高考英語閱讀理解：5類細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題解題技巧

高考英語閱讀理解：5類細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題解題技巧細(xì)節(jié)題是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對(duì)原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題、語義轉(zhuǎn)化題)、數(shù)字計(jì)算題、排列順序題、圖表圖畫題等。盡管近幾年高考英語閱讀試題中推斷題呈不斷上升的趨勢(shì)，但細(xì)節(jié)題仍然占有較大比例，而且已由過去簡單的對(duì)號(hào)入座直接答題轉(zhuǎn)向通過語句的同義或反義轉(zhuǎn)換來考查同學(xué)們對(duì)英語語言的理解能力，因此難度比往年有所增加。一、題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式所謂細(xì)節(jié)題，是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對(duì)原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提問。)語義轉(zhuǎn)化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論)、數(shù)字計(jì)算題、排列順序題、圖表圖畫題等。抓住文段中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是做好該題型的關(guān)鍵，也是做好其它類型問題的基礎(chǔ)。這類題型的題干常為：When / Where did the story happen?Which of the following statements is (not) correct?Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?All the statements are true except該題型幾乎都可以在文章中直接找到與答案有關(guān)的信息，或是其變體。所以，搜查信息在閱讀中非常重要，它包括理解作者在敘述某事時(shí)使用的具體事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)、圖表等細(xì)節(jié)信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都屬于這類圍繞主體展開的細(xì)節(jié)。做這類題一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，找出答案。二、解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧細(xì)節(jié)題是針對(duì)文中某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)、某句話或某部分具體內(nèi)容設(shè)置問題，正確答案的根據(jù)一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改寫往往成為正確選項(xiàng)。通常細(xì)節(jié)題的正確選項(xiàng)有以下特征：1、對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行替換。把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞，成為正確選項(xiàng)。2、詞性或者語態(tài)的變化。把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，或者改變?cè)木渥拥恼Z態(tài)，給考生制造障礙。3、語言簡化。把原文中的復(fù)雜語言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡化，成為正確答案。4、正話反說。把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)(適用于尋找錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的題目)。干擾項(xiàng)也是以文章中的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)題，若不仔細(xì)辨別，很容易把它當(dāng)成正確選項(xiàng)。干擾項(xiàng)有以下特征：1、將原文內(nèi)容擴(kuò)大或縮小。把原文中的限定詞去掉或替換，使該選項(xiàng)看似正確，實(shí)際上卻是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。2、把未然當(dāng)已然。改變文中某句話的時(shí)態(tài)，如把將來時(shí)變成現(xiàn)在時(shí)，把未發(fā)生的事情當(dāng)成已發(fā)生的事情。3、無中生有。即選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是根據(jù)主觀想象或推測(cè)得出的結(jié)論，而文中并未涉及。4、偷換概念。把原來做該事的“張三”換成“李四”，所述細(xì)節(jié)確實(shí)與原文一致，一不小心就會(huì)誤選。5、文不對(duì)題。這類題最不容易辨別，選項(xiàng)中的描述與原文完全一致，確屬原文中的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，這時(shí)要回到題干，看該選項(xiàng)是否能回答題干所提的問題。下面結(jié)合最新高考試題，對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)題的不同類型加以解讀。1、直接信息題對(duì)此類題型，考生可以首先從問題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查閱的技巧在文中迅速尋找這一細(xì)節(jié)，找到后再把這一部分內(nèi)容仔細(xì)閱讀一遍，仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，最后確定最佳答案?！究祭?2009湖南卷，B篇)61. How long does it take the battery to charge up an iPhone?A. 15 minutes. B. 30 minutes. C. 1.5 hours. D. 3 hours.【解析】A。直接信息題。快速查找題干中的關(guān)鍵詞How long，charge up，iPhone，由第一段第一句Just plug RichardSolo 1800 into your iPhone once or twice a day, for fifteen minutes, and keep your iPhone charged up.可以得出答案為A。(2009陜西卷，B篇)46. Edmonds entered the world of politics first as _.A. news secretary for a congressmanB. a speechwriter for President ClintonC. news secretary in the White HouseD. a speechwriter for Secretary Donna Shalala【解析】A。直接信息題。快速查找題干中的關(guān)鍵詞the world of politics，在第三段第二句話找到相關(guān)信息：He joined the world of politics as news secretary for his congressman (國會(huì)議員) from Baltimore During Bill Clintons presidency 因此答案為A。2、間接信息題做這類題目時(shí)，考生需要對(duì)原文信息進(jìn)行加工處理，然后再進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的推理或鑒別，這是介于事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題和推理判斷題之間的一種題型，對(duì)考生來說有一定難度?！究祭?2009山東卷，A篇)57. Which of the following is true of the Hatches?A. They had their children during the Great Depression.B. They left the family farm to live in an old house.C. They gave away their possessions to their neighbors.D. They helped their neighbors to find jobs.【解析】C。間接信息題。第四段第一句話說Hatch夫婦是在大蕭條時(shí)期出生的(Children of the Great Depression, Ish and Arlene were known for their habit of saving.)，而不是他們?cè)诖笫挆l時(shí)期有了孩子，排除A;第三段提到他們的老房子位于他們家的農(nóng)場(chǎng)里，B錯(cuò)誤;第二段提到他們幫助有困難的鄰居們，但未提及幫助他們找工作，D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。C項(xiàng)說Hatch 夫婦把他們的錢全都贈(zèng)給了他們的鄰居們，符合文意。