定語(yǔ)從句中可省略的關(guān)系副詞;

1、（5）關(guān)系副詞的省略在某些表示時(shí)間的名詞后的關(guān)系副詞可以省略。如the time, every time, each time, the moment等。e.g.by the time (when) he was fourteen years old einstein had learnt advanced mathematics all by himself.到十四歲時(shí)，愛(ài)因斯坦已經(jīng)自學(xué)了高等數(shù)學(xué)。do you still remember the day(when) we first met? 你仍然記得我們第一次相遇的那一天嗎?在某些句子中表示地點(diǎn)的名詞后關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)也可以省略。如the

2、 place等。e.g.thats the place (where) he lived when he was in paris. 這就是他在巴黎時(shí)所住的地方。this is the place (where) we met years ago. 這就是多年前我們見(jiàn)面的地方。先行詞the reason后面的關(guān)系副詞可以省略。e.g.thats the reason (why) i asked you to come. 這就是我叫你來(lái)的原因。the reason (why) he did that is quite clear. 他那樣做的理由是非常清楚的。當(dāng)先行詞是way時(shí)，關(guān)系副詞常常省略

3、。e.g.i appreciate the way (that) you teach us. 我非常喜歡你教我們的方式。5定語(yǔ)從句中需注意的事項(xiàng)（1）主謂一致問(wèn)題這是指關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式與先行詞一致的問(wèn)題。取決于先行詞，先行詞是單數(shù)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。e.g.mr. smith, who is now downstairs, is asking to see you. 史密斯先生要見(jiàn)你，他現(xiàn)在正在樓下。(定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞is根據(jù)mr. smith而定。)the smiths, who are now dow

4、nstairs, are asking to see you. 史密斯夫婦要見(jiàn)你，他們正在樓下。(定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are根據(jù)the smiths而定。)“one of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；“the(only, very, right) one of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。e.g.jeff is one of the students who were awarded. 杰夫是當(dāng)時(shí)獲獎(jiǎng)的學(xué)生之一。(本句的先行詞是the students，即所修飾的中心詞為the students，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)the students而定。)jeff is the only

5、 one of the students who was awarded. 杰夫是唯一一個(gè)獲獎(jiǎng)的學(xué)生。(本句的中心詞移到了the only one，因此定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需根據(jù)the only one而定。)（2）what, how不可引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句what本身是復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞，等同于“先行詞關(guān)系代詞(which/that)”。因此不能用what引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。e.g.time is what we demand most. (=time is all (that) we demand most.) 我們所需要的就是時(shí)間。tell me what is happening. (=tell me so

6、mething that is happening.) 告訴我正在發(fā)生什么事。she isnt what she used to be. (=she isnt the one (that) she used to be.) 她不是過(guò)去的她了。how為復(fù)合關(guān)系副詞。本身等同于the way in which，因此，不能用how引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。e.g.i dont like how you behave. (=i dont like the way (that/ in which) you behave.) 我不喜歡你行事的方法。this is how i worked out this probl

7、em. (=this is the way (that/in which) i worked out this problem.) 這就是我解出這道題的方法。（3）關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法辨析that和which在定語(yǔ)從句中都可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，指物。作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，均可省略。通常情況下，二者可互換使用。但有時(shí)卻不宜隨便互換。宜用that的情況1）當(dāng)先行詞是all, much, little, few, something, anything, everything. none, nothing等不定代詞或被不定代詞修飾時(shí)。e.g.there is not much that ought to

8、 be done right now. 現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有多少應(yīng)該做的事情。i did nothing that might hurt you. 傷害你的事我一點(diǎn)兒也沒(méi)做。2）當(dāng)先行詞是be后面的表語(yǔ)，或者關(guān)系代詞本身在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。e.g.the school is quite different from the one that it used to be. 這所學(xué)校已和原來(lái)的迥然不同了。he is not the man that he was. 他過(guò)去不是這樣的。3）當(dāng)主句以here, there開(kāi)頭時(shí)。e.g.here is a hotel that youve been looking

9、for. 這就是你一直在找的旅館。there is a seat in the corner that is still not taken. 在角上還有一個(gè)空位。4）當(dāng)先行詞有the only, the same, the very, the last等詞修飾時(shí)。e.g.these articles are the very ones that should be read. 這些文章才是應(yīng)該讀的。chatting was the only thing that interested her most. 聊天是