高中英語(yǔ)虛擬語(yǔ)氣超級(jí)講解與精練

高二英語(yǔ)虛擬語(yǔ)氣超級(jí)講解與精練(寧魯中學(xué)外語(yǔ)組劉銀超)語(yǔ)氣 (mood)是一種動(dòng)詞形式，用以表示說(shuō)話者的意圖或態(tài)度。英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)氣有三種：陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。直陳語(yǔ)氣(indicative mood),表示所說(shuō)的話是事實(shí)。祈使語(yǔ)氣 (imperative mood),表示所說(shuō)的話是請(qǐng)求或命令。虛擬語(yǔ)氣(subjunctive mood),表示說(shuō)的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。I. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在狀語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用1.虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中的應(yīng)用：學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的用法之前我們必須清楚條件句的種類：條件句有真實(shí)條件句與非真實(shí)條件句(或稱虛擬條件句)兩種。真實(shí)條件句所表的假設(shè)是可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句都用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起來(lái)。(1).虛擬條件句所表的假設(shè)則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句皆須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬情況條件狀語(yǔ)從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反過(guò)去式（be的形式用were）would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had+過(guò)去分詞would/should/could/might+have+PP與將來(lái)可能相反過(guò)去式should+動(dòng)詞原形were+不定式would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形如If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果現(xiàn)在不下雨的話，我們就出去野餐了。（事實(shí)是：天在下雨，我們不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他來(lái)這，他就能夠幫助你了。（事實(shí)是：他沒(méi)來(lái)這，他不可能幫助你。表示對(duì)他的良好印象。）If you had got up earlier yesterday, you would have caught the train.She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 要是當(dāng)初她被邀請(qǐng)的話，她就會(huì)去參加這次聚會(huì)了。（事實(shí)是：當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有人邀請(qǐng)她，因此，她沒(méi)有來(lái)參加聚會(huì)。表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的話，我就會(huì)睡過(guò)頭了。（事實(shí)是：她今天早上叫我了，我沒(méi)有睡過(guò)頭。表示感激。）If I saw him tomorrow , I would pass your note to him .If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十歲，我就會(huì)學(xué)法語(yǔ)。（事實(shí)是：我現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)老了，明年我學(xué)不了法語(yǔ)了。）If it should fail, I would try again.要是失敗了，我會(huì)再試一次。（事實(shí)是：有可能失敗，可我會(huì)再試。表示未知。）虛擬過(guò)去式有時(shí)并不表示“不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的假設(shè)”，而是表示一種希望或不希望發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time.假如我們趕上早班火車(chē)，到午飯時(shí)間我們就會(huì)到達(dá)那里了。(表希望)If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.假如我們趕不上這班火車(chē)，我們就得在車(chē)站等一小時(shí)。（表不希望）(2). 混合型的條件句當(dāng)條件從句與主句所表的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并不相互呼應(yīng)，這種條件句叫混合條件句。較多見(jiàn)的混合型條件句是從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)（指過(guò)去行為），而主句用一般時(shí)（指目前狀態(tài)）。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他聽(tīng)了我的勸告，他現(xiàn)在會(huì)通過(guò)考試。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我對(duì)他說(shuō)了，現(xiàn)在我就知道該怎么辦了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意見(jiàn)，你現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好得多。如條件從句用if I were.，主句則可用表任何時(shí)間的虛擬形式。如If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就會(huì)去了。(were表過(guò)去)If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我會(huì)去的。(were表現(xiàn)在) (3). 含蓄條件句虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時(shí)不表出來(lái)，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況。1) 條件暗含在短語(yǔ)中。如：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果沒(méi)有你的幫助，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是不會(huì)成功的。(暗含在分詞短詞but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如沒(méi)有你，我會(huì)怎么辦呢？(條件暗含在介詞短語(yǔ)without you 中)It would be easier to do it this way. 這樣做會(huì)比較容易。(條件暗含在不定式短語(yǔ) to do it this way中)This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster.同樣的事，如發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時(shí)，就會(huì)釀成大禍。(條件暗含在分詞短語(yǔ)happening in wartime 中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河馬，否則他絕不會(huì)擊敗那只龐大的野獸。