跨文化交際課件Unit_1.ppt

InterculturalCommunication 跨文化交際實(shí)用教程 APracticalCoursebook CultureisaBridge Requirements Presentation20 Attendance30 Finalexam50 Unit1AnIntroduction 4 I WhytakeInterculturalCommunication Discussion 2012 2 16 1 Warm upCase Pleasediscussthecaseingroupsandmakeacommentonit ACase ShowingConcernInChina XiaoLi aninterpreter Youmustbeverytired You reold Catherine anelderlyAmericanlady Oh I mNOTold andI mNOTtired 5 2012 2 16 Comment WhattheinterpretersaidisquitecourteousinChina Itmeans Ifyouaretired wecantakealittlerest sinceyouaregettingoninyears Theinterpretergavetheimpressionthathethoughttheelderlyladywouldcollapseanyminuteifshedoesn trestimmediately 6 2012 2 16 Comment IntheWest thereisavalueplacedinbeingyoungthatmanypeopleconsciously orsubconsciously arenotwillingtoacceptthattheyaregrowingold 7 2012 2 16 ThewesternwayofshowingconcernisgenerallydifferentfromtheChineseway InChina XiaoLi aninterpreter Youmustbeverytired You reold Catherine anelderlyAmericanlady Oh I mNOTold andI mNOTtired TheChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyexpressedbystatement IntheWest A Howareyoudoingnow Wouldyouliketorest B No notabit Thewesternwayofshowingconcernismainlydisplayedwithquestion 8 2012 2 16 Comment Thiscaseclearlyshowsthattranslationisaninterculturalcommunication whichrequiresthetranslator interpretertopossessbothEnglishculturalknowledgeandlanguagecompetence 9 2012 2 16 Case2FirstOffer ACanadiancolleagueandItraveledtoGuilinwithouradmirableguideHepingLiuinveryhotweather Sightseeingisathirstybusiness Wedidnottrustthewaterandenjoyexcellentbeer WepolitelyofferedsometoHepingbutherefused Wesaidnothinganddrankourbeer whilepoorHepingwatched OnlywhenIsawthatHepinginfactlikedbeer diditoccurtometoaskhimwhethermaybeinChinesecultureitwasnotpolitetoacceptonthefirstoffer Indeed itisnot ChinesecustomsshowthatHepingwasbeingmodest polite andwell behavedandeveryintentionofacceptingthebeeratthesecondorthirdoffer impressingchargeswithmodesty ButHepingdidnotunderstandNorthAmericanrules whichfirmlysaythatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeveragesonanyone Apersonmaynotdrinkforreligiousreasons hemaybeareformedalcoholic orhemaybeaallergic Whateverthereasonbehindtherule youdonotinsistonofferingalcohol AndwhileIcertainlydidnotfigureHepingforMormon aMuslimorareformedalcoholic sounconsciousandsostrongareourcommunicativecompetencerulesthatweequallypolitelynevermadeasecondofferofbeertoHeping whoprobablythoughtNorthAmericansaremostuncouth Questionsfordiscussion Inyourdailylife doyouoftenacceptfirstoffer Ifyes inwhatsituation Case3SameLanguage DifferentBehavior AnAmericantraveledtoEnglandandwasstayingwithafriend Duringhisstay theAmericandecidedtotalktotheEnglishmanaboutsomethingsthatwerebotheringhim American Ifeeluncomfortablewithmanyofthepeoplehere butI mnotsurewhy Ispeakthesamelanguage sothereshouldn tbeanyproblem Backhome Iusuallygetalongwithpeople YouknowthatI mveryfriendly Englishman Yes that strue butyou refriendlyinthewaythatAmericansarefriendly American I mnotsureIunderstand Englishman Well forexample atthemeetingtheothernight youimmediatelycalledpeoplebytheirfirstnames Wedothathere butnotwhenwefirstmeetsomeone American That showwemakepeoplefeelcomfortable Peoplefeelfriendliertowardeachotherwhentheyusefirstnames Englishman it sdifferenthere Forexample whenyoumetmybossyoushouldhaveusedhislastname Alsothere ssomethingelsethatyoudothatEnglishpeopledon toftendo American What sthat Englishman Youtouchpeopleontheshoulderquiteabit especiallywhenyoucomplimentthem American IguessI veneverthoughtaboutthatbefore IsupposethatiswhatIdoathome Comment thisisanimportantlessonfortheAmericanthatthoughtheyspeakthesamelanguageproblemsmaystillexistwhencommunicatingwithEnglishpeople