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名從和定從解題方法一. 什么是句子?A. 首字母大寫 B. 末尾有“.!? 或;”C. 一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu) D. 清晰完整的意思 (含語氣等) 二什么是從句? 1定義:一個(gè)句子在另一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)形容詞、名詞、或副詞使用,這樣的句子叫從句。 2特征:1 必須句首有關(guān)聯(lián)詞 2 必須在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上同主句一樣完整正確3 語序?yàn)殛愂稣Z序(即主語在謂語前) 3例句: (一). 簡單句 1 I know it. 2 I know the place referred to. 3 I put the money there/ in the house. 4 The house is known to all. 5 She came from Nanjing. 6 That is Shanghai. (二). 復(fù)合句(上面簡單句的相關(guān)成分被換成了從句)1 I know where he lives. 2 I know the place where he lives. 3 I put the money where he lives. 4 It is known to all where he lives. 5 She came from where he lives. 6 That is where he lives.三運(yùn)用1和2的概念來解下面的題 1It _ hot, wed better have a swim. It _ hot, so wed better have a swim. It _ hot; wed better have a swim. A. is B. be C. being D. been2. He has eight boys, three of _ studying here. He has eight boys, three of _are studying here. He has eight boys, and three of _are studying here. He has eight boys; three of _are studying here.A. them B. whom C. who D. they 3. _leaves the room last should turn off the lights. _leave the room last should turn off the lights. _ leaves the room last is very obvious. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who E. Those who4. _is obvious that he doesnt want to see you. _is obvious, he doesnt want to see you. _is obvious is that he doesnt want to see you. A. It B. As C. what D. how E. why 5. (1)Is this house _ my father once lived in? (2)Is this the house _ my father once lived in?(3)Is this house the one _ my father once lived? (4)Is this the house _ my father once lived?(5)Is this house _ my father once lived?(6)Was it in this house _ my father once lived?A. the one B. which C. where D. that E. X 6. (1) _ to the left, and youll see the bus stop. (2) _ to the left, youll see the bus stop.(3) _ down the radio-the babys sleeping in the next room . A. Turning B. To turn C. Turn D. If you turn四高考考什么: 從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的判定五三大從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞的特征 名從:三類:1. that 不做成分,無疑意,不可省(只在引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)動詞賓從時(shí)可省) 2. whether不做成分,有疑意,不可省(if只用于賓從且不與or not 連用) 3. wh+ 和how系列 做成分 定從: 二類: 1. 關(guān)代: _后從句不完整(即缺主賓表定和介賓成份之一) 2. 關(guān)副: _后從句完整(即不缺主賓表定與介賓)六. 難點(diǎn): 1. 能否根據(jù)句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)將復(fù)合句定出來-是否是復(fù)合句, 若是,是哪種從句 (概念把握準(zhǔn)確到位否,是關(guān)鍵) 2. 當(dāng)定下來是哪一從句后,具體關(guān)聯(lián)詞是哪一個(gè),關(guān)聯(lián)詞相互間的區(qū)別及各自獨(dú)特的功用 (記住這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞區(qū)別及各自獨(dú)特功用是最后解題成敗之關(guān)鍵)七. 從句解題入手方法(一般解法) 1. 看_后的從句是否完整(根據(jù)五個(gè)基本句型中的主賓表定缺否及所要表述的語意) 2. 若不完整,則從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞為名、代、形容三大類詞 若完整,則從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞為副詞、連詞 3據(jù)句意及關(guān)聯(lián)詞區(qū)別及各自獨(dú)特功用,判定到具體哪個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞 以定從為例(從定義到解題到注意事項(xiàng))定語從句1 概念: 以從句的形式出現(xiàn)來修飾限定(限定性)或補(bǔ)充說明(非限定)名詞或代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)叫定 語從句,或叫形容詞性從句.2 功能: (一個(gè)名詞短語中的)修飾限定語.3 構(gòu)成: 由關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)而成.4 位置: 位于被修飾的名詞或名詞成分之后.5 關(guān)系詞的分類: 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞.6 關(guān)系詞的功能: 1)替代先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)成分; 2)引導(dǎo)從句,連接主句和從句. She has two sons, both of _ are in the university. A. them B. whomWe sing highly of the sun that rises east every morning.7 關(guān)系代詞: 物 which/that/as 人 who/whom/that 物主whose(先行詞+whose+n) 關(guān)系副詞: 時(shí)間 when 地點(diǎn) where 原因 (the reason) why 關(guān)系詞的選擇問題(解題): 1) 判斷從句中是 否缺了主干部分(主,賓,表,定,介賓), 缺了就填入關(guān)系代詞把句子補(bǔ)充完整,不缺就填關(guān)系副詞. 2) 把先行詞還原到它本來在從句中的位置. 3) 關(guān)鍵在于判斷從句中的謂語動詞是不是及物.I miss the days _ we spent together last year. I miss the village_ I was born. I miss the village_ I came to the city from. I miss the village_ I lived in 10 years. I miss the village_ I lived 10 years. I miss the village_ I visited last year.8 關(guān)系代詞在從句中的主干成分問題: 1) 主語: Do you know the girl that/who is talking with the director? 