(暗含條件是連詞or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是單獨(dú)一人，他是會(huì)感到害怕的。(暗含條件是alone)2) 條件暗含在上下文中。如：You might stay here forever. 你可以永遠(yuǎn)待在這兒。(可能暗含if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我們本來(lái)是會(huì)成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名譽(yù)會(huì)敗壞的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it)3) 在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習(xí)慣說(shuō)法，很難找出其暗含的條件。如：You wouldnt know. 你不會(huì)知道。 I would like to come. 我愿意來(lái)。(4). 不用if引導(dǎo)的條件從句虛擬條件句中的條件從句除用if引外，還可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等詞語(yǔ)來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 農(nóng)民已準(zhǔn)備在這座城市解放后供給糧食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你沒(méi)有聽(tīng)全，所以我再?gòu)念^開(kāi)始講一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否則我不會(huì)上學(xué)。Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept? 假如給你一個(gè)到美國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，你會(huì)接受嗎？（suppose 或 supposing =what if）Supposing it were so？（=Supposing it were so，what would happen？）要是這樣的話，會(huì)怎么樣呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能還回來(lái)，他就可以借用這輛自行車(chē)。In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐业闹Z言。Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 蘇珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。與if一樣，上述詞語(yǔ)所引導(dǎo)的條件從句亦可用直陳語(yǔ)氣，表可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或發(fā)生的事。()If 引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句中的謂語(yǔ)部分有were, had, should時(shí)，可以把if去掉，而將were,had, should提到主語(yǔ)的前面，構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。而且省略的if從句一般置于主句之前（尤其是在肯定句和否定句中）。多見(jiàn)于書(shū)面語(yǔ)。Had you not helped me， I should have failed.要是沒(méi)有你的幫助，我就失敗了。Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你處在我的地位，你也會(huì)這樣干的。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely. 假如他們進(jìn)攻我們，我們就把他們徹底消滅干凈。Had it not been for your help, we would not have achieved so much.我的練習(xí)，我做主：1If he had not missed the train, he _ by then. Amight get Bmight have got Cgot Dhad got 2If I _ out of my ink, I would have finished writing the paper. Adidnt run Bshouldnt run Chavent run Dhadnt run 3I would have gone to the meeting，if I _ more timeAhad had Bhave had ChadDwould have had4I could have done better if I _ more timeAhave had Bhad Chad had Dwill have had5If I _ you，I wouldnt return the callAbe Bam Cwas Dwere6 _ today，he would get there by FridayAWould he leaveBWas he leaving CWere he to leaveDIf he leaves7If I had hurried，I _ the train Awould catchBcould catch Cwould have caughtDhad caught8If you had been with us，you _ our excitementAhave understoodBunderstood Cwill understandDwould have understood9Without your help，we _ so muchAwill not achieve Bdidnt achieve Cdont achieveDwould not have achieved 10If he _ the storekeepers scissors, he would have forgotten to buy a pairAwould not seen Bhad not seen Chad seenDhas seen11But for water，it _ impossible to live in the desertAisBwasCwereDwouldnt be12 _ it_ for your help，I couldnt have made any progress AHad；not beenBShould；not been CDid；not beenDNot；be13Long _ the Party！AlivesBlive Cwill liveDshould live14If only I _ my car！Ahadnt lostBwould not lose Cdidnt loseDhavent lost15._ I be free tomorrow，I could go with youACouldBShouldCMightDMust16.What would have happened _, as far as the river bank.A.Bob had walked farther B.if Bob should walk fartherC.had Bob walked farther D.if Bob walked farther參考答案1.B2. D3A 4C5D6C 7C 8D9D10B11D 12A 13B 14A 15B 16.C.解析1. 對(duì)過(guò)去事情的假設(shè)，要用would / might have done sth.來(lái)表達(dá)。2. 根據(jù)would have finished可以推斷應(yīng)該是過(guò)去時(shí)，可以推斷從句應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。5. 對(duì)現(xiàn)在的假設(shè)，如果是動(dòng)詞be，一般用were的形式。9. without, but for都是暗含條件的短語(yǔ)。它可以轉(zhuǎn)換成條件句，即If we had not had your help，是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)，所以應(yīng)該選D。