海天名師丁雪明翻譯方法與技巧(句法)講義.doc

海天名師丁雪明翻譯方法與技巧(句法)講義 2010年06月08日海天考研 第一節(jié) 分句法與合句法翻譯英語(yǔ)句子時(shí)，有時(shí)我們可將原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)整個(gè)保存下來(lái)或只稍加改變；但是不少情況則必須將原來(lái)的句子的結(jié)構(gòu)作較大的改變。分句法是指將原文的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子；合句法則是把原文兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句或一個(gè)復(fù)合句在譯文中用一個(gè)單句來(lái)表達(dá)。一分句法1.將原文中的一個(gè)單詞譯成句子They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他們根本沒(méi)有答復(fù)，這是不足為奇的。(將一個(gè)副詞譯為一個(gè)句子)That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.那地區(qū)是個(gè)麻煩的地方，這是大家最容易看得出的。(將一個(gè)形容詞譯為一句子)2將原文中一個(gè)短語(yǔ)譯成句子Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness, and choking the shadows.陽(yáng)光射入了它能透過(guò)的幾乎所有地方，趕走了黑暗，驅(qū)散了陰影。(將一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)譯為句子)Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被創(chuàng)造也不能被消滅。這是一條普遍公認(rèn)的規(guī)律。(將一個(gè)名詞語(yǔ)譯為一個(gè)句子)3將一個(gè)句子拆開(kāi)譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上句子His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有遵守安全規(guī)則，機(jī)器出了故障。(將一個(gè)句子譯為一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)從句)二、合句法1將原文中兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句譯成一個(gè)單句His father had a small .business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north and lately nearthe sea.他的父親在意大利北部近海的比薩做小生意(將兩個(gè)單句譯為一個(gè)單句)2將原文中的主從復(fù)合句譯成一個(gè)單句When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.我在談判時(shí)總是有些緊張。緊張時(shí)我就吃東西。(將兩個(gè)主從復(fù)合句分別譯成單句)3將原文中的并列復(fù)合句譯成一個(gè)單句From Florence, the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.阿諾河從佛羅薩流經(jīng)比薩入海。(并列分句合一)第二節(jié) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的譯法被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，表示句子中的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，也就是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。漢語(yǔ)中往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。一般不及物動(dòng)詞不能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但不及物動(dòng)詞和介詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)詞后，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，就可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，形成“不及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+介詞”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：A conclusion has been arrived at. 己經(jīng)得出一個(gè)結(jié)論。The design was not approved of at the meeting .該設(shè)計(jì)在會(huì)上未獲通過(guò)。英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用廣泛，而漢語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用范圍卻狹窄得多。英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子在譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，很多情況下都可譯成主動(dòng)句，但也是有一些可保持被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，在處理英語(yǔ)原文被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，我們常采用下列方法。一、譯成主動(dòng)句1. 原文主語(yǔ)仍譯成主語(yǔ)The whole nation was armed in a few days.幾天之內(nèi)全國(guó)就武裝起來(lái)了。The transistors are widely used in communication systems.晶體管廣泛用于通信系統(tǒng)。2原文主語(yǔ)譯成賓格A new kind of magnifying glass is being made in that factory.那個(gè)工廠正在制造一種新的放大鏡。Communications satellites are used for international live transmission throughout theworld.全世界都將通信衛(wèi)星用于國(guó)際的實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播。3譯成帶表語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句The crews were trained at Eglin Field, Fla.機(jī)組人員是在佛羅里達(dá)州埃格林空軍基地訓(xùn)練的。