯文:人們隨著日趨年邁,積存物品還有其他兩個(gè)原因:一是缺乏體力和精神,兩者在清理和扔掉無用之物時(shí)不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。9. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.分析:這是一個(gè)由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。前一分句較簡單,who引導(dǎo)的從句作those 的定語,but 后的從句較復(fù)雜,從句套從句,for retentiondead是argument的定語。因?yàn)樗容^長,所以把謂語動詞can be found放在它和argument之間,形成分割結(jié)構(gòu)。該句較長,可以分為三層:第一層是thoseretention,第二層是butmumbo-jumbo,第三層是that accompaniesdead?;旧峡刹捎庙樞蚍ǚg。譯文:那些相信死刑的人可能有保留死刑的理由,但是肯定找不到合理的論據(jù)來保留那令人厭惡的繁文縟節(jié)。這一套繁文縟節(jié)從法官戴上頂在假發(fā)上的擦筆布似的黑帽子宣判死刑之時(shí)開始,一直伴隨到為被判處死刑的人在其斃命之前誦讀葬禮禱文為止。10. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.分析:這是一個(gè)很典型的分割結(jié)構(gòu)。主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:The second aspect is the applicationof the special methods of thought and action,application和修飾它的介詞短語被一個(gè)長長的by短語分割。譯文:第二個(gè)方面是,社會上的一切成員,從政府部門中任工職的官員到普通公民,都應(yīng)運(yùn)用科學(xué)家們在研究工作中所采用的專門的思維方法和工作方法。 定語從句與先行詞分隔及其翻譯通常,定語從句緊跟在先行詞之后,但在具體的運(yùn)用中,往往也出現(xiàn)有定語從句與先行詞被分隔的現(xiàn)象。本文就定語從句與先行詞分隔的種種情況、分隔的原因及其漢譯進(jìn)行探討。一、定語從句與先行詞分隔的形式1被謂語分隔,例如:Many forms of apparatus have been devised by which a more ac- curate knowledge of blood pressure can be obtained人們已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)出許多醫(yī)療器械,通過這些醫(yī)療器械,可以對血壓有一個(gè)更為精確的了解。Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was deeply impressed by the originality of his works來參觀的人幾乎無一不對他的作品的創(chuàng)造性留下深刻印象。2被非從句定語分隔,例如:Singapore is at the start of a long road,already well trodden in the west,that leads to such solutions as shelter and rest homes新加坡眼下正踏上一條西方國家早已走了很遠(yuǎn)的漫長道路,即最終建立收容所和休養(yǎng)院來解決問題。Does this mean that in time fish might learn to leave alone all food on hooks that they have seen before?這難道不就意味著,魚兒很快就可能學(xué)會避開那些它們常見的魚鉤上的食物嗎?3被狀語分隔,例如:Never say anything behind a persons back that you wouldnt say to his face當(dāng)面不愿說的話,千萬不要在背后說。I remember viewing a half dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result我記得曾在一家椅子廠見過六個(gè)工人,他們的工作是將幾根鋼管彎曲并組成一把折椅。Tem perature plays the same part in the flow of heat that pres- sure does in the flow of fluids溫度在熱的傳導(dǎo)中所起的作用和壓力在液體的流動中所起的作用相同。4被補(bǔ)語分隔,例如:The cook turned pale,and asked the housem aid to shut the door,who asked Brittles,who asked the tinker,who pretended not to hear廚子的臉色變得蒼白,要女仆把門關(guān)上,女仆叫布立特爾關(guān),布立特爾又叫補(bǔ)鍋匠關(guān),而補(bǔ)鍋匠裝著沒聽見。5被同位語分隔,例如:One was a violent thunderstorm ,the worst I had ever seen,which obscured my objective有一次是暴風(fēng)驟雨,猛烈的程度實(shí)為我平生所僅見。這陣暴風(fēng)雨遮住了我的目標(biāo)。6被插入語分隔,例如:Is there anyone you can think of who may know which hospital he was sent to?你能不能想到有誰可能知道他被送往哪一家醫(yī)院了?二、定語從句與先行詞分隔的原因1為了保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡,避免“頭重腳輕”,將定語從句與先行詞分隔,例如:MrLeon said in the future,computer would be developed which would be small enough to carry in the pocket利昂先生說,將來會生產(chǎn)出小得可以放在口袋里的計(jì)算機(jī)。2為了突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)主句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的意義,將定語從句與先行詞分隔,例如:Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries,who will negotiate trade agreem ents with the respective govern-ments中國已派出貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)前往非洲各國,以便與這些國家的政府商談貿(mào)易協(xié)定。The day is not far off when a lot of housework can be done by machine大量家務(wù)活由機(jī)器來干的日子不遠(yuǎn)了。3先行詞所帶的非從句定語常需置于定語從句之前而造成先行詞與定語從句分隔,例如:There was som ething original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them 這個(gè)方案有創(chuàng)造性,而且別出心裁,又有魅力,所以深得他們的喜歡。No doubt there are questions of princi- ple involved which can not be ignored and underestimated無疑,這里涉及人們不能忽視或低估的原則問題。三、與先行詞分隔的定語從句的漢譯1將定語從句譯為漢語“的”字結(jié)構(gòu),置于先行詞之前,例如:Yet there exist com plex computations in science and engineer-ing which people are unable to make到目前為止,在科學(xué)和工程方面還存在許多人們無能為力的復(fù)雜計(jì)算。He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century m entality他全盤接受這一理論,只是因?yàn)檫@一理論中有一種迎合二十世紀(jì)心理的東西。