2) 賓語: I like the flowers(which/that)you bought for me very much. 3) 表語: He is not the man that he was 3 years ago. 4) 介賓: The window (which/that)I often watch the sea out of was made by my dad.9 有時(shí)盡管先行詞是物,但我們只能用which/that 中的一個(gè). 只用that的情況:1)關(guān)系代詞是不定代詞all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one etc. We should do all _ is useful to the people. There is nothing_ can be said about it. Do you mean the one_ was bought yesterday.2)先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, just, very等修飾時(shí) The only thing _ we can do was to wait. You can take any seat _ is free. This is one of the books _ I bought yesterday. He is the only person that/(who) I want to talk to .3)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí) When we talk about Hangzhou, the first _ came to our mind is the Westlake.4)先行詞是最高級或被最高記級修飾時(shí) This is the best _ we can be done now.5)先行詞既有人又有物The director and his movie _ you have just talked about is really popular.6)主句是there be結(jié)構(gòu) There is still a seat _ is free.7)在雙重從句中,其一已經(jīng)用了which,另一個(gè)用that He built up a factory which produced things _ had never been seen before.8)先行詞是主句表語,或關(guān)系詞本身是從句表語 My hometown is no longer the place _ is used to be.9)當(dāng)句中已有who時(shí),為避免重復(fù)。例如:Who is the man that is talking to John?10)用作關(guān)系代詞,修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞如day, time, moment等,代替when。例如:It happened on the day that/when I was born. 只用Which的情況:1) 介賓結(jié)構(gòu)中: Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?2) 非限定性定語從句中: His dog, which was now very old, became ill and died.3) 雙重從句中,其一已用了that,另一個(gè)用which4) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后帶有插入語 Here is the book which, as I have told you, will help you a lot.10 當(dāng)先行詞是人,只選who情況1) 先行詞是(the)one,(the) ones, anyone, those,he, ect. Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.2) 在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中 There is a gentleman who wants to see you.3) 當(dāng)先行詞后有較長的后置定語I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.11 限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別 限定性: 限定先行詞的意思和范圍,不可省,和主句關(guān)系密切 非限定: 對先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明,可省,和主句用逗號隔開.12 考試重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn):1) 先行詞是時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)注意關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇.(按所做成分定)2) which和that的選擇及who和that的選擇3) 非限定從句中who/which as/which的選擇4) 一些復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu):A 介詞或介詞短語+which/whom/whose+n. I will remember your kind words, from which I find my belief.I must say thanks to you, from whom I have learnt a lot. I miss the cottage, out of whose window I used to watch the sea.B 數(shù)詞 one, two, three etc 代詞 a lot, a number, many, much, all, either, neither, each, several, some, few, little, most The old lady had two sons, both of whom were killed in the war. I have many books, few of which are in English. The old lady, both of whose sons were killed in the war, lives a lonely life. C what引導(dǎo)的名詞從句和that引導(dǎo)的定語從句 what= the things (that)=all the things (that) she did what she could to help her son. She did all (that) she could to help to her son. What I have are books. =All the things I have are books.=The things that I have are books.D 關(guān)系副詞和介賓結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別: 后者更明確,對介詞的要求很嚴(yán)格.I remember the day when I met her. I remember the day on which I met her.E 一些易錯(cuò)問題: 在定語從句中加了多余的賓語: Some of the boys I invited (them) did not come. 定語從句中謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式: She is one of the teachers who speak French. She is the only one of the teachers who speaks French. 省掉了在從句中作主語的關(guān)系代詞: Children who/that eat a lot of sugar get bad teeth. 定語從句中加了多余的關(guān)系副詞或介詞: The house where he lives in needs repairing.5)which 和 as 作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句,其先行項(xiàng)是主句或主句的謂體部分的情況。 whichThey say he plays truants, which he doesnt. Things then improved, which surprises me.Jack exploded a firecracker during a lesson, as a result of which he was suspends from school for a week.The plane may be several hours late, in which case theres no point on our waiting.She has married again, which was unexpected.Which引導(dǎo)的從句只能置于主句之后。.asAs作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以置于先行項(xiàng)-即它所依附的主句-之前,之后,或其間主語之后,用逗號隔開。