外文翻譯--太陽能.doc

SolarpowerSolarenergyforseveralbillionsofyears,solarenergyisthesolarradiationenergytotheEarth.Solarenergycanbedirectlyorindirectlyconvertedtootherformsofenergy,suchasheatandelectricity.Themaindisadvantage(question,orproblemtobeovercome)ofsolarenergyare:(1)intermittentmodeGettheEarthssurface,(2)alargeareatogatherinalargecontainer.Witheconomicdevelopment,socialprogress,peoplesenergytoever-increasingdemands,findnewsourcesofenergyhasbecomeanurgentissuefacinghumanity.Existingenergymajorhasthreekinds,namely,thermalpower,hydropowerandnuclearpower.Waterandelectricitytoalargenumberofsubmergedland,thatcouldleadtoecologicaldestructionandthecollapseoflargereservoirsoncethecollapse,theconsequenceswouldbedisastrous.Inaddition,acountryswaterresourcesisalsolimited,butalsobytheimpactoftheseason.Nuclearpowerundernormalcircumstancesisclean,butunlikelyeventofanuclearleak,theconsequencesareterriblesame.TheformerSovietUnion,theChernobylnuclearpowerplantaccident,hasninemillionpeoplehavebeenvaryingdegreesofdamage,andthisimpacthasnotbeenterminated.Thesearecompellingpeopletogolookingfornewenergy.Newenergytosimultaneouslysatisfytwoconditions:First,notdepletionofrich；IIaresafe,clean,notathreattohumansanddamagetheenvironment.Currentlyfoundinthemain,twonewenergy,solarenergyfirst,andsecond,thefuelcell.Inaddition,windpowercouldalsoberegardedassupportingthenewenergy.OneofthemostidealformofnewenergysourcesareabletoDayang.SolarpowergenerationarethebestnewenergyRadiationintheEarthssolarenergyisverystrong,about40minutesexposureintheEarthssolarenergy,wouldbesufficientfortheglobalhumanenergyconsumptionforoneyear.Itcanbesaidthatsolarenergyistrulyinexhaustiblesourceofenergy.Andsolarpowerisabsolutelyclean,nopollution.Solarpowergenerationarethereforeknownastheidealsourceofenergy.Obtainedfromsolarpower,sunthroughphotovoltaiccellstransformtoachieve.Itwithotherpowergenerationprincipleofthepast,entirelydifferent,withthefollowingcharacteristics:nodangerofdepletion；absolutelyclean(free)；notsubjecttogeographicaldistributionoftheresourcesconstraints；nearestDepartmentinelectricitygeneration；energy,high-quality；usersemotionallyreceptive；accesstoenergytospendashorttime.Inadequaciesare:exposureenergydistributiondensity,whichwastooccupyahugearea；energyobtainedwiththefourseasons,dayandnightandtheclearone,suchasmeteorologicalconditions.Overall,however,asanewenergy,solarenergyhasgreatadvantages,sotheimportanceattachedbycountriesintheworld.SolarpowerapplicationsAlthoughsolarpowerbydayandnight,barometer,seasonalimpact,butcanbedispersedmanner,soitissuitableforfamiliestocarryoutsub-excitongeneration,butalsotoconnecttotheelectricitynetwork,makingthefamilyrichinthepowermaybesoldtopowercompanies,canbelessthanwhenboughtfromthepowercompanies.Implementationofthistechnologyisnotdifficulttoresolve,thekeyistohavetheappropriatelegalprotection.NowtheUnitedStates,Japanandotherdevelopedcountrieshaveenactedappropriatelegislation,toensuretheconductofdomesticsolarpowergenerationbenefitstoencouragefamiliestocarryoutsolarpowergeneration.TheprospectsforsolarpowergenerationSolarpowergenerationhasmoreexcitingplans.First,JapanplanstoGenesis.Readyuseofthegroundareaofdesertandoceantogenerateelectricity,andthroughthesuperconductingcablewillbetheworldssolarpowerstationsintoaunifiedpowergridtotheglobalsupply.Itisestimatedthatby2000,2050,2100,evenifthewholesolarpowerwithglobalenergysupply,butalsoasanareaof651,100squarekm,1.8679millionsquarekilometers,8.2919millionsquarekilometers.8.2919millionsquarekilometersaccountedforonly2.3percentofallmarineareaorallofthedesert51.4%,andeventheSaharadesertis91.5%.Thereforethisprogramarepossible.Anothergenerationprogramsareinheaven.Asearlyas1980,NASAandtheDepartmentofEnergyhasproposedbuildingasolarpowerstationinspacetheideaofready-synchronousorbitinplacealong10kilometerswideand5kilometersoflargeflat-panel,thetopcoveredwithsolarcellssoastoprovidefivemillionkilowattsofelectricity.However,thisneedstobeaddressedtotheterrestrialwirelesstransmissionproblem.Havebeenproposedbymicrowavebeam,laserbeam,suchasavarietyofprograms.Modelplanewiththecurrentimplementationhasashort-range,short-term,low-powermicrowavewirelesspowertransmission,butthereisstillalongawayfromtherealutilityofthedistance.AsChinastechnologicaldevelopment,in2006,Chinahasthreecompaniesintotheglobaltopten,indicatesthatChinawillbecometheworldsnewenergytechnologycentersintheworld,theworldswiderangeofphotovoltaicapplications,hasledtothecurrentlackofarerawmaterialsupplyandprices,weneedtechnologytopromoteatthesametime,wemustadoptanewtechnologyinordertosubstantiallyreducecosts,forthisnewenergytoprovidethedrivingforcebehindthelong-termdevelopment!Theuseofsolarenergyisdividedintoseveralmainareas:familieswithsmallsolarpowerplants,large-scalegridandpowerplants,buildingintegratedphotovoltaiccurtainwalls,solarstreetlamps,streetlampscomplementaryscenery,beautifulcomplementarypowersupplysystemandsoon,nowthemainapplicationforbuildingcomplementarysystemsintegrationandscenery.Principlesofsolarpowergeneration:Solarcellsareonehastorespondtolightandcanconvertlightenergyintoelectricpowerdevices.Photovoltaiceffecttoproducethematerialhasmanytypessuchas:silicon,polysilicon,amorphoussilicon,galliumarsenide,copperindiumselenium.Theirpowerisbasicallythesameprinciple,itiscrystalasanexampletodescribetheprocessoflightgeneration.P-typecrystallinesilicondopedphosphorusavailablethroughN-typesilicon,theformationofP-Njunction.Whenthelightirradiationsurfaceofsolarcells,siliconmaterialwaspartofphotonabsorption；photonenergytransfertothesiliconatom,sothatelectrontransferoccurredinVietnam,afreeelectronintheP-Njunctionformedonbothsidesofagglomerationpotentialdifference,whentheexternalWhenconnectedtothecircuit,inwhichtheroleofvoltage,therewillbecurrentflowthroughexternalcircuitryproduceacertainoutputpower.Thesubstanceofthisprocessare:photonenergyintoelectricalenergyconversionprocess.Theapplicationofsolarcells:the60soflastcentury,scientistshaveappliedtothespacesolarcelltechnology-communicationsatellitepowersupply,theendoflastcentury,constantlyinthehumansoul-searchingprocess,thephotovoltaicpowergenerationsuchacleananddirectformsofenergyhavebeenmorecordial,notonlyinspaceapplications,inmanyareasisalsotoshowtheirtalents.Suchas:solarGardenlights,solarhouseholdpowersystem,theindependentvillagepowersupplysystems,photovoltaicpumping(drinkingwaterorirrigation),communicationspowersupply,theoilpipelinecathodicprotection,fiberopticcommunicationspowersupplypumpingstations,desalinationsystems,citiesandtownsinroadsigns,highwayroadsignsandsoon.AdvancedEuropeancountriesandAmericawillbeincorporatedintothecityofphotovoltaicpowersystemsandremoteareasofthenaturalworldintothevillagepowersupplysystemdevelopment.Solarcellswithacombinationofbuildingsystemshasbecomethetrendofindustrialization太陽能太陽產(chǎn)生能量已有數(shù)十億年，太陽能是太陽輻射到地球的能量。太陽能可以直接或間接地轉(zhuǎn)換為其他形式的能源，如熱能和電能。主要缺點(diǎn)(問題，或者問題有待克服)太陽能是：(1)間歇方式到達(dá)地球表面，(2)大面積收集在一個大容器中。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展、社會的進(jìn)步，人們對能源提出越來越高的要求，尋找新能源成為當(dāng)前人類面臨的迫切課題?，F(xiàn)有能源主要有3種，即火電、水電和核電。水電要淹沒大量土地，有可能導(dǎo)致生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞，而且大型水庫一旦塌崩，后果將不堪設(shè)想。另外，一個國家的水力資源也是有限的，而且還要受季節(jié)的影響。核電在正常情況下固然是干凈的，但萬一發(fā)生核泄漏，后果同樣是可怕的。前蘇聯(lián)切爾諾貝利核電站事故，已使900萬人受到了不同程度的損害，而且這一影響并未終止。這些都迫使人們?nèi)ふ倚履茉?