英漢漢英翻譯段落練習(xí)100篇32564.doc

1Lexicography1) Lexicography provides at its best a joyful sense of busyness with language2) One is immersed in the details of language as in no other field. 3) Sometimes the details are so overwhelming and endless they sap the spirit and depress the mind4) Often at the end of a hard days work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has an immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole 5) As I hope the readers of this work will come to understand dictionaries do not sprint into being 6)People must plan them collect information and write them.7 )Writing takes time and it is often frustrating and even infuriating.8 )No other form of writing is at once so quixotic and so intensely practical.9) Dictionary making does not require brilliance or originality of mind.10) It does require high intelligence mastery of the craft and dedication to hard work.11) If one has produced a dictionary one has the satisfaction of having produced a work of enduring value. 2.Pollution 1) Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives.2) Many scientists maintain that one of mans greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 3) Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life.4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the worlds fixed supply of air water and land.5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living, in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of.6) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.7) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.1參考譯文 詞典編纂的絕妙之處是給人一種與語(yǔ)言打交道的快樂(lè)感。不像其他領(lǐng)域，編詞典的人整天都鉆在語(yǔ)言材料中。有時(shí)碰到的語(yǔ)言材料浩如煙海，令人耗神。往往一天辛苦工作下來(lái)，發(fā)覺(jué)所完成的薄薄幾頁(yè)草稿只是全部工作的九牛一毛，好不沮喪。正如我希望這部著作的讀者會(huì)逐漸明白的那樣，詞典并非是一蹴而就的。必須先制定計(jì)劃，收集材料，然后方能編寫。編寫詞典不僅耗費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且常讓人受挫，甚至惱怒。沒(méi)有其他的寫作像編纂詞典那樣，既要有空想又要腳踏實(shí)地。詞典編纂并不需要橫渡的才華或獨(dú)創(chuàng)的思維，但卻要求很高的智力，對(duì)詞典編纂的精通，和甘于吃苦的精神。一個(gè)人編寫出一部詞典，就會(huì)因它的長(zhǎng)久價(jià)值而得到一份快慰。2參考譯文 污染已成為問(wèn)題，因?yàn)樵诋?dāng)今人口越來(lái)越多，社會(huì)越來(lái)越工業(yè)化的世界上，人類正在污染他們居住的環(huán)境。許多科學(xué)家認(rèn)為人類最大的錯(cuò)誤是把發(fā)展和進(jìn)步等同起來(lái)?，F(xiàn)在人們以懷疑的態(tài)度看待“發(fā)展性”的產(chǎn)業(yè)，因?yàn)樗鼈兊母弊饔脮?huì)破壞環(huán)境，破壞各種生命之間的關(guān)系。人口的增長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致對(duì)世界上有限的空氣、水和土地的需求不斷增長(zhǎng)。伴隨著人口增長(zhǎng)的是越來(lái)越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。于是對(duì)電、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的廢物要處理。這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)引起人們對(duì)生物及其環(huán)境的日益關(guān)注。許多人認(rèn)為，人類沒(méi)有盡快地解決這一問(wèn)題，卻只顧謀求私利，以致于到了無(wú)可挽救的地步以后才充分認(rèn)識(shí)到這種兵貴神速。3.Intelligent Test 1) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term “intelligence” than there is on how to interpret or classify them. 2) But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily make distinctions reason logically and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. 3) An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. 4) It does not measure character social adjustment physical endurance manual skills or artistic abilities. 5) It is not supposed to- it was not designed for such purposes. 6) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 7) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.3參考譯文人們對(duì)智力所指的有那些不同表現(xiàn)看法比較一致，而對(duì)這些表現(xiàn)如何進(jìn)行解釋和分類，意見(jiàn)就不那么一致了。但人們一般認(rèn)為智力高的人在處理問(wèn)題時(shí)能抓住要點(diǎn)，善于區(qū)分，能進(jìn)行邏輯推理，和利用語(yǔ)言和數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)。