Hedoesn tstoptothinkthathemayhavetodothingdifferently Luckily hehassomeonewhocanhelphimunderstandandquicklylearnsthatinEnglandheneedstobeabletodomorethanjustspeakEnglish 18 2 DifferentattitudestowardsthesameobjectWhenonecoinwaslost Englishman Notsurprised shruggedhisshoulders goingaway withoutbeingtroubledbynothing Americanman Calledapoliceman gavehimhistelephonenumber leftwithachewingguminhismouth 2012 2 16 19 Germanman Madeamarkwithin100mitersontheground lookingforthelostcoinwithamagnifyingglass Japaneseman feltsorryforhisowncarelessness stillblamedhimathome swearingnottomakesuchasillymistakeagain 2012 2 16 20 AgriculturalCulture worshipland loveland dependuponland stayingatpointwithmoving NomadicCulture worshipnature lovenature dependuponnature movingfromoneplacetoanother notfixedatonepoint BusinessCulture readytomovefartherandfarther makingmoreprofitsforshowingthevalueoflife 3 Peopleareculturallydifferent 2012 2 16 21 Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage 1 17speakChinese2 9speakEnglish3 8speakDard4 6speakSpanish5 6speakRussian6 4speakArabic 7 50speakBengaliBangladesh JapaneseorFrench 2012 2 16 22 4 Peoplearereligiouslydifferent Christianity About21 4billionChristiansintheworld Bible Forphilanthropyandequalforeverybody Islam Meaningbeingobedient Muslimsarethosewhoareobedient Quran Buddhism AreyouaBuddhist Buddhistsaretaughttoliveforkindnessratherthanevils 2012 2 16 23 Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage 33Christians18Moslems14Hindus16noreligion6Buddhists13differentreligions 2012 2 16 24 5 Peopleareideologicallydifferent ChinesepeopleandAsiansareabitmodest liveforharmony tryingtoavoidfacetofaceconflict Beingcollectivist Westernersarebeingindividualist beingequalanddifferent Itisnoneofmybusiness 2012 2 16 25 6 Peopleareraciallydifferent WeareHoposapiens Generally thepeopleintheworldareclassifiedintofourmajorraces thoughnotuniversallyaccepted White Caucasian Mongoloid Asian Negroid Black Australoid Brown 2012 2 16 26 Ifonly100peopleleftintheglobalvillage 61Asians12Europeans8NorthAmericans5SouthAmericans13Africans1Australasian 2012 2 16 27 Peoplearedifferentthroughouttheworld culturally religiously ideologicallyandracially actuallydifferentinalmosteveryaspect thereforewearesupposedtoknowabouttheirdifferencesasmuchaspossible justforasmoothcommunicationamongtheHomosapiens thepeopleintheglobalvillage YouwillmakeitbycomingtoInterculturalCommunication WhytakeInterculturalCommunication 2012 2 16 28 ThePurpose Thegeneralpurposeofthiscourseistounderstandthewaysinwhichcultureinterrelateswithandeffectscommunicationprocesses Interculturallearninginvolvesaffectiveandbehavioralprocesses aswellascognitiveones Throughoutthiscourse youwillhavetheopportunitytogainknowledge skillsandattitudesthatwillincreaseyourinterculturalcommunicationcompetence 2012 2 16 29 TheObjectives1 Toexploreculturalself awareness othercultureawarenessandthedynamicsthatariseininteractionsbetweenthetwo 2 Tounderstandhowcommunicationprocessesdifferamongcultures 3 Toidentifychallengesthatarisefromthesedifferencesininterculturalinteractionsandlearnwaystocreativelyaddressthem 4 Toacquireknowledgeanddevelopskillsthatincreaseinterculturalcompetence 5 TohaveanunderstandingofthemeaningoftheculturesunderstoodbythewesternersandtheeasternersortheChineseandAmericans 2012 2 16 30 TheReasons 1 DevelopmentofScience Technology2 GlobalizationofEconomy3 WidespreadImmigration4 DevelopmentofMulticulturalism5 InternationalCommunication6 InterracialCommunication7 InterethnicCommunicationorminoritycommunication 2012 2 16 II WhatIsCulture 31 2012 2 16 1 Defineculturesyourself Pleasewritedownwhatevercomestoyourmindwhenyouhearorthinkofculture Next