2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他狀語(yǔ)從句的中的運(yùn)用：目的狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的運(yùn)用。(1).在以so that 和in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用：would/should/might/could/+動(dòng)詞原形。在lest that(以免、唯恐)，for fear that，in case that引導(dǎo)的表示消極意義的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，結(jié)構(gòu)用should + 動(dòng)詞原形。例如：I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里備了些蠟燭，以防斷電。The teacher went there early in order that the students would not be alone in the classroom. 老師早早就到學(xué)校以免學(xué)生們單獨(dú)呆在教室里。I lent him $50 so that he could buy the coat. 我借給他50美元以便他能買(mǎi)那件大衣。I hired a room so that I could stay alone. 我租了一個(gè)房間以便能一個(gè)人待著。He hurried on so that she might not meet him again. 他匆忙往前走以免她再碰到他。(2) 在as if, as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句中可以使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,這類狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)形式和一般虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)形式大致相同。主句從句要表達(dá)的含義狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞as if/as though表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反過(guò)去式表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反過(guò)去完成時(shí)（had+P.P）表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反would/might/could+動(dòng)詞原形He often behaves as though he were better than us. 他經(jīng)常做出一副比我們都強(qiáng)的樣子。分析:這句話言外之意是其實(shí)他并不比我們強(qiáng),只是裝作這樣。由主句He often behaves得知as though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,因此謂語(yǔ)用相當(dāng)于過(guò)去時(shí)的形式。He remembers it vividly as if it were yesterday. 這件事在他的記憶中仍舊鮮活,就像昨天發(fā)生的一樣。分析:由句意可判斷這件事實(shí)際上發(fā)生在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以前。由主句He remembers it vividly得知as if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,所以謂語(yǔ)用相當(dāng)于過(guò)去時(shí)的形式。Carl talked about Paris as though he had been there himself. 卡爾談起巴黎就仿佛他到過(guò)那里似的。分析:由句意可判斷實(shí)際上,卡爾并沒(méi)到過(guò)巴黎。由主句Carl talked about Paris可知,as though引導(dǎo)的從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,因此謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)使用相當(dāng)于過(guò)去完成時(shí)的形式had been。 He sat there as if nothing had happened. 他坐在那里好像什么事也沒(méi)發(fā)生過(guò)一樣。分析:由句意可判斷應(yīng)該發(fā)生了不尋常的事情。由主句He sat there可知,as if引導(dǎo)的從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)要用相當(dāng)于過(guò)去完成時(shí)的形式had happened。 He opened his mouth as if he would say something 他張開(kāi)嘴好像要說(shuō)什么。 It looks as if it might snow 看來(lái)好像要下雪了。注意:as if 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句若表示有明顯跡象的確實(shí)要發(fā)生某事時(shí)，或可能被設(shè)想為真實(shí)的時(shí)候，可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。在look, seem, taste, smell后,as if引導(dǎo)的從句中有時(shí)要用陳述語(yǔ)氣。It looks as if they are in trouble. 看起來(lái)他們好像遇到了麻煩。The milk tastes as if it has gone bad. 這奶喝起來(lái)好像已經(jīng)壞了。分析:同上述情況不同的是,這兩句話表示的都是真實(shí)情況。第一句話表示有跡象表明他們遇到了麻煩；第二句話表示從牛奶的味道可知牛奶真的壞了,因此這兩句話都應(yīng)該用陳述語(yǔ)氣。The clouds are getting darker and darker, It looks as if it is going to rain.云越來(lái)越黑了，看上去好像要下雨了。分析：從前半句提供的情景，我們可以看出了下雨是非?？赡艿?，因此as if 從句中用陳述語(yǔ)氣。(3) 在even if , even though, whatever, lest, so long as等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示推測(cè)、讓步、防備等含義,其中從句中情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞might, could, would等可以省略,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形；主句謂語(yǔ)可以是現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)形式。Though everyone desert you, I will not.即使每個(gè)人都離開(kāi)你,我也不會(huì)。Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.不管他如何辯護(hù),我們都不能容忍這種不忠的行為。So long as a volume hold together, I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance.只要一冊(cè)書(shū)是裝訂在一起的,我并不在乎它的外觀。Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.我們靜靜地坐在河邊以防魚(yú)兒游走。