智力測(cè)試只能很粗地衡量孩子的學(xué)習(xí)能力，尤其是學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)校要求的東西的能力。智力測(cè)試并不能衡量一個(gè)人的個(gè)性，社會(huì)適應(yīng)力，耐力性，勞動(dòng)技能，或藝術(shù)才能。人們不認(rèn)為能做到這些，當(dāng)初也不是為這些目的設(shè)計(jì)的。批評(píng)智力測(cè)試不能做到這一些，就如同批評(píng)溫度計(jì)不能測(cè)風(fēng)速一樣。既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估是相對(duì)而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)像進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比較。4. Bureaucracy 1) Most ironic was the image of government that was born of these experiences. 2) As any scholarly treatise on the subject will tell you the great advantage bureaucracy is supposed to offer a complex modern society like ours is efficient rational uniform and courteous treatment for the citizens it deals with. 3) Yet not only did these qualities not come through to the people I talked with it was their very opposites that seemed more characteristic. 4) People of all classesthe rich man dealing with the Internal Revenue Service as will as the poor woman struggling with the welfare departmentfelt the treatment they had received had been bungled not efficient; unpredictable not rational; discriminatory not uniform; and all too often insensitive rather than courteous. 5) It was as if they had bought a big new car that not only did not run when they wanted it to but periodically revved itself up and drove all around their yards.4參考譯文 這些經(jīng)給人們的政府形象是最有諷刺意味的。任何一篇論述這個(gè)問(wèn)題的學(xué)術(shù)論文都會(huì)說(shuō)，對(duì)一個(gè)像我們這樣復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)代化社會(huì)，官僚機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)提供的一大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是在和公民打交道時(shí)表現(xiàn)出富有效率，合乎情理，公平一致和文明禮貌的辦事方法。但是，和我談過(guò)話的人并沒(méi)有感覺(jué)到這些品質(zhì)，倒是恰恰相反的情況似乎更具有代表性。各階層的人，從與稅收部門打交道的富人到與福利部門交涉的可憐的婦人，都覺(jué)得他們受到的對(duì)待是糟糕的，而不是有效的，是捉摸不定的，而不是合情合理的是帶有歧視的，而不是公平的，而且經(jīng)常是冷漠的，而不是禮貌的。就像是買了一輛新的大轎車，不僅要它走的時(shí)候不走，面貌而且不時(shí)會(huì)自行加速，在院子里到處亂跑。5. Problem with Educational System 1)There are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography but I have never seen any good jobs for Geography graduates advertised. 2)Or am I alone in suspecting that they will return to teach Geography to another set of students who in turn will teach more Geography undergraduates?3) Only ten universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering which perhaps is just as well in view of the speed with which the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. 4) On the other hand hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close down because of the lack of doctors. 5) The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply. 6) It seems to me that time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent application and industry currently being wasted on diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.5參考譯文 目前全國(guó)有39所大學(xué)開(kāi)設(shè)地理學(xué)位課程，但我從未看到廣告上有招聘地理專業(yè)的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的好工作。或是不是只有我一個(gè)人懷疑他們將回到學(xué)校教另一批學(xué)生的地理，而這些學(xué)生將來(lái)又去教更多的學(xué)生的地理？現(xiàn)在只有10所大學(xué)開(kāi)設(shè)航天工程學(xué)位課程，考慮到飛機(jī)制造業(yè)一直在裁員的速度，還是這樣做好。另一方面，由于缺少醫(yī)生，全國(guó)的醫(yī)院急診室不得不紛紛關(guān)門。為什么？因?yàn)榇髮W(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)院只能為申請(qǐng)攻讀學(xué)位的一半人提供名額。對(duì)我說(shuō)，來(lái)，時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟，就業(yè)部和教育部應(yīng)當(dāng)和名大學(xué)攜手起來(lái)，改革我們的教育制度，使之更珍惜地使用學(xué)校的人才資源，學(xué)生的刻苦勤奮精神。而現(xiàn)在這些人才和努力都浪費(fèi)在無(wú)人感興趣的文憑和學(xué)位上。