宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)(中英文對(duì)照).doc

宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)MEASUREING A NATIONS INCOME一國(guó)收入的衡量 Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：研究家庭和企業(yè)如何做出決策，以及他們?nèi)绾卧谑袌?chǎng)上相互交易。Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：研究整體經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象，包括通貨膨脹、失業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值GDP：給定時(shí)期的一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的所有最終產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing.消費(fèi)：除了購(gòu)買(mǎi)新住房，家庭用于物品與勞務(wù)的支出。Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing.投資：用于資本設(shè)備、存貨和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于購(gòu)買(mǎi)新住房的支出。Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government.政府支出：地方、州和聯(lián)邦政府用于物品和與勞務(wù)的支出。Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports)凈出口：外國(guó)人對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的物品的支出（出口）減國(guó)內(nèi)居民對(duì)外國(guó)物品的支出（進(jìn)口）。Nominal GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. 名義GDP：按現(xiàn)期價(jià)格評(píng)價(jià)的物品與勞務(wù)的生產(chǎn)。Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. 實(shí)際GDP：按不變價(jià)格評(píng)價(jià)的物品和服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)。GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.GDP平減指數(shù)：用名義GDP與實(shí)際GDP的比率計(jì)算的物價(jià)水平衡量指標(biāo)。MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING生活費(fèi)用的衡量CPI is measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer. 消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)CPI：一個(gè)典型消費(fèi)者所購(gòu)買(mǎi)的一籃子產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)的價(jià)格相對(duì)于某個(gè)基年同樣一籃子產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)的價(jià)格。Inflation rate is the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period. 通貨膨脹率：前一個(gè)時(shí)期以來(lái)物價(jià)指數(shù)變動(dòng)的百分比。Producer price index (PPI) is a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firms.生產(chǎn)物價(jià)指數(shù)：企業(yè)購(gòu)買(mǎi)的一籃子物品與勞務(wù)的費(fèi)用的衡量指標(biāo)。Indexation：the automatic correction of a dollar amount for the effects of inflation by law or contract.根據(jù)法律或合約對(duì)通貨膨脹的影響進(jìn)行貨幣數(shù)量的自動(dòng)調(diào)整。Nominal interest rate is the interest rate as usually reported without a correction of the effects of inflation.名義利率：通常公布的，未根據(jù)通貨膨脹的影響校正的利率。Real interest rate is the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation.真實(shí)利率：根據(jù)通貨膨脹校正過(guò)的利率。RODUCTION AND GROWTH生產(chǎn)與增長(zhǎng)Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time. 生產(chǎn)率：每單位勞動(dòng)投入所生產(chǎn)的物品和勞務(wù)的數(shù)量。Physical capital is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.物資資本：用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的設(shè)備和建筑物存量。Human capital is the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience.人力資本：工人通過(guò)教育、培訓(xùn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)而獲得的知識(shí)與技能。Natural resources are the inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by nature.自然資源：由自然界提供的用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的投入，如土地、河流與礦藏。Technological knowledge is societys understanding of the bes ways to produce goods and services.技術(shù)知識(shí)：社會(huì)對(duì)生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的最好方法的了解。Diminishing returns are the property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.收益遞減：隨著投入量的增加，每一單位額外投入得到的收益減少的特性。Catch-up effect is the property whereby continues that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich.追趕效應(yīng)：開(kāi)始時(shí)貧窮的國(guó)家傾向于比開(kāi)始時(shí)富裕的國(guó)家增長(zhǎng)更快。SAVING,INVESTMENT,AND THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM儲(chǔ)蓄、投資和金融體系Financial system is the group of institutions in the economy that help to match one persons saving with another persons investment.金融體系：經(jīng)濟(jì)中促使一個(gè)人的儲(chǔ)蓄與另一個(gè)人的投資相匹配的一組機(jī)構(gòu)。Financial markets are financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers.金融市場(chǎng)：儲(chǔ)蓄者可以通過(guò)它直接向借款者提供資金的金融機(jī)構(gòu)。Bond is a certificate of indebtedness債券：一種債務(wù)證明書(shū)。Stock is a claim to partial ownership in a firm股票：企業(yè)部分所有權(quán)的索取權(quán)。Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers.金融中介機(jī)構(gòu)：儲(chǔ)蓄者可以通過(guò)它間接地向借款者提供資金的金融機(jī)構(gòu)。Mutual fund is an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portion of stocks and bonds.共同基金：向公眾出售股份，并用收入來(lái)購(gòu)買(mǎi)股票于債券資產(chǎn)組合的機(jī)構(gòu)。National saving (saving) is the total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchase.國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄（儲(chǔ)蓄）：在用于消費(fèi)和政府購(gòu)買(mǎi)后剩下的一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的收入。Private saving is the income that households have left after paying for taxes and consumption. 