分析:這幾個(gè)例句中的狀語(yǔ)從句分別由though, whatever, so long as, lest引導(dǎo),表示假定、推測(cè)、讓步和防備的情況,謂語(yǔ)都使用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be, desert, be, hold, swim前面分別省去了情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞should, would, might, could, might, 用相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞原形的形式。注意:1) 在有些讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,用may(might, would)動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ),把從句中具有中心意義的動(dòng)詞或形容詞放在句首,用倒裝語(yǔ)序:Come what may, we will stand together shoulder by shoulder. 不管發(fā)生什么情況,我們都要肩并肩站在一起。Rich though you might be, you cannot spend your money lavishly. 你就是富有,也不能揮霍無(wú)度。Try as I would, I cannot prevail upon him to follow my advice. 不管想什么辦法,我都不能勸服他按我的意見(jiàn)行事。分析:come, rich和try在這幾個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中都是中心詞,因此被提到句首以示強(qiáng)調(diào),后面部分用倒裝語(yǔ)序。2) if, though, whatever, lest, so long as引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣:Though we are poor, were still happy. 雖然我們窮,但我們?nèi)匀缓芸鞓?lè)。As long as you are happy, it doesnt matter what you do. 只要你開(kāi)心,做什么都沒(méi)關(guān)系。II.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他從句的應(yīng)用（第二課時(shí)）虛擬語(yǔ)氣除主要用于條件句外，還可用于主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句等。1. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用(1)“常用在It is (was)+形容詞 / 過(guò)去分詞+that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句”的句型中的主語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用should+動(dòng)詞原形(或should+have+過(guò)去分詞)或只用動(dòng)詞原形(尤其是美國(guó)英語(yǔ))。should在此是助動(dòng)詞，本身并無(wú)實(shí)義，這種主語(yǔ)從句中的should有時(shí)有感情色彩。這些形容詞主要表示必要性、重要性、強(qiáng)制性、合適性、義務(wù)性，即某人對(duì)某事的反應(yīng)。這類詞包括：important，natural，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable，essential，reserved，urgent ，desirable，possible，astonishing，advisable，anxious，appropriate，compulsory，crucial，eager，essential，fitting，imperative，improper，necessary，obligatory，preferable，proper，urgent，vital，shocked，requested，amazing，strange，odd，ridiculous，surprising，unthinkable，incredible等等。例如：It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大學(xué)畢業(yè)生不僅要有理論知識(shí)，更要有實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這一點(diǎn)很重要。It is surprising that they should kill the time like that.他們竟然這樣打發(fā)時(shí)間，真是太奇怪了。Its important that we（should）work out a plan. （帶有“要求”的含義）Its better that he go at once. （帶有“建議”的意思）It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once Its strange that he should say so.I was glad that he should go.It is important that we should speak politely. Its right that you should think that way. 用于本句型中的過(guò)去分詞就是表示提議要求、命令等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如suggested，settled, required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lecture It is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonightIm ashamed you should have done such a thing. It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off有人建議推遲會(huì)議。It is settled that you leave us, then? 注意：這種句型中的主語(yǔ)從句也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上個(gè)星期對(duì)于這一方面做了明確的說(shuō)明，這是很重要的。(2) It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.) that. 從句中用“should+v”, should也可以省略。Its a pity that you should be so late for the meeting.It is a pity that she should fare so badly.It is my proposal that he should be sent to study further abroad.以上句式也可以陳述語(yǔ)氣。 Its a pity that you cant dance.2. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用1). 賓語(yǔ)從句在表示提議、要求、命令、意志等動(dòng)詞后，其謂語(yǔ)用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”（should可以省略）常用的動(dòng)詞有：記憶方法：“一個(gè)堅(jiān)持、兩個(gè)命令、三個(gè)建議、四個(gè)要求”?！耙粋€(gè)堅(jiān)持”指insist(堅(jiān)持要做，堅(jiān)決要求，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作)“兩個(gè)命令”指order , command“三個(gè)建議”指suggest , advise , propose“四個(gè)要求”指demand , request , require , ask還有urge（強(qiáng)烈主張、強(qiáng)烈要求），prefer（寧愿），maintain（主張），object, arrange（安排）, desire（渴望，要求），intend(打算、建議、主張)direct(命令)，move(提議)，recommend(推薦、建議)如：The doctor suggested that he not go there醫(yī)生建議他不要去那里。