定語從句之關(guān)系代詞(1).docx

定語從句I 關(guān)系代詞定義：在復(fù)合句中修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句，叫做定語從句。基本構(gòu)成：先行詞+關(guān)系間+定語從句。先行詞：它所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。關(guān)系詞：連接先行同和定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞的主要作用是連接主句和從句，同時(shí)指代先行詞，并在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。分類：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有兩類：關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose等，關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why等。關(guān)系代詞的具體用法見下表：關(guān)系代詞指代的先行詞在從句中所作的成分who指人主語、賓語、表語whom指人賓語whose指人或物定語which指物主語、賓語、表語that指人或物主語、賓語、表語一、關(guān)系代詞的用法1.who指人，在定語從句中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想見你的那個(gè)女孩過來了。(作主語)Danny was a man who we rescued from the ruins.丹尼是我們從廢墟中救出來的一個(gè)人。(作賓語)2.whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語，可省略，也可用who代替。Rose is the person (who/whom) you should care about.羅絲是你應(yīng)該關(guān)心的人。(作賓語)3.whose可修飾人，也可修飾物，表所屬關(guān)系，whose在定語從句中作定語。I know the person whose house was destroyed in the earthquake.我認(rèn)識那個(gè)人，他的房子在地震中被摧毀了。(作定語)4.which指事物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時(shí)可省略。China is a country which has a long history.中國是一個(gè)具有悠久歷史的國家。5.that既可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時(shí)可省略。習(xí)慣上指人多用who, whom，指物多用which.The number of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達(dá)100萬。(that指人，作主語)The suitcase that lies on the ground is hers.地上放的那個(gè)手提箱是她的。(that指物，作主語)誤區(qū)警示 關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語或表語，因此定語從句中不能再出現(xiàn)關(guān)系代詞所替代的名詞或代詞。譯 昨天晚上我們看的那部電影非常嚇人。誤 The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening.正 The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)不能省略，作賓語時(shí)可以省略。Is that the girl (whom/who/that) you spoke of the other day?那就是你前幾天所提到的女孩嗎?二、只能用that而不用which引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況1.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)。This is the most delicious food that I have ever had，這是我吃過的最美味的食品。2.先行詞是不定代詞，如all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none等時(shí)。有關(guān)這個(gè)專題的任何資料都請寄給我們。All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已經(jīng)做了。3.先行詞被all, any, every, no, the only, the very, the last等修飾時(shí)。Please send us any information that you have about the subject.The only thing that she could do was go to the police for help.她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。學(xué)法點(diǎn)撥：以上三種情況有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，就是先行詞或先行詞之前的修飾詞往往帶有“唯一”或者“全部”概念，以致無法作出選擇。因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞which也是疑問代詞，表示“哪一個(gè)”，含有選擇意味，所以，用that引導(dǎo)萬無一失。4.有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上先行詞，既指人又指物時(shí)。Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things that upset us.有時(shí)，我們不應(yīng)該理會讓我們不快的人和事。5.當(dāng)主句是以who, which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing?你買的書中哪一本對我的寫作最有用?三、只能用which而不用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況1.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)。Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.足球，一項(xiàng)非常有趣的運(yùn)動，在全世界得到了普及。2.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)。This is the house in which Mo Yan once lived，這就是莫言曾經(jīng)住過的房子。3.當(dāng)先行間本身就是that時(shí)。That which you told him about is what we want to know.你告訴他的事情就是我們想知道的。4.在限制性定語從句中，如果有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一句的關(guān)系間是that，那么另一句的關(guān)系詞就需用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 讓我給你看看我從新開放的圖書館借來的小說。四、只能用who而不用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況1.先行詞是指人的不定代詞時(shí)，如one, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody, none等。The students you should learn from are those who graduate from top universities.你應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的是那些從名牌大學(xué)畢業(yè)的學(xué)生。2.在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞指人時(shí)。There is a young lady who is in a state of shock.有位年輕女士休克了。3.一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that，另一個(gè)宜用who.(指人時(shí))The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.昨晚你遇到的那個(gè)男孩就是那個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)非常努力的組長。誤區(qū)警示關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的選擇有兩個(gè)原則：一是看先行詞是人還是物；二是看關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在從句中作什么成分。若關(guān)系詞代替先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語、定語或表語，則選關(guān)系代詞若在從句中作狀語，則選關(guān)系副詞。Well remember those days that/which we spent together. (作賓語)Well remember those days when we played by the sea. (作狀語)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，根據(jù)先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定從句謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。He is the only one of the students who has a good command of French.(the only one為先行詞)He is one of the students who have a good command of French. (students為先行詞) 五. as引導(dǎo)定語從句1.as用作關(guān)系代詞，既可指人，也可指物。在定語從句中可作主語、賓語或表語。它常用在the same.as.，such.as.，as.as等句型中，as不能省略。Such teachers as know Tom think him very bright.認(rèn)識湯姆的老師都認(rèn)為他很聰明。Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.我要買和你的一樣的詞典。誤區(qū)警示：當(dāng)先行詞被such, the same修飾時(shí)，也可用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但指同一物，而不是同一類。This is the same bike that I lost two months ago.這就是兩個(gè)月前我丟的那輛自行車。(同一輛自行車)比較 This is the same bike as I lost two months ago.這輛自行車跟我兩個(gè)月前丟的那輛自行車一樣。2.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代替整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。從句可放在主句前、主句后或主句中間。As you know, she is a stubborn girl, and I cant persuade her to change her mind.你知道，她是一個(gè)倔強(qiáng)的女孩，我不能說服她改變主意。My grandfather is fond of talking about the good old days, as is often the case with old people，我爺爺喜歡談?wù)撨^去的美好時(shí)光，這種情況在老年人中較為常見。學(xué)法點(diǎn)撥：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句常用的固定表達(dá)：as