trytofigureouthowtheyarerelatedtoculture 32 2012 2 16 33 2 DefinitionFinal 1 Cultureisthetotalwayoflifethatagroupofpeopleshares 2 Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs values customs behaviors andartifactsthatthemembersofasocietyusetocopewiththeirworldandwithoneanother andthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning 2012 2 16 34 3 CultureisanIntegratedsystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternswhicharecharacteristicofthemembersofasocietyandwhicharenottheresultofbiologicalinheritance 4 Cultureisthedepositofknowledge experience beliefs values actions attitudes meanings hierarchies religion notionsoftime roles spatialrelations conceptsoftheuniverse andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving 2012 2 16 35 5 Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs customs values behaviors institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople 2012 2 16 36 3 ElementsofCulture 2012 2 16 4 Culture ThreeIngredients artifactsconcepts beliefs values worldviews behaviore g Whereasthemoneyisconsideredanartifact thenvalueplacedonitisaconcept theactualspendingandsavingofthemoneyisbehavior 2012 2 16 37 38 5 Whatisculturelike 2012 2 16 39 CultureLikeanIceberg a Objectiveculture history literature andcustoms visible smallpart b Subjectiveculture feelingsandattitudesaboutthings invisible largepart 2012 2 16 40 culture 2012 2 16 41 TheCulturalIceberg 2012 2 16 TheIcebergofCulture 2012 2 16 42 43 ObjectiveCulture SubjectiveCulture 1 notionsofmodesty conceptionofbeauty idealofchildrearing relationshipstoanimals2 patternsofsuperior subordinaterelations definitionofsin courtshippractices conceptionofjustice incentivestowork notionsofleadership tempoofwork groupdecision making 3 conceptionofcleanliness attitudestowardsdependents theoryofdisease approachestoproblem solving conceptionofstatusmobility statusdesignationsbasedonage sex class occupation kinship etc 4 natureoffriendship orderingoftime conceptof self preferenceforcompetitionorcooperation bodylanguage notionsaboutlogicandvalidity patternsofhandlingemotions 客觀 主觀文化1 finearts literature drama classicalmusic popularmusic folkdancing games cooking dress2 eyebehavior contextualconversationpatterns socialinteractionrite facialexpressions 2012 2 16 44 CulturalIceberg 1 美術(shù) 文學(xué) 戲劇 古典音樂 流行隱喻 民間舞蹈 飲食 服飾2 目光 語境談話方式 社交頻率 面部表情 1 謙虛觀念 美的概念 子女撫養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 與動(dòng)物的關(guān)系2 上下級(jí)關(guān)系模式 罪惡的定義 求愛方式 工作的積極性 友誼的性質(zhì) 對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的看法 工作節(jié)奏 集體決策3 整潔的概念 對(duì)依賴的態(tài)度 疾病理論 解決問題方法 地位變化看法 因年齡 性別 階級(jí) 職業(yè) 親屬關(guān)系等 社會(huì)地位的稱謂4 朋友的意義 時(shí)間觀念 對(duì) 個(gè)人 的看法 對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和合作的偏愛 肢體語言 對(duì)邏輯和信度的概念 控制情感的模式 2012 2 16 45 6 CharacteristicsofCulture Cultureisshared 2 Cultureislearned 3 Cultureisbasedonsymbols 符號(hào) 4 Cultureisintegrated 集成 5 Cultureissubjectivetochange 6 Cultureisethnocentric種族優(yōu)越感 7 Cultureisadaptive自適應(yīng) 2012 2 16 46 1 Cultureisshared Themembersofacultureshareasetof ideas values andstandardsofbehaviors andthissetofideasiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives andwhatbondsthemtogetherasaculture 2012 2 16 47 Actually cultureisnotinnate 先天 sensibility butalearnedcharacteristic Childrenbeginlearningabouttheirowncultureathomewiththeirimmediatefamilyandhowtheyinteracteachother howtheydress andtherituals 儀式 theyperform Whenthechildrenaregrowinginthecommunity 社區(qū) theirculturaleducationisadvanced 先進(jìn) bywatchingsocialinteractions takingpartinculturalactivitiesandritualsinthecommunity formingtheirownrelationshipsandtakingtheirplaceintheculture 2 Cultureislearned 2012 2 16 48 