期中考試翻譯練習(xí).doc

.1. 如果一定要找一個(gè)能夠代表中國(guó)的東西，龍（loong）可能會(huì)最先出現(xiàn)在你的腦海里。龍這種神秘的生物深深植根于中國(guó)文化中，我們中國(guó)人經(jīng)常稱自己為“龍的傳人”，父母?jìng)円捕肌巴映升垺?。在古代，龍還是皇權(quán)的象征，皇帝們都認(rèn)為自己是真龍?zhí)熳印９湃诉€把龍當(dāng)作主管降雨的神，它決定下雨的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。我們中國(guó)人認(rèn)為龍會(huì)帶來(lái)富貴和好運(yùn)。If we must find a thing to symbolize China, long will probably pop into your mind first. Loong, the mythical creature, is deeply rooted in Chinese culture. We Chinese often consider ourselves “the descendants of Loong.” And all the parents hope that their children “may become loongs (hope ones children will have a bright future)”. In ancient times, loong is a symbol of imperial power. All the emperors thought they were “real loongs and the sons of the heaven”. Our forefathers looked upon loong as the god to govern rainfall, and they decide where and when the rain falls. We Chinese believe loong can bring wealth, rank and fortune.2. 春節(jié)是中國(guó)最重要，也是最熱鬧的古老節(jié)日之一。春節(jié)象征著團(tuán)結(jié)、興旺以及對(duì)未來(lái)寄予新的希望。句記載，中國(guó)人過(guò)春節(jié)已有四千多年的歷史。中國(guó)是個(gè)多民族的國(guó)家，各民族（nationality）過(guò)春節(jié)的形式各有不同，但是無(wú)論在中國(guó)的哪個(gè)地方，人們都會(huì)在春節(jié)期間全家團(tuán)圓，吃年糕(New Year cake)、餃子以及各種豐盛的飯菜。人們張燈結(jié)彩，燃放鞭炮，并互相祝福。In China, the Spring Festival is one of the most significant and ancient festivals. It symbolizes unity, prosperity and new hopes for the future. It is recorded that the custom of celebrating the Spring Festival has lasted for more than 4, 000 years. As a multi-ethnic country, different nationalities in China have various ways of celebrating the Spring Festival. However, wherever in China, people will have a family reunion during the festival, eating New Year cakes, dumplings and various hearty meals, decorating the houses with lanterns and festoons, setting off firecrackers and blessing each other.3. 清明是我國(guó)二十四節(jié)氣 (the twenty-four solar terms) 之一，一般是在每年的4月4日至6日前后。人們慶祝清明節(jié)大約始于東周時(shí)代，距今已有兩千五百多年的歷史。清明過(guò)后，氣溫逐漸上升，雨水也增多，表明了這是農(nóng)民開(kāi)始安排農(nóng)耕活動(dòng)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。同時(shí)，清明也是郊游的大好時(shí)節(jié)，人們?nèi)敉馓で啵㈤_(kāi)展一系列消遣和體育活動(dòng)。更重要的是，清明時(shí)節(jié)也是一個(gè)紀(jì)念祖先和已故親人的日子。Qingming is one of the twenty-four solar terms in China, typically falling on April 4-6 each year. The celebration for the Qingming Festival can be traced back to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, with a history of over 2,500 years. After Qingming time, the temperature begins to rise up and rainfall increases, indicating that it is the crucial time for the farmers to arrange their farming activities accordingly. Meanwhile, it is the high time for spring outing, when people go out for fresh air, kinds of recreations and sports activities. More importantly, Qingming is also a period to honour and to pay respect to ones deceased ancestors and family members.4. 中國(guó)人和紅色中國(guó)人很喜歡紅色，甚至稱自己為“赤子”。紅色在中國(guó)象征著權(quán)力和喜慶。很多朝代的官服是紅色的；在清代，官帽上深淺不同的紅色代表了不同的官位。公文的標(biāo)題通常也用紅色，這就是它們被稱為“紅頭文件 (red-head documents) ”的原因。另外，用于婚禮的雙喜字是紅色的。春節(jié)期間，老人們也會(huì)給孩子們發(fā)紅包，當(dāng)作新年的禮物盒祝福。Chinese and the Color of RedWe Chinese like the color of red, and even we call ourselves as Chizi, which means a patriot. In China, red represents the power and happiness. Official robes of many dynasties were red. In the Qing Dynasty, different shades of red on the official cabs showed different rankings. Headlines of official documents are often printed in red. For that reason, its called “red-head documents”. In addition, the Chinese character signifying double happiness used for weddings is red. During the Spring Festival, elder people will give Hongbao (money in a red envelope) to the children as gifts and wishes for the new year. 5. 京劇 (Peking Opera) 已有200多年的歷史，是中國(guó)的國(guó)劇。與其他地方戲相比，京劇享有更高的聲譽(yù)，但其實(shí)京劇融合了多種地方戲的元素。京劇演員的臉譜 (facial makeup) 和戲服都很精美，相形之下布景則顯得十分簡(jiǎn)單。京劇表演者主要應(yīng)用四種技能：唱、念、做、打。在古代，京劇大多數(shù)是在戶外演出的，因此演員們形成了一種極具穿透力的唱腔，以便每個(gè)人都能聽(tīng)到。Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years. Compared with other Chinese local operas, Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation; but actually it absorbs many elements of other local operas. The facial makeups and costumes of the performances are usually very delicate; by contrast, the backdrops are quite plain. During the performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: singing, speaking, acting and acrobatic fighting. In ancient times, Peking Opera was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of singing that could be heard by everyone.6. 筷子 (chopsticks) 是中國(guó)古人發(fā)明的一種具有鮮明民族特色的進(jìn)食工具 (tableware)，是反映中國(guó)飲食文化特色的重要組成部分。中國(guó)人使用筷子的歷史可追溯到商代，距今已有三千多年?？曜涌芍^是中國(guó)國(guó)粹，既輕巧又靈活，在世界各國(guó)餐具中獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟，被西方人譽(yù)為“東方的文明”。凡是使用過(guò)筷子的人，不論是中國(guó)人還是外國(guó)人，都因其使用方便、物美價(jià)廉而贊嘆不絕。Chopsticks, invented by ancient Chinese people, are a kind of tableware with distinct national features, being an important component that reflects the characteristics of Chinese diet culture. The history of using chopsticks in China dates back to the Shang Dynasty, more than 3,000 years ago. Chopsticks, the quintessence of Chinese culture, whose lightness and flexibility develop a school of its own among various tableware all over the world, are praised as “Eastern Civilization” by the westerners. All those people who have ever used chopsticks, no matter Chinese or foreigners, marvel at their convenience, excellent quality and reasonable price, 7. 儒家思想(Confucianism)是中國(guó)影響最大的思想流派。也是中國(guó)古代的主流意識(shí)。自漢代以來(lái)，儒家思想就是封建統(tǒng)治階級(jí) (feudal ruling class) 的指導(dǎo)思想之一。儒家思想的核心其實(shí)是一種人道主義 (humanism)。它提倡自我修養(yǎng)，認(rèn)為人是可教化的、可完善的。儒家思想的一個(gè)宏大目標(biāo)就是實(shí)現(xiàn)“大同社會(huì)”，在這樣的一個(gè)社會(huì)中，每個(gè)人都能扮演好自己的角色，并與他人維持良好的關(guān)系。Confucianism is the largest Chinese school of thoughts, and the mainstream consciousness of the ancient China. Confucianism had been one of the ruling doctrines of the feudal ruling class since the Han Dynasty. The core of Confucianism is actually a kind of humanism. It advocates self-cultivation, and believes that human beings are teachable and improvable. A grand goal of Confucianism is to achieve a harmonious society in which each individual plays his or her part well, and maintains a good relationship with others.8. 漢語(yǔ)是一種很古老的語(yǔ)言。大量文獻(xiàn)記載說(shuō)明，漢字起源于新石器時(shí)代 (the Neolithic Age) 仰韶文化時(shí)期，最早的漢子已有近4000年的歷史。漢字在其漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展史中演化出不同的書(shū)寫(xiě)形式，例如篆書(shū) (seal script)、隸書(shū) (official script)、楷書(shū) (regular script) 和行書(shū) (cursive handwriting)。中國(guó)書(shū)法家筆下的漢字往往以字形的夸張取得藝術(shù)效果，例如一些旅游勝地的石刻碑文。Chinese is a very old language. A host of documental records shows that Chinese characters originated in Yaoshao Culture Period of the Neolithic Age, and its earliest characters date back to nearly 4000 years ago. During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as seal script, official script, regular script and cursive handwriting. Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in a way that is exaggerated in form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen at some tourist resorts. 9. 孔子 (Confucius) 是我國(guó)古代著名的思想家、教育家，儒家學(xué)派 (Confucian School) 的創(chuàng)始人。相傳孔子有弟子三千，賢弟子72人，孔子曾帶領(lǐng)部分弟子周游列國(guó)14年。在中國(guó)五千年的歷史上，對(duì)華夏民族的性格、氣質(zhì) (temperament) 產(chǎn)生最大影響的就算是孔子了。他正直、樂(lè)觀向上、積極進(jìn)取。他一生都在追求真、善、美，一生都在追求理想的社會(huì)。他品格中的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，幾千年來(lái)影響著中國(guó)人，特別是影響著中國(guó)的知識(shí)分子。Confucius is a famous ideologist, educator, and the founder of Confucian School in ancient China. Its said he has 3000 disciples, 72 out of whom are excellent ones, and he has led some disciples to visit various states for 14 years. During 5000 years history of China, its Confucius who has exerted the greatest impact on Chinese nations characteristic and temperament. He is upright, optimistic, active and enterprising, striving for truthfulness, kindness and beauty, and seeking for an ideal society all his life. The shining points in his characteristics have been influencing the Chinese people, especially the Chinese intellectuals for