He suggested that we should leave early. 他建議我們?cè)琰c(diǎn)動(dòng)身。She asks that she ( should ) be given an opportunity to try this method.He desires that you (should) see him at once.他渴望你立刻去看他。Would you prefer that I (should) go with you ? 你愿意我和你一起去嗎？He recommended that I (should) buy new tyres.他建議我買(mǎi)新輪胎。The general directed that the troops (should) attack.將軍命令部隊(duì)進(jìn)攻。The socioligist maintained that a demotic society would lower the nations standards. 這個(gè)社會(huì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為平民社會(huì)會(huì)降低國(guó)家的素質(zhì)。注意：只有suggest作“建議”、insist意為“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”解時(shí)，從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，當(dāng)suggest意為“表明、說(shuō)明、暗示”，insist意為“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)，從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.當(dāng)兒子提議星期天去公園時(shí)，父親用表情表示了默許。The boy insisted that he didnt cheat in the exam.這個(gè)孩子堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他沒(méi)有在考試中作弊。(考試已經(jīng)結(jié)束)The boy insisted that he shouldnt cheat in the exam.這個(gè)孩子堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為不應(yīng)該在考試中作弊。(考試還未進(jìn)行)Mother insists that Im a bad boy.媽媽認(rèn)為我是一個(gè)壞孩子。2). wish的賓語(yǔ)的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞that。 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用過(guò)去式，表示現(xiàn)在的愿望（與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反），雖實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大，但仍有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能。 I wish it were true我但愿這是真的。 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還可用“could（would，might）+動(dòng)詞原形”用來(lái)表示將來(lái)的愿望 I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一會(huì)兒。 表示無(wú)能為力的過(guò)去愿望（與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反），可用“had +過(guò)去分詞”或“could（would，might）+have+過(guò)去分詞”I wish you had called yesterday我希望你昨天來(lái)過(guò)電話。We wish you had come to our New Years party.我們真希望你來(lái)參加了我們的新年聯(lián)歡會(huì)。3). “would rather/had rather , would sooner, would just as soon表示“寧愿、但愿”，后面的賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去式或動(dòng)詞原形表示對(duì)將來(lái)的要求， Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die. I would rather you go tomorrow. I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past.表愿望，賓語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬過(guò)去式。 表示與現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)含義事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣要用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 用過(guò)去完成式(had + 過(guò)去分詞)表示過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的含義主句從句要表達(dá)的含義狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞wouldrather/had rather/would sooner表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反過(guò)去式表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反過(guò)去完成時(shí)（had+P.P）表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反過(guò)去式（動(dòng)詞原形）I would rather you came tomorrow.我寧愿你明天來(lái)。Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我寧愿她把重活留給別人。4). 有些動(dòng)詞，如think, expect, believe,其否定式的賓語(yǔ)從句亦可用should+動(dòng)詞原形。如：I never thought he should refuse.我萬(wàn)沒(méi)有想到他會(huì)拒絕。She did not expect that you should come.她沒(méi)有預(yù)料你會(huì)來(lái)。3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用表示“要求、建議、命令”的名詞suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand, insistence,requirement , idea等作主語(yǔ)，其后的表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用should +動(dòng)詞原形或省略should。The workers requirement was that their working conditions be improved.My advice is that you (should) treat her well.我的忠告是你應(yīng)該善待她。He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once.他提出一個(gè)要求，要求她立刻離開(kāi)這個(gè)地方。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該告訴他。