6. Novelists 1) But if the open air and adventure mean everything to De foe they mean nothing to Jane Austen.2) Hers is the drawing room and people talking and by the many mirrors of their talk revealing their characters. 3) And if when we have accustomed ourselves to the drawing room and its reflections we turn to Hardy we are once more spun around.4) The moors are round us and the stars are above our heads.5) The other side of the mind is now exposedthe dark side that comes uppermost in solitude not the light side that shows in company.6) Our relations are not towards Nature and destiny.7) Yet different as these worlds are each is consistent with itself.8) The maker of each is careful to observe the laws of his own perspective and however great a strain they may put upon us they will never confuse us ad lesser writers so frequently do by introducing two different kinds of reality into the same book.6參考譯文 如果說(shuō)曠野和歷險(xiǎn)對(duì)笛福的小說(shuō)是主題，那么對(duì)奧斯丁小說(shuō)就毫無(wú)意義。她的小說(shuō)是客廳和客廳中閑聊的人們。他們的談話像一面面鏡子，反映出他們的性格。當(dāng)我們熟悉了奧斯丁的客廳和反映出來(lái)的事物后再去讀哈代的小說(shuō)，又得轉(zhuǎn)向另一個(gè)世界。周圍茫?；囊埃^頂一片星空。此時(shí)心態(tài)的另一面被揭示出來(lái)：不是聚會(huì)結(jié)伴時(shí)顯示出來(lái)的輕松一面，而是自然和命運(yùn)。這些作家描寫的世界是完全不同的，但它們都自成一體。每個(gè)世界的創(chuàng)造者都小心翼翼遵循自己觀察事物的法則，不管他們的作品讀起來(lái)是如何的費(fèi)力，卻不像二流作家那樣，把兩種完全不同的世界塞進(jìn)同一本書(shū)，讓人感到不知所云。7.The Law of Competition 1) Under the law of competition the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently.2) The price which society pays for the law like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries is great but the advantages of this law are also greater than its costfor it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development which brings improved conditions in its train.3) But whether the law be benign or not we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual it is best for the race because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department.4) We accept and welcome therefore as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves great inequality of environment; the concentration of business industrial and commercial in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these ,as being not only beneficial but essential to the future progress of the race.7參考譯文在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的法則下，上萬(wàn)人的雇主不得不實(shí)行一些最嚴(yán)厲的節(jié)約措施，其中節(jié)約給工人報(bào)酬的那部分占很大一部分。社會(huì)為這個(gè)法則付出的代價(jià)如同為低廉的舒適條件和奢侈品付出的代價(jià)一樣是巨大的。但帶來(lái)的好處超過(guò)了代價(jià)，因?yàn)檎沁@個(gè)法則，我們才有了了不起的物質(zhì)進(jìn)步，其結(jié)果是生活水平的提高。但是，不管這個(gè)法則是好是壞，我們無(wú)法回避，對(duì)任何建議替代它的新東西，其作用我們是不敢肯定的，雖然這個(gè)法則有時(shí)對(duì)個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)可能很殘酷，但對(duì)人類來(lái)說(shuō)是好的，因?yàn)樗_保每個(gè)領(lǐng)域里適者生存。我們接受并歡迎環(huán)境上的不平等，接受并歡迎讓工商業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)集中在少數(shù)人的手里，接受和歡迎他們之間存在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的法則，我們把所有這一切看成是我們必須適應(yīng)的條件，看成對(duì)人類未來(lái)的進(jìn)步不僅有益，而且是很有必要的。8. Key to Success in Business 1) Every successful business is built on superior sensesof timing opportunity responsibility and not infrequently humor.2) None however is more critical than the ability to sense the market.3) A senior executives instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the single most important skill he or she can use to direct technologies product and service offerings indeed all elements of a companys strategic posture.4) People like Bill Gates brought this ability to the enterprises they founded.5) Without it their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less successful.6) But many top-level managers particularly those at industrial companies consider customer contact the bailiwick of sales and marketing staff.7) And even if they do believe that market focus is a priority most retain only limited contact with consumers as their organizations grow relying instead on subordinates reportssecond or-third-hand informati0nto define and sense the market for them.8參考譯文 每一個(gè)成功的工商企業(yè)都是建立在一些卓越的意識(shí)之上的，即懂得審時(shí)度勢(shì)，抓住機(jī)遇，承擔(dān)責(zé)任，并不乏幽默感。