私人儲(chǔ)蓄：家庭在支付了稅收和消費(fèi)之后剩下來(lái)的收入。Public saving is the tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending. 公共儲(chǔ)蓄：政府在支付其支出后剩下的稅收收入。Budget surplus is an excess of tax revenue over government spending.預(yù)算盈余：稅收收入大于政府支出的余額。Budget deficit is a shortfall of tax revenue from government spending預(yù)算赤字：政府支出引起的稅收收入短缺。Market for loanable funds are the market in which those who want to save supply funds those who want to borrow to invest demand funds.可貸資金市場(chǎng)：想儲(chǔ)蓄的人借以提供資金、想借錢(qián)投資的人借以借貸資金的市場(chǎng)。Crowding out is a decrease in investment that results from government borrowing.擠出：政府借款所引起的投資減少。THE BASIC TOOLS OF FINANCE基本金融工具Finance: the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of risk.金融學(xué)：研究人們?nèi)绾卧谀骋粫r(shí)期內(nèi)做出關(guān)于配置資源和應(yīng)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的學(xué)科。Present value: the amount of money today that would be needed to produce,using prevailing interest rates, a given future amount of money.現(xiàn)值：用現(xiàn)行利率生產(chǎn)一定量未來(lái)貨幣所需要的現(xiàn)在貨幣量。Future value: the amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given prevailing interest rates.未來(lái)值：在現(xiàn)行利率既定時(shí)，現(xiàn)在的貨幣量將帶來(lái)的未來(lái)貨幣量。Compounding: the accumulation of a sum of money in,say,a bank account,where the interest earned remains in the account to earn additional interest in the future.復(fù)利：貨幣量的累積，比如說(shuō)銀行賬戶上貨幣量的累積，即賺得的利息仍留在賬戶上以賺取未來(lái)更多的利息。Risk averse: exhibiting a dislike of uncertainty.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡：不喜歡不確定性。Diversification:the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated risks.多元化：通過(guò)用大量不相關(guān)的小風(fēng)險(xiǎn)代替一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來(lái)降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Idiosyncratic risk: risk that affects only a single economic actor.企業(yè)特有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：只影響一個(gè)公司的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Aggregate risk: risk that affects all economic actors at once.市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：影響股市上所有公司的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Fundamental analysis: the study of a companys accounting statements and future prospects to determine its value.基本面分析：為決定一家公司的價(jià)值而對(duì)其會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表和未來(lái)前景進(jìn)行的研究。Efficient markets hypothesis: the theory that asset prices reflect all publicly available information about the value of an asset.有效市場(chǎng)假說(shuō)：認(rèn)為資產(chǎn)價(jià)格反映了關(guān)于一種資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的所有公開(kāi)的、可獲得的信息的理論。Informationally efficient: reflecting all available information in a rational way.信息有效：以理性方式反映所有可獲得的信息的有關(guān)資產(chǎn)價(jià)格的描述。Random walk: the path of a variable whose changes are impossible to predict.隨機(jī)行走：一種變量變動(dòng)的路徑是不可預(yù)期的。UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS NATURAL RATE 失業(yè)和自然失業(yè)率Labor force is the total number of workers, including both the employed and the unemployed. 勞動(dòng)力：既包括就業(yè)者又包括失業(yè)者的工人總數(shù)。Unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.失業(yè)率：勞動(dòng)力中失業(yè)者所占的百分比。Labor-force participation rate is the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor force. 勞動(dòng)力參工率：勞動(dòng)力占成年人口的百分比。Natural rate of unemployment is the normal rate of unemployment around which the unemployment rate fluctuates.自然失業(yè)率：失業(yè)率圍繞它而波動(dòng)的正常失業(yè)率。Cyclical unemployment is the deviation of unemployment from its natural rate.周期性失業(yè)：失業(yè)率對(duì)自然失業(yè)率的背離。Discouraged workers are individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job 喪失信心的工人：想工作但已放棄尋找工作的人。Frictional unemployment is the unemployment that results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their tastes and skills.摩擦性失業(yè)：由于工人尋找最適合自己嗜好和技能的工作需要時(shí)間而引起的失業(yè)。Structural unemployment is the unemployment that results because the number of jobs available in some labor markets is insufficient to provide a job for everyone who wants one.結(jié)構(gòu)性失業(yè)：由于某些勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)上可提供的工作崗位數(shù)量不足以為每個(gè)想工作的人提供工作而引起的失業(yè)。Job search is the process by which workers find the appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills 尋找工作：在工人的嗜好與技能既定時(shí)工人尋找適當(dāng)工作的過(guò)程。Unemployment insurance is a government program that partially protects workers incomes when they became unemployed.失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)：當(dāng)工人失業(yè)時(shí)為他們提供部分收入保障的政府計(jì)劃。Union is a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions 工會(huì)：與雇主就工資、津貼和工作條件進(jìn)行談判的工人協(xié)會(huì)。Collective bargaining is the process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment.集體談判：工會(huì)和企業(yè)就就業(yè)條件達(dá)成一致的過(guò)程.Strike is the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union罷工：工會(huì)組織工人從企業(yè)撤出勞動(dòng)。