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我們唯一的請(qǐng)求就是盡快解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一項(xiàng)建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊(duì)。4. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在定語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用在“It is (high/about) time +(tha)從句”句型中，定語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬過(guò)去式。這個(gè)句型中的that常常省略。從句的動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)，有時(shí)用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”其含義是“該做某事的時(shí)候了”。It is time the children went to bed.孩子們?cè)缭撋洗菜X(jué)了。（表示催促）Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money他早該開(kāi)始考慮如何與錢(qián)打交道。 It is time we left.我們?cè)撟吡恕?It is time we went to bed.我們?cè)撊ニX(jué)了。5. 表示“祝愿、愿望”句型中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。(1)祝愿句常用動(dòng)詞原形或may引導(dǎo)的倒裝句。Long live the Communist Party of China！中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨萬(wàn)歲！God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你。（或說(shuō)成May God bless you）God damn it! 該死的！The devil take you! 見(jiàn)鬼去吧！So be it then. 就那樣吧。(2)表示現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的一種愿望，if only后用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：If only that photo werent missing!要是那張照片不丟該有多好??！Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _your advice.(上海春季高考)A.followed B.would follow C.had followed D.should follow答案是C。“看我現(xiàn)在遇到的麻煩！要是我當(dāng)初聽(tīng)從你的忠告就好了。”現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)遇到了麻煩的原因是當(dāng)初事實(shí)上沒(méi)有聽(tīng)從你的忠告。應(yīng)用if only 接謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望。6. 虛擬時(shí)態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的關(guān)系：從句中的虛擬時(shí)態(tài)往往不受全句謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)的影響。1) 用于主語(yǔ)從句。試比較：It is important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。It was important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。2) 用于賓語(yǔ)從句。試比較：I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建議我們明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建議我們第二天走。She said, “If I were a boy I would join the army.”她說(shuō)，“我如是男孩，就參軍?！盨he said that if she were a boy, she would join the army.她說(shuō)她如是男孩就參軍。但強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的虛擬式在間接引語(yǔ)中需要遵守時(shí)態(tài)一致的原則。試比較：“If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do,” he said.“假如我知道它是如何運(yùn)行的話，我就會(huì)告訴你該怎么辦，”他說(shuō)道。He said that if he had known how it worked he could have told me what to do.他說(shuō)假如他知道它是如何運(yùn)行的話，他就會(huì)告訴我該怎么辦?！癐f I knew the answer to all your questions Id be a genius,” he said.“我如知道你所有問(wèn)題的答案，我就是天才了?！彼f(shuō)道。He said that if he knew the answer to all my questions, hed be a genius.他說(shuō)他如知道我所有問(wèn)題的答案，他就是天才了。但如果全句謂語(yǔ)是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其后從句的時(shí)態(tài)則多受其影響，現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)隨之而變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如：I would think he was wrong.我看他是錯(cuò)了。(須用was,試比較：I think he is wrong)It would seem that she was right. 她似乎是對(duì)的。(須用was,試比較：It seems that she is right)我練習(xí)，我酷！1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made.A. have readB. had read C. should have readD. are reading2.You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him.A. come; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meet D. had come; would meet3.The two students talked as if they _ friends for years.A. should beB. would be C. have beenD. had been4.It is important that I _ with Mr. Williams immediately.A. speakB. spoke C. will speakD. to speak5.He looked as if he _ ill for a long time.A. was B. Were C. has been D. had been6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _.A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hoursC. have lied there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hours7.I wish that I _ with you last night.A. wentB. c