3、數(shù)字計(jì)算題數(shù)字計(jì)算題也是近幾年高考中?？嫉膬?nèi)容，此類試題是在文章中直接表現(xiàn)出來細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)，有的要經(jīng)過具體的計(jì)算才能夠得出正確的答案。具體的計(jì)算題可以是對(duì)年代的計(jì)算、月份的計(jì)算或比例的計(jì)算等。文章中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字，它們對(duì)解題產(chǎn)生一定的影響。解答此類試題的方法是先來理解文章的大意，然后經(jīng)過對(duì)比、分析、計(jì)算等就能夠得出正確的答案。【考例】(2009福建卷，B篇)61. The foreign drivers who break the traffic law and do not pay on the spot are likely to be fined up to _.A. 60 B. 300 C. 900 D. 980【解析】D。依據(jù)文章第一段可知，這種罰款可高達(dá)900英鎊(Foreign drivers will have to pay on-the-spot fines of up to 900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month.)，再依據(jù)第二段If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will be clamped(扣留)until they pay and they will face an additional fee of 80 for getting back their vehicles.可知本題選D，即當(dāng)場(chǎng)不能交罰款的外國司機(jī)罰款的費(fèi)用是900+ 80=980英鎊。4、排列順序題這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事件發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生的正確順序。做這種題時(shí)可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一個(gè)事件和最后一個(gè)事件，迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而快速選出正確答案?！究祭?2009湖北卷，D篇)64. Which order of steps is followed in carrying out the project?A. Assessment Prototype Design Construction.B. Assessment Design Prototype Construction.C. Design Assessment Prototype Construction.D. Design Prototype Assessment Construction.【解析】D。請(qǐng)看文章第二段：Gerner manages school facilities(設(shè)施) for Clark County, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By 2018, 143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes(樣品); they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings.根據(jù)第二段的描述，工程的實(shí)施應(yīng)按照“設(shè)計(jì)提供樣品評(píng)估建設(shè)”的程序。其它程序都不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建筑要求。(2008福建卷，A篇)59. Whats the right order of the events related to Tanni?a. She works as a coach.b. She took up athletics.c. She won four gold medals in Barcelona.d. She competed in her first Paralympic Games.e. She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.A. b, d, c, e, a B. a, d, b, c, eC. a, d, c, e, b D. b, d, a, e, c【解析】A。排列順序題。本題要求判斷各個(gè)事件的先后順序。觀察文章的26段，注意幾個(gè)表示時(shí)間的詞(組)：1984，1988，1992，in the same year，2007，可幫助考生迅速找到答案。5、圖表圖畫題在有圖表圖畫的閱讀理解中，有的圖表圖畫出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解文章中，有的出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)中，這些圖片的出現(xiàn)增加了試題的直觀性，同時(shí)也暗含著和文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的信息。在解答此類試題的時(shí)候，一定要把握?qǐng)D表圖畫中所暗含的信息，特別是有些事實(shí)是通過圖片來敘述的，我們可以采用按圖尋找正確答案的方法?！究祭?2009安徽卷，D篇)71. The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, _.A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 pointsB. the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchangedC. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decreaseD. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase【解析】D。請(qǐng)看原文中的柱形圖：由柱形圖可以清楚地看出，擁有電腦的亞洲家庭的數(shù)量急劇增加，其他三項(xiàng)表述都與圖表不符，故D項(xiàng)正確。(2007江蘇卷，C篇)65. The package fee does NOT cover the cost of _.【解析】A。所給的四幅圖畫分別代表了“住宿”、“交通”、“游覽”和“餐飲”。根據(jù)文章中“All Fees Included. No Hidden Cost.”可知這次游覽的費(fèi)用都包含在“Package Fee”里面，沒有其它暗含的費(fèi)用。但是由于這是一個(gè)總共5.7小時(shí)的游覽，下午乘飛機(jī)返回還不耽誤吃晚飯和看日落(in time for dinner and sunset)可知是不需要住宿的，因此“住宿”的費(fèi)用不包含在整個(gè)費(fèi)用之內(nèi)。鞏固練習(xí)：(1)Most people who enjoy movies do not really care how they are made. They just want to enjoy a good story. Movie producer and director George Lucas wants people to see the best made movies. So, his latest movie Star Wars was made without using film.Star Wars was made using digital cameras. A digital camera does not use traditional film. It captures images on videotape. The images recorded on videotape are the placed in a computer.George Lucas says that using digital cameras permits him to have much more control over the final product. For example, the image can be changed after it is placed in a computer. An expert can change color, add or take out objects, add people or beings who are not real. Much of what is seen in the new movie Star Wars is not real. Huge buildings, spacecraft and alien beings from other worlds were produced in a computer.Movie experts say digital technology is the real future of the motion picture industry. A theater will no longer have to wait days or weeks to show a new movie. Theaters will be able to receive copies of new movies by linking computers. Or they will use small computer disks to get a copy of the movie.When the new movie Star Wars was