譯作“正如?!?,表同主句一致的真實(shí)性,從句常是以下形式:As everybody knows/As you may remember/As you say/As I can see/As I have saidAs Im told/As you may have heard/As is said above/As is mentioned aboveAs is reported in the newspaper/As is often the caseAs在從句中作賓語,表語或主語(這時(shí)謂動只能是be 動詞或其它系動詞)Jane , as you said/ as was said, is a liar. As you said/ as was said, Jane is a liar.Jane is a liar, as you said/ as is said.She is extremely popular among the students, as is common knowledge.She has married again, as was natural./was expected.She has married again, which delighted us. (as 不作動作動詞的主語)She has married again, *as was unexpected. which was unexpected. (與主句意義不一致) 2004年全國高考定語從句練習(xí)1. (全國卷23題)The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which2. (北京卷34題)_ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. A. It B. As C. That D. What3. (廣西卷28題)The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which4. (湖南卷23題) I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.A. how B. which C. where D. that 5. (吉林卷23題)There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that6. (天津卷23題)Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others , _ , of course , made the others envy him . A. who B. that C. what D. which7. (江蘇卷33題) _ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As8. (浙江卷35題)Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place. A. when B. where C. what D. which9. (上海卷40題)A story goes _ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more that being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.A. when B. where C. what D. that10(遼寧卷35題)The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% _are sold abroad . Aof which Bwhich of Cof them Dof that 11(湖北卷23題)There was _ time _ I hated to go to school .Aa; that Ba; when Cthe; that Dthe ; when 12(湖北卷25題)There are two buildings , _ stands nearly a hundred feet high . Athe larger Bthe larger of them Cthe larger one that Dthe larger of which 13(湖北卷29題)What surprised me was not what he said but _he said it . Athe way Bin the way that Cin the way Dthe way which 14. (上海卷36題)American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom 15.(北京卷26題) George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. A. the real nameB. what his real name C. his real nameD. whose real name Key 1-5CBACA 6-10DDDDA 11-15BDADD練習(xí)1. (1)Tom got the first place, _ made his parents happy.(2)Tom got first place, and _ made his parents happy.A. as B. which C. that D. this2.(1)_ is well known to all, the earth is round.(2)_ is well known to all that the earth is round.A. That B. with C. It D. As3. (1)_ knows the truth will tell you about it, I think.A. Who B. That C. No matter who D. Whoever (2)Dont trust him, _ he says.A. what B. no matter what C. whatever D. B and C4. Which is the restaurant _you once worked in your spare time?A.whichB.in which C.for whichD.in where5. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows,most of _hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.A.theseB.those C.thatD.which6. Do you like _he speaks to you?A. the wayB. the way in that C. the way whichD.the way of which7. The story brought the hours back to me _I was taken good care of in that far-away village.A. untilB. which C. during whichD. where8. The science of medicine,_ progress has been very rapid lately,is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.A.to which B.in which C.whichD. with which9. Alec asked the policeman _he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.A.with himB.whoC.with whomD.whom10.We are living in an age _many things are done on computer.A.which B.that C.whose D.when11.The gentleman _you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.A.whoB.about whomC.whomD.with whom12.She likes to use words _are clear to him.A.of which the meanings B.meanings of which C.whose of meanings D.meanings of whose13.Gone are the days _the working people suffered from cold and hunger.A.on thatB.at which C.whenD.with which14.Is there a shop around _I can get some fruit?A.whichB.where