Inorderfortheculturetobetransmittedfromonepersontothenext andfromonegenerationtothenext asystemofsymbolsneedstobecreatedthattranslatestheideasoftheculture 文化理想 toitsmembers Thisisaccomplishedthroughlanguage art religionandmoney 3 Cultureissymbolic 2012 2 16 49 Forthesakeof 為求 keepingtheculture functioningallaspectsoftheculturemustbeintegrated Forexample thelanguagemustbeabletodescribeallthefunctionswithinthecultureinorderforideastransmittedfromonepersontoanother Withouttheintegrationoflanguageintothefabric 布 品質(zhì) oftheculture confusionanddysfunction 功能障礙 wouldreign 統(tǒng)治 andtheculturewouldfail 4 Cultureisintegrated 2012 2 16 50 Itisnecessarytorecognizethatculturesaredynamicratherthanstatic 靜態(tài) Theyareconstantly 經(jīng)常 changingandevolving 演變 undertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures Cultureschangethroughthreemostcommonmechanisms 機(jī)制 innovation diffusionandacculturation calamity 創(chuàng)新 傳播和涵化 災(zāi)難 5 Cultureisdynamic 動(dòng)態(tài) 2012 2 16 51 Ethnocentrismisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackground includingwaysofanalyzingproblems values beliefs language andverbalandnonverbalcommunication 語言和非語言溝通 iscorrect Ethnocentristsbelievetheircultureisthecentralcultureandotherculturesareincorrect ineffective orquaint 無效 或古樸 6 Cultureisethnocentric 2012 2 16 III Communication Canyougivesomeexamplestoexplainthewordcommunication Whatiscommunication 52 2012 2 16 1 DefinitionofCommunication Generallyspeaking communicationcanbedefinedasadynamic symbolic transactionalandcontextualprocess 事務(wù)性和上下文的過程 inwhichpeoplecreatesharedmeaningsormessages 53 2012 2 16 2 EightIngredientsofCommunication behavioralsourceEncoding 編碼 messagechannelresponderDecoding 解碼 responseFeedback 反饋 2012 2 16 54 IV WhatisInterculturalCommunication 2012 2 16 55 跨文化 56 1 InterculturalCommunicationDefined InterculturalCommunicationmeanstheexchangeorcommunicationbetweenpeoplewhohavedifferentculturalbackgrounds 2012 2 16 2 ModelofInterculturalCommunication 57 2012 2 16 3 Comment Themoresimilaritiestwoculturesshare thelessinfluenceculturewillhaveoncommunication Therefore thelessmessageswillbechangedduringcommunication Thelesstheculturesarealike thegreatertheinfluenceofcultureoncommunicationwillbe andthemorelikelythemessageswillbechanged Misunderstandingininterculturalcommunicationoftenariseshere 58 2012 2 16 4 ModelofInterculturalCommunication 59 SupposeCultureA ChinesecultureCultureB JapanesecultureCultureC Americanculture 2012 2 16 IfpeoplefromChineseculturegotoJapan duetothesimilaritiesbetweenChineseandJapanesecultures theycancommunicatewithJapanesepeoplewithoutcausingmuchmisunderstanding Or peopleoftheJapaneseculturecouldunderstandmostofwhattheysaywithouttheirmessagesbeingalteredtoomuch However whenChinesepeoplecommunicatewithAmericanpeople problemsoftenoccurbecauseChinesecultureandAmericanculturedifferfromeachothergreatly 60 2012 2 16 5 BarriersinInterculturalCommunication LanguagedifferencesNonverbalcommunicationStereotypesCulturalbiasonjudgmentsHighlevelofstress 61 2012 2 16 62 V TheDifferencebetweenChineseandWesternCultures 2012 2 16 63 1 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople SavingFace Hardworking Formal 2012 2 16 64 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople Insensitivetotime Tendingtomisunderstand Beatingaboutthebus 2012 2 16 65 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople ObeybutnotFollow Beingdoubtful Beingcontent 2012 2 16 66 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople Neverkissedparents Shanzhaieverywhere 2012 2 16 67 2 TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesterners Kissandhuganytimeandanywhere GoingDutch 2012 2 16 68 TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesterners Beingpunctual Mindyourownbusiness Toofrank 2012 2 16 69 CC Manisanintegralpartofnature complywiththewishesofnature 天人合一 順天應(yīng)物 WC Manisseparatefromnature trytoconquerthenature 天人相分 征服自然 ManandNation 2012 2 16 70 CC Familyethnicsfirst 家族倫理本位 WC Individualsfirst 個(gè)人本位 ConceptionofFamily 2012 2 16 71 CC BelieveinharmonyandtheDoctrineoftheMean 貴和尚中 WC Trustinthespiritofreasons 理性精神 ManandMan 2012 2 16 72 Thewayoflife IndividualvsGroup 2012 2 16 73 Thewayofmakingcomments DirectvsIndirect 2012 2 16 74 Punctuality OntimevsLate 2012 2 16 75 PersonalRelationship SimplevsComplex 2012 2 16 76 Standinginaqueue LinevsFan 2012 2 16 77 Walkinginastreetonweekends Afewvsacrowd 2012 2 16 78 Timeforashower Inthemorningvsintheevening 2012 2 16 79 Dailylifeofoldpeople Withadogvswithachild 2012 2 16 80 Voiceoftalkinginpublic Lowvshigh 2012 2 16 81 Ideaofoneself Individual centeredvsgroup centered 2012 2 16 82 Leadership Equalvspower 2012 2 16 83 Western small intimatefamily retirementhome theoldareseparated childrenleaveearly beingindependentandlookafterthemselves Parentsneverinterferewiththeirchildrenaffairswhentheyareoldenough Family 2012 2 16 84 Oldseparated Youngindependent 2012 2 16 85 Washingtonlefthisofficeandremainedonhisfarmtillhisdeath refusingtogobackfrequentlytoWhiteHouseforadvice Thecountyneedsthecivilofficersratherthanthemilitaryofficerwhenitisinpeace WashingtonandhisCountry 2012 2 16 86 Eastern extended relativesincluded agedstaywithfamily theoldarerespected childrenstayuntilmarried childrencanneverbecompletelyindependentandarechildrenwiththeirparentsaround 2012 2 16 87 Aphotoofafarmfamily AphotoofBaJin sFamily 2012 2 16 88 western performanceoriented littlerotememory abilitytosolveproblems practicalcompetenceofrunningabusinessismoreimportant Education 2012 2 16 89 Eastern experienceoriented muchmemorization themoreexperiencedyouare themorepopularyouwillbe youwillberegardedwell educatedifyoucanrecitesomeancientpoems 2012 2 16 90 In1979 oneChineseeducationaldelegationwenttotheUnitedStatesandoneUSeducationaldelegationcametoChinaandbothofthemmadeareportaftertheirvisits TwoEducationalReports 2012 2 16 91 TheChinesereportsaidTheAmericanstudentsweremuchself confidentandindependent Theirteachersencouragedthemtodosoinsteadofcorrectingthem Thepupilsknewlimitedvocabularyandsolvedmathematicsproblemswiththeirfingers buttheyallhadastrongdesireforgreatinventions Inclass studentswerefreetowalkfromseattoseat talkingwithoutbeingcontrolled 2012 2 16 92 TheUSstudentsinclass 2012 2 16 93 TheAmericanreportsaidThestudentssatonseatswiththeirhandsontheback Theteachersjusttalkedandtalkedforseveralperiodshavingnotimeforwater Thestudentshadmuchassignmentcalledhomework Thosewhohadthehighestscorewouldbeprizedas ThreeGoodStudents withcertificates 2012 2 16 94 TheChinesestudentsinclass 2012 2 16 95 Western timeorientedrelationships work freetime makeanappointmentbeforeyougotoseeanyone noappointment nobusiness Lawsuperiortofriendshipandkinsfolk AttitudesandIdeas Eastern personorientedrelationships hospitality friendshipiseverything superiortolaw 2012 2 16 96 Colors Notwolanguagesareeversufficientlysimilartobeconsideredasreprintingthesamesocialreality Theworldsinwhichdifferentsocietieslivearedistinctworlds notmerelythesameworldwithdifferentlabelsattached 2012 2 16 97 Aweddingceremony 2012 2 16 98 AWeddingCeremony Afuneral 2012 2 16 99 Redpaperbagcontainingmoneyasagift 2012 2 16 100 Theredcarpet layouttheredcarpet 2012 2 16 101 Aredcardfortheirmarriage orforhishealth 2012 2 16 102 ItiseasytodiscoverthepositionorrankinaconversationortalkinChina astheyseldomusethenamesonly usuallywithatitle Onthecontrary thewesternershavethehabitofusingnamesforteache