I think it is clear that each side entertainssuspicions of the other which are unjust我認(rèn)為雙方顯然相互懷著沒有正當(dāng)理由的猜疑。2將定語從句單獨(dú)譯為一個(gè)分句,例如:There is som ebody waiting for you who I think might be one of your friends from your native town有個(gè)人在外面等你,我想這個(gè)人可能就是你家鄉(xiāng)的一位朋友。The molecules exert forces upon each other,which depend upon the distance between them 分子相互之間存在著力的作用,該力的大小取決于它們的距離。The result of this is the retention of too much air in the respiratory tract at each expiration which prevents the fresh air from being taken in at the next inhalation from reaching the lung alveoli其結(jié)果就是在每次呼氣時(shí)呼吸道里保留過多的空氣,這樣就在下次吸氣時(shí)妨礙吸入的新鮮空氣抵達(dá)肺泡里。3將定語從句與先行詞溶合譯出,例如:He is a wise man who speaks little智者言少。No method is known by which it is possible to create energy out of nothing大家知道,根本沒有什么方法能夠憑空創(chuàng)造能量。否定句英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)否定的方式和手段上有很大差別。比如說,英語中否定句的否定范圍具有不同的情況。因此,英語中的很多否定句都是有歧義的。在閱讀時(shí)只能通過上下文來得出正確的結(jié)論,排除歧義。此外,英語中否定句的重心也是閱讀中應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的問題。一般說來,從語法上來看,not與謂語動詞連用時(shí),是否定謂語動詞的;no與名詞連用時(shí),是否定名詞的。但是,從否定的重心來看,卻并非如此。舉個(gè)簡單例子:Dont give up because it is difficult.這句話就只能理解為:不要因?yàn)槔щy就放棄。另外,還需要注意的是,不定代詞中的every、all、both以及副詞quite、always等,與否定詞結(jié)合時(shí),不是全部否定,而是部分否定,即,不是“全不是”,而是“不全是”。以上所說的都是在閱讀否定句時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的問題,希望大家通過以下的例句仔細(xì)揣摩,認(rèn)真體會。1. Certainly I dont teach because teaching is easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.分析:這句話主要涉及的是否定的范圍問題。如果把because從句排除在否定范圍之外,其意思為:“因?yàn)槲矣X得教書容易,所以沒有教書”(= because teaching is very easy for me, I dont teach);如果把because從句包括在否定范圍之內(nèi),則為:“我之所以教書,并不是因?yàn)槲矣X得教書容易”(=I teach, but it isnt because teaching is easy for me)。雖然這兩句話的上下文表明,后一種理解更加符合邏輯,但是在實(shí)際的使用過程中,“notbecause”這一結(jié)構(gòu)也有可能出現(xiàn)將because從句排除在否定范圍之外的情況。所以由此不難看出,because與否定詞連用時(shí),根據(jù)上下文的不同常常有兩種含義。但是在具體的句子中,一般只有一種是符合邏輯的。譯文:當(dāng)然,我之所以教書,并不是因?yàn)槲矣X得教書容易。我之所以教書,也不是因?yàn)槲艺J(rèn)為自己能夠解答問題,或者因?yàn)槲覞M腹學(xué)問,情不自禁地要與別人分享。2. All that glitters is not gold.分析:這是一個(gè)典型的“部分否定”(partial negation)的例子。高中時(shí)狒狒一直不明白?!癮llnot”從表面上看來,往往會被當(dāng)作“全部否定”(total negation),因而經(jīng)常被譯成“所有都不”。實(shí)際上,這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的意思通常是“部分否定”的。意思相當(dāng)于“并不是所有都”。因此,遇到這種結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,要根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析。 譯文:閃光的不一定都是金子。 3. When the lights came on again, hardly a person in the city can have turned on a switch without reflecting how great a servant he had at his fingertips.分析:在這句話中,“hardlywithout”構(gòu)成了“雙重否定”(double negation)。雖然只有without在詞形上具有明顯的否定特征,但是hardly(以及scarcely, barely, few, little等)雖然沒有明顯的否定特征,卻有否定的詞義。實(shí)際上,雙重否定表達(dá)的是肯定的意思,因此在翻譯成漢語時(shí),既可以將原句按照兩個(gè)否定的形式表述出來,也可按照否定的語氣譯出。譯文:電燈又亮了,該城的人們打開開關(guān)的時(shí)候,想必幾乎人人都會想到,電燈是隨時(shí)可供他們使用的多么有用的東西呀4. Its a beautiful cottage not more than five minutes from the nearest beach.分析:注意“not more than + 數(shù)詞(或名詞)”與“no more than + 數(shù)詞(或名詞)”這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)在意思和口氣上的差別。前者沒有什么特殊含義,只是客觀地表示“不超過”、“至多”等意思;而后者則帶有講話者的主觀看法或口氣,強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量之少或者事物之小以及微不足道。一般可以譯做“僅僅”、“只不過”等。譯文:那是一幢漂亮的村舍,離最近的海灘僅5分鐘的路程。5. One cannot be too careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case.分析:在這句話中,cannot be too careful不能理解為“不能太謹(jǐn)慎”,因?yàn)槁?lián)系句子后半部分的狀語從句中來看,邏輯上是講不通的。實(shí)際上,“cannot be too”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)雖然形式上為否定,但是意思上并非否定,而是起到一種加強(qiáng)肯定語氣的作用。通??梢宰g做:“無論怎樣也不會過分”、“越越好”等,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的變形有“can never(或scarcely, hardly等)too + adj.(或adv.)”等。譯文:因?yàn)檫@是一個(gè)如此重要的問題,所以做出決定時(shí)無論怎樣謹(jǐn)慎都不過分。6. There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking thei

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