但這一切都沒(méi)有比對(duì)市場(chǎng)了解的能力更為重要。高級(jí)管理人員的一個(gè)非常重要的本事是能很自然地設(shè)身處地的為客戶著想，并從他們那里獲得真知灼見(jiàn)。他們利用這種能力來(lái)指導(dǎo)技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品和售后服務(wù)，乃至公司戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃的各個(gè)方面。比爾 蓋茨之類的成功者就曾把這種本事帶進(jìn)他們各自創(chuàng)立的企業(yè)中。沒(méi)有這種能力，他們的事業(yè)或許只是曇花一現(xiàn)，至少?zèng)]有像今天這樣成功。但是許多高層經(jīng)理，特別是工業(yè)公司的高層經(jīng)理，把與顧客接觸看成是銷售和市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷人員的事。即便他們確實(shí)也認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)是公司的重心，但隨著公司的發(fā)展，他們中在多數(shù)人也只與消費(fèi)者保持十分有限的接觸而已。他們判斷和把握市場(chǎng)，依賴于下屬送來(lái)的報(bào)告，即二手、三手的材料。9. The Policy of Mass Media 1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individuala.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however wellintentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted clichassumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichs nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life 9參考譯文 生活中充滿了作為工民或個(gè)人必須作出決定的問(wèn)題。但在媒體中不經(jīng)常見(jiàn)到有反映作出這些決定的真實(shí)難度，也沒(méi)有反映作出這些給他們帶來(lái)的令人煩惱的難題。媒體不愿給出明確答案不只簡(jiǎn)單是一種取樂(lè)于顧客的廣告手段。各種社會(huì)權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)，盡管初衷可能是好的，都有自己的即得利益，確保社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定，它們會(huì)設(shè)法影響新聞工作者，讓他們不知不覺(jué)制作出的節(jié)目或?qū)懗龅奈恼虏煌床话W，不觸及到問(wèn)題的實(shí)質(zhì)，雖然也裝模作樣地搞些辯論和調(diào)查。他們揭露問(wèn)題往往只是在民主社會(huì)可以接受的老一套觀點(diǎn)內(nèi)進(jìn)行。既不對(duì)這些老一套的表示出一點(diǎn)過(guò)激的疑問(wèn)，在把它們到現(xiàn)代生活的專欄時(shí)也盡量不讓各方面感到難堪。10. The American and the English 1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots in the obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.10參考譯文 許多本質(zhì)上的不同造成了美語(yǔ)從英語(yǔ)中分出來(lái)。而主要的不同是兩種語(yǔ)言根植于兩個(gè)完全不同的社會(huì)環(huán)境和文化傳統(tǒng)。自欺欺人17世紀(jì)來(lái)，美國(guó)人和英國(guó)人在這兩方面的差異十分明顯。英國(guó)人相對(duì)說(shuō)來(lái)生活在一個(gè)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的社會(huì)秩序里。這種秩序銘記在他們心靈里的是對(duì)習(xí)慣上和名譽(yù)上的東西有一種特有的尊敬。雖然第一次世界大戰(zhàn)改變了他們大多數(shù)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，但在這之前，他們的全部生活，或許比其他任何民族的生活，除西班牙人，都更受到先例的制約。而雖然美國(guó)人中一部分的祖先是英國(guó)人，但他們沒(méi)有這種約束。也沒(méi)有這種一致性習(xí)慣的要求。相反，他們走到了另一個(gè)極端，因?yàn)樗麄儑?guó)家的生活狀況使他們看重的是好奇和冒險(xiǎn)這恰恰相反的品質(zhì)，這樣他們養(yǎng)成的是不安現(xiàn)狀，厭煩形式主義，藐視舊勢(shì)力的影響的個(gè)性。這些個(gè)性在他們身上普遍反映出來(lái)。 11. A political Speech 1) Within a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken steps to stabilize the position.2) First of all we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our national ailments examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs.3) Secondly we embarked on a reasoned policy to ensure steady economic growth the modernization of industry and a proper balance between public and private expenditure.4) Thirdly by refusing to take refugeas the previous Government had continually done in the preceding years in panic stricken stop-gap measures we stimulated the return of international confidence.5) As a result of those immediate measures and aided by the tremendous effort which they evoked from our people who responded as so often before to a firm hand at the helm we weathered the storm and moved on into calmer waters and a period of economic expansion and social reorganization 11參考譯文 在重新執(zhí)政后極短的時(shí)間里，本屆政府就采取了許多措施來(lái)穩(wěn)定局勢(shì)。首先，我們致力于找出國(guó)內(nèi)種種常弊病的根本原因仔細(xì)研究當(dāng)時(shí)的癥狀，而不是墨守過(guò)時(shí)的成規(guī)教條。第二我們采取了經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮的政策以保證經(jīng)濟(jì)的穩(wěn)步發(fā)展，工業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化，以及公私支出之間的平衡。第三，我們沒(méi)有采取上屆政府前幾年的一貫做法，沒(méi)有因?yàn)轶@慌失措而安于一些補(bǔ)漏洞的權(quán)宜之計(jì)，因此我們促使了我們國(guó)際信譽(yù)得到恢復(fù)。由于采取了這些措施，由于我國(guó)人民他們一如既往，對(duì)堅(jiān)定的掌舵人作出積極的響應(yīng)在這些措施激勵(lì)之下作出了巨大的努力，為我們提供了幫助，我們經(jīng)受了風(fēng)暴，進(jìn)入了比較平靜的海面，進(jìn)入了一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與社會(huì)重組的時(shí)期。12. The Education of Humanists 1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “endless frontier.”6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.12參考譯文 人文主義者的教育如果不在一定深度上了解科學(xué)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的情況，尤其是我們一無(wú)所知的領(lǐng)域，那就不能視為是完全的，或是足夠的。大多數(shù)的物理教師如讓我們教詩(shī)人物理，都很反感。而文科教師會(huì)繼續(xù)以懷疑和恐懼的心情看待科學(xué)家。或許，那些幫助學(xué)生系統(tǒng)地了解科學(xué)方面所不知道的東西的新課程將會(huì)建立?？茖W(xué)家的注意力。這些學(xué)生會(huì)驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)科學(xué)正如一些科學(xué)家所描寫的。是一個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)了開(kāi)發(fā)不完的處女地。而當(dāng)人主義者注意到他們的科學(xué)家的同事公開(kāi)承認(rèn)并不是對(duì)任何東西都徹底了解時(shí)，也會(huì)感到極大的滿足。而身上寄托著未來(lái)的詩(shī)人們或許在深夜反復(fù)思索，開(kāi)始看到了我們大多數(shù)人所不能理解的意思。13參考譯文 問(wèn)題是：如對(duì)人的權(quán)利是一致的意見(jiàn)，去爭(zhēng)論動(dòng)物的權(quán)利是沒(méi)有結(jié)果的。只會(huì)一開(kāi)始就把討論引向極端。它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物：要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么對(duì)它們相關(guān)方面都不同，持這種極端看法的人會(huì)認(rèn)為對(duì)待動(dòng)物無(wú)須考慮道德問(wèn)題。任何對(duì)動(dòng)物的遭遇的關(guān)心都被認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)誤的，是把自己的感情放錯(cuò)了地方，因?yàn)檫@種感情應(yīng)當(dāng)放到其他人身上。但是道德觀的最基本一條是將心比心。對(duì)大多數(shù)來(lái)說(shuō)，看到動(dòng)物受罪足以引起人的同情。這種反應(yīng)并不是錯(cuò)誤，而是人用道德觀念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起作用。這種本能應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫焦膭?lì)而不應(yīng)遭到嘲笑。13. Animals Rights1) The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.2) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans or with no consideration at all.3) This is a false choice.4) Arguing from the view be directed to other humans.6) But the most elementary form of moral reasoning is to weigh others interests against ones own.7)To see an animal in pain is enough for most to engage sympathy.8) When that happens it is not a mistake it is mankinds instinct for that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.5) Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistakea sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly moral reasoning in action an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.14. The Problems of Debt 1) Many economists insisted that only a major restructuring of the worlds could resolve the problem.2) To avert the danger of major defaults and to restore security to the economic system Western bankers and governments will have to ensure that they are imposing reasonable repayment terms on developing countries terms that will not provoke revolution or chaos.3) They will have to lower interest requirements with some form of subsidy from the central banks if necessary.4) And they will have to strengthen the IMF as their ultimate safeguard.5) It is not enough for the IMF and the banks to prov