Efficiency wages are above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity效率工資：企業(yè)為提高工人生產(chǎn)率而支付的高于均衡水平的工資。THE MONETARY SYSTEM 貨幣制度Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.貨幣：經(jīng)濟(jì)中人們經(jīng)常用于向其他人購(gòu)買(mǎi)物品與勞務(wù)的一組資產(chǎn)。Medium of exchange is an item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services.交換媒介：買(mǎi)者在購(gòu)買(mǎi)物品與勞務(wù)時(shí)給予賣(mài)者的東西。Unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.計(jì)價(jià)單位：人們用來(lái)表示價(jià)格和記錄債務(wù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Store of value is an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future.價(jià)值儲(chǔ)藏手段：人們可以用來(lái)把現(xiàn)在的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槲磥?lái)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力的東西。Liquidity is the ease with which an asset can be converted into the economys medium of exchange.流動(dòng)性：一種資產(chǎn)兌換為經(jīng)濟(jì)中交換媒介的容易程度。Commodity money is money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value. 商品貨幣：以有內(nèi)在價(jià)值的商品為形式的貨幣。Fiat money is money without intrinsic value fiat is used as money because of government decree. 法定貨幣：沒(méi)有內(nèi)在價(jià)值、由政府法令確定作為通貨使用的貨幣。Currency is the paper bills and coins in the hands of public.通貨：公眾手中持有的紙幣鈔票和鑄幣。Demand deposits are balances in bank accounts that depositions can access on demand by writing a check.活期存款：儲(chǔ)戶可以通過(guò)開(kāi)支票而隨時(shí)支取的銀行賬戶余額。Federal reserve(Fed）：the central bank of the United States.聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備：美國(guó)的中央銀行。Central bank: an institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economic.中央銀行：為了監(jiān)管銀行體系和調(diào)節(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的貨幣量而設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)構(gòu)。Money supply is the quantity of money available in the economy.貨幣供給：經(jīng)濟(jì)中可以得到的貨幣量。Monetary policy is the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank 貨幣政策：中央銀行的決策者對(duì)貨幣供給的安排。Reserves are deposits that banks have received but have not loaned out.準(zhǔn)備金：銀行得到但沒(méi)有貸出去的存款。Fractional-reserve banking is a banking in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves部分準(zhǔn)備金銀行：只把部分存款作為準(zhǔn)備金的銀行制度。Reserve ratio is the fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves.準(zhǔn)備率：銀行作為準(zhǔn)備金持有的存款比例。Money multiplier is the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserve貨幣乘數(shù)：銀行體系用1美元準(zhǔn)備金所產(chǎn)生的貨幣量。Open-market operation is the purchase and sale of U.S. government bonds by the Fed. 公開(kāi)市場(chǎng)活動(dòng)：美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)買(mǎi)賣(mài)美國(guó)政府債券。Reserve requirements are regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits法定準(zhǔn)備金：關(guān)于銀行必須根據(jù)其存款持有的最低準(zhǔn)備金量的規(guī)定。Discount rate is the interest rate on the loans that the Fed to banks.貼現(xiàn)率：美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)向銀行發(fā)放貸款的利率。MONEY GROWTH AND INFLATION 貨幣增長(zhǎng)與通貨膨脹Quantity theory of money:a theory asserting that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate 貨幣數(shù)量論：一種認(rèn)為可得到的貨幣量覺(jué)決定物價(jià)水平，可得到的貨幣量的增長(zhǎng)率決定通貨膨脹率的理論。Nominal variables are variables measured in monetary units.名義變量：按貨幣單位衡量的變量。Real variables are variables measured in physical units.真實(shí)變量：按實(shí)物單位衡量的變量。Classical dichotomy is the theoretical separation of nominal and variables.古典二分法：名義變量和真實(shí)變量的理論區(qū)分。Monetary neutrality is the proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables.貨幣中性：認(rèn)為貨幣供給變動(dòng)并不影響真實(shí)變量的觀點(diǎn)。Velocity of money is the rate at which money changes hands.貨幣流通速度：貨幣易手的速度。Quantity equation is the equation M*V=P*Y which relates the quantity of money, the velocity of money, and the dollar value of the economys output of goods and services.數(shù)量方程式：方程式M*V=P*Y,這個(gè)公式把貨幣量、貨幣流通速度和經(jīng)濟(jì)中物品與勞務(wù)產(chǎn)出的美元價(jià)值聯(lián)系在一起。Inflation tax is the revenue the government raises by creating money.通貨膨脹稅：政府通過(guò)創(chuàng)造貨幣而籌集的收入。Fisher effect is the one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rate. 費(fèi)雪效應(yīng)：名義利率對(duì)通貨膨脹率所進(jìn)行的一對(duì)一的調(diào)整。Shoeleather costs are the resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings.皮鞋成本：當(dāng)通貨膨脹鼓勵(lì)人們減少貨幣持有量時(shí)所浪費(fèi)的資源。Menu costs are the costs of changing prices.菜單成本：改變價(jià)格的成本。AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY總需求與總供給Recession is period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment.衰退：真實(shí)收入下降和失業(yè)增加的時(shí)期。Depression is a severe recession.蕭條：嚴(yán)重的衰退。Model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply is the model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend.總需求與總供給模型：大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家用來(lái)解釋經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)圍繞