C.itD.what15. It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as D. it16. He is a man _ we can learn very much. A. of whom B. that C. of who D. from whom17. Have you seen the film Titanic, _ leading actor is world famous? A. its B. its C. whose D. of which相似結(jié)構(gòu)(注意分析練習(xí)):1(1)There are two boys in Peters,both of whom are white (2)There are two boys in Peters,and both of them are white 2(1)This kind of plant grows best at the places where it is warm and wet (2)This kind of plant grows best where it is warm and wet 3(1)John is one of the students who know English (2)John is the only one of the students who knows English (3)One of the students knows English 4(1)Here is such a heavy stone as I cant move (2)Here is such a heavy stone that I cant move it 5(1)As is known to us all,the light on the earth is given by the sun (2)It is known to us all that the light on the earth is given by the sun 6(1)The sun is bigger than the moon, as we all know (2)The sun is bigger than the moon,and we all know it7(1)Was it October 1,1949when the Peoples Republic of China was founded? (2)Was it on October 1,1949that the Peoples Republic of China was founded? 8(1)Ill never forget the days thatwhich I spent with him (2)Ill never forget the day when I was born 9(1)He failed in the exam again,as was expected (2)He failed in the exam again,which was not what he had expected (3)He failed in the exam again,which made his parents angry 10(1)I believed the man who I thought was honest (2)I believed the man whom I thought to be honest 11(1)On may 5we reached Beijing, where we stayed for a week (2)On may 5we reached Beijing, and there we stayed for a week 12(1)Give me the reason why you are late (2)The reason that he gave us was unacceptable 13(1)The news that he told me is true (2)The news that he will come back from the USis true 14(1)The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired (2)The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired 15(1)This is the same key as I lost yesterday (2)This is the same key that I lost yesterday 16. (1)Whoever breaks the law will be punished.(2)Who robbed the bank is not clear.17. (1)He failed in the exam again,as was expected (2)He failed in the exam again,which was not what he had expected (3)He failed in the exam again,which made his parents angry八名從高考題練析1(02上海)Theres a feeling in me _well never know what a UFO is -not ever. A. that B. which C. of which D. what 2. (02上海)Perseverance is a kind of quality-and thats _it takes to do anything well. A. that B. what C. which D. why 3. (04福建) It was with great joy _he received the news that his lost daughter has been found. A. because B. which C. since D. that 引申1) It was at 8:00 _ he came here. 2) It was 8:00 _ he came here.3) Its 8 hours _ he came here. 4) Itll be 8 hours _ he comes here.5) Its the 8 th time _ he _ (come) here.6) Its time _ he _ (come) here (every day).7) Scientists say it may be five or six years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. (04. 福建) A. that B. before C. when D .since E. what4. (高考示例題)(91高考)(引申)Its generally considered unwise to give a child _ hen or she wants .A . however B . whatever C. whichever D . whenever引申 復(fù)合關(guān)系詞what whatever whichever whoever whomever1.(01 .全國) A computer can only do _ you ordered it to do . A .what B. which C. that D. after 2._ you do has nothing to do with me. A. No matter what B. How C. Whatever D. However 3 .Good students always pay attention to _ the teacher says in class. A .when B. why C .what D .how 4 .That warmhearted woman often helps _ is in trouble. A .who B .whom C .whomever D .whoever 5. -Can I sit in the front row?-Yes, you can take _ seat you like. A .whatever B .what C .whichever D .which 6 .(04滬春)The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed. A .as B .which C .what D .that 5. -Does he like to have tea or coffee ?-It is unknown _she would like to have . A. how B. as C. that D. which 6 Its known to us _ there is pollution ,there is harm . A . that B . where C . what D . that where7 (04.大聯(lián)考) A mans worth lies not so much in _ he has but _ he is . A .what ,who B . what , what C . that ,that D .what ; all 8. Loudon city is not at
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