The decision to attack was not taken lightly.進(jìn)攻的決定不是輕易做出的。4譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.必須立即終止這種討厭的噪聲。What kind of device is needed to make the control system simple?需要什么裝置使控制系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)化？5. 以“it”為形式主語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在譯文中常要改成主動(dòng)形成，有時(shí)不加主語(yǔ)，有時(shí)則加上不確定的主語(yǔ)，例如“有人”，“大家”，“人們”，“我們”等。不加主語(yǔ)：It is hoped that 希望It is reported 據(jù)報(bào)It is said 據(jù)說(shuō)It may be said that 可以說(shuō)It must be admitted that 必須承認(rèn)It must be pointed out 必須指出加主語(yǔ)It is asserted that 有人主張It is believed that 有人相信It is generally considered that 大家認(rèn)為It is well known that 眾所周知It will be said 有人會(huì)說(shuō)It was told that 有人曾經(jīng)說(shuō)二、譯成被動(dòng)句將英語(yǔ)原文中的被動(dòng)句譯成漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句時(shí)，常借且“被”、“給”、“遭”、“受”、 “把”、“使”、“由”等形式加以表達(dá)。例如：Radio waves are also known as radiant energy.無(wú)線電波也被認(rèn)為是輻射能。Machines are made to run by electricity.機(jī)器由電帶動(dòng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。Is the air in this area still being polluted by smog?這個(gè)地區(qū)的空氣還在受煙霧污染嗎？Other processes will be discussed briefly.其它方法將簡(jiǎn)單地加以討論。How long has nuclear power been known to scientists?核動(dòng)力為科學(xué)家所認(rèn)識(shí)己經(jīng)有多久了？The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.大火使這著名旅館幾乎全部毀滅。第三節(jié) 名詞從句的譯法英語(yǔ)名詞從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句等。翻譯時(shí)大多數(shù)可譯成相對(duì)應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)，但也還有一些其它處理方法。下面分別加以介紹：一、主語(yǔ)從句1以what, whatever, whoever等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句一般可按原文順序翻譯，例如：What he told me is only half-truth.他告訴我的只是些半真半假的東西而己，Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression。他此行所見(jiàn)所聞都給他留下了深刻的印象。2.以“it”作形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句1）邏輯主語(yǔ)從句如提前譯出，有兩種情況：若強(qiáng)調(diào)，“it”一般可譯出來(lái)；如不強(qiáng)調(diào)，“it”可不譯出來(lái)。It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.他參不參加會(huì)議沒(méi)有多大關(guān)系。（不強(qiáng)調(diào)）It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.在飛機(jī)墜毀之后，駕駛員竟然還能活著，這看來(lái)是不可想象的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)）2）邏輯主語(yǔ)從句不提前，“it”一般不需譯出。It is suggested that the meeting should be canceled.有人建議取消會(huì)議。二、賓語(yǔ)從句1）用that, what, how等引起的賓語(yǔ)從句漢譯時(shí)一般不須改變順序。I told him that because of the last condition,Id have to turn it down.我告訴他，由于那最后一個(gè)條件，我只得謝絕。2）用“it”作形成賓語(yǔ)的句子，that賓語(yǔ)從句可按原文順序譯出，“it”可不譯。I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 oclock in the morning.我向他們講清楚了的，他們必須在上午十時(shí)前交卷。三表語(yǔ)從句與賓語(yǔ)從句一樣，一般可按原文順序譯出：His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.他對(duì)新聞界的看法是，記者們不是支持他，就是反對(duì)他。四同位語(yǔ)從句1. 同位語(yǔ)從句漢譯時(shí)不提前：He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望再到中國(guó)來(lái)訪問(wèn)。2. 同位語(yǔ)從句提前譯出：Yet,from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而，從一開(kāi)始，我仍然活著這個(gè)事實(shí)卻偏偏被忽視了。It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.延遲應(yīng)由他負(fù)責(zé)，這個(gè)事實(shí)是改變不了的。3用“即”或冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)引出同位語(yǔ)從句：But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.但是現(xiàn)實(shí)地考慮一下，我們不得不正視這樣的事實(shí)：我們的前景并不妙。And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.而且總有這種可能性-一個(gè)小小的電火花，可能會(huì)意外地繞過(guò)了最為精心設(shè)計(jì)的線路。4單詞、短語(yǔ)作同位語(yǔ)的譯法：1）說(shuō)明身份，稱號(hào)的英語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)往往放在專有名詞