released last month, only 94 theaters around the world had the digital equipment needed to show it. So Mr. Lucas company produced about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie on traditional film for release in most theaters. However, most people who have seen the movie say these film copies are of much better quality than other filmed movies.Critics say the new digital technology is very costly. Many theater owners will not buy the new technology, yet many of the people who worked on the new movie Star Wars say they would not like to work with film again. They said using digital equipment was faster, and videotape is much less costly than film. One cameraman said the director of a movie can immediately see what was just recorded, something impossible to do with film.1. According to George Lucas, what makes the best made movies possible?A. A good story. B. Film. C. Digital cameras. D. Videotape.2. Which is NOT true for the real future of the motion picture industry, according to movie experts?A. Linking computers for copies of new movies.B. Showing filmed movies in theaters.C. Using small computer disks to get a copy of the movie.D. Having the digital equipment needed to show the movie.3. According to the passage, which is true about the new movie Star Wars?A. There are about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie.B. It has been shown in only 94 theaters around the world.C. It is the best among filmed movies.D. It is the product of the new digital technology.4. Which of the following is NOT the advantages of the new digital movie?A. The director can have the objects and people added or taken out.B. It will be more convenient for theaters to get such kind of new movies.C. People all agree that the new digital movies are less costly than the filmed movies.D. The director can monitor the recording and check what was recorded just now.(2)As the US wakes up to Chinas rising status as an economic and strategic competitor, US parents are urging their children to learn Chinese, reports Julian Borger.The US is being swept by a rush to learn Mandarinfrom wealthy New York mothers hiring Chinese nannies(保姆)for their small children to a defence department education project in Oregon.The forces driving Mandarins momentum(勢(shì)頭)are parental ambition for children facing a future in which China is almost certain to be a major player, and the government is worried about that America may get left behind in that new world.The bottleneck is the supply of teachers. Mandarin instructors are difficult to import and difficult to train. There are visa problems in bringing over teachers from China but the biggest barrier is cultural. Teaching in Asia is generally done by rote and the change to western, interactive styles of instruction can be a large leap.On the other hand, it requires enormous firmness for westerners to learn a language like Chinese, with its thousands of written characters. According to the Asia Society in New York, all of Americas teacher-training institutions turn out only a couple of dozen homegrown Mandarin teachers.One way to ease the shortage is to find native Mandarin speakers and use fast-track methods to train them. However, the majority of Chinese-Americans grew up speaking Cantonese, the dialect spoken in Hong Kong, where their parents came from. Many are themselves signing on as Mandarin students at the private language schools springing up on the west coast.1. Why are US parents so eager to make their children learn Mandarin?A. They are urged by the government to do so.B. They are afraid to be left behind by other parents.C. They believe China will play a major role in the future world.D. They are just carried away by Mandarins momentum.2. The underlined word “rote” in the 4th paragraph probably refers to a teaching pattern which .A. focuses on memory workB. allows the students to think independentlyC. is centered on interactive skillsD. puts much emphasis on examinations3. What is the main problem in the Mandarins momentum in the US?A. The lack of qualified teachers.B. The cultural barrier between the east and west.C. The Americans lack of firmness.D. The many written Chinese characters.(3)The New Yorker1 Year, 46 IssuesCover Price: $194.70Your Price: $46.00About The New Yorker:The New Yorker is the eclectic magazine for readers interested in the arts, current events, and culture. The New Yorker includes articles on domestic and international news, exploring current ideas and trends, plus sports, fashion, and entertainment events. In addition, The New Yorker is well known for publishing outstanding short fiction and cartoons with an ironic twist.Playboy1 Year, 12 IssuesCover Price: $72.88Your Price: $15.96About Playboy:Playboy is a magazine of literature, political thought, sports, commentary and humor. Although Playboy is most well known for its pictorials of beautiful women, it is also highly regarded for its interviews and fiction writing. Playboy includes regular feature articles on finance, sports, entertainment, self-improvement, technology, and psychology. You must be 18 or older to order Playboy.Nickelodeon1 Year, 10 IssuesCover Price: $39.90Your Price: $19.97About Nickelodeon:Nickelodeon is filled with wonderful entertainment for children. It is wholesome, imaginative, and truly from a childs point of view. Nickelodeon sees the world from your childs perspective, where its fun to laugh-to think-to do-to learn. Share the award-winning entertainment and humor magazine from Nickelodeon with your kids.Lucky1 Year, 12 IssuesCover Price: $35.40Your Price: $15.00About Lucky:Lucky is the ultimate shopping magazine with the best looks, the best buys, and the best trends before they hit the stores. But what makes really unique is all the detailed information youll get on how to purchase the merchandise youll find. Lucky provides you with 800 numbers, web site addresses, and more to make your shopping experience easy and convenient! Lucky is your one-stop shopping guide to all the greatest new products on the market. Whats more, it provides wonderful entertainment for women.1. Which magazine gives buyers the largest price advantage in percentage?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky2. If you are a housewife, which magazine will you probably buy?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky3. If you are asked to choose a magazine for a little boy, which one do you think is suitable?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky4. What information is contained in all the four magazines?A. Sports B. News C. Entertainment D. Trends5. For each issue, which magazine is the cheapest according to the advertisement?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky(4)Happiness pays off, studies show.Psychologists seeking the real secrets of happiness report that very happy people tend to be more extroverted and agreeable than less happy people.“Our findings suggest that very happy people have rich and satisfying social relationships and spend little time alone relative to average people,” write psychologists Ed Diener and Martin E.P. Seligman in the journal Psychological Science.Solid social relationships do not promise happiness, but they are an important contributing factor. The very happy people whom the authors studied all said they had good quality social relationships. However, the authors write, there is no single key to high happiness. “High happiness seems to be like beautiful symphonic(交響樂)musicincluding many instruments, without any one being enough for the beautiful quality.”Diener regards happiness as “subjective (主觀的) well-being” in other words, the person evaluates(評(píng)估)his or her own quality of life. The question to ask is, “Is my life going well，according to the standards I choose to use?” If the answer is “yes”, then that person is judged to be happy.Because people evaluate their lives based on happiness，“subjective well-being is very important. Though necessary, it is not enough for having a good life. Subjective well-being “seems quite necessary for the good society, although it is not enough for that society because there are other things we also value and would want in such a place,” says Diener.Can subjective well-being be measured scientifically? Diener points out three parts contributing to happiness: pleasant emotions and moods, lack of negative emotions and moods, and satisfaction judgment, to which other factorsincluding cheerfulness and feelings of fulfillmentmay be added.There is no magic formula(公式)for happiness. Diener suggests steps you can take to ensure you are as happy as you can be. Surrounding yourself with good friends and familypeople who care about you and whom you care about is a start. Joining in activities you enjoy and value is also important; whether its work or play, keeping busy in an environment enjoyable to you will contribute much to your subjective well-being. In addition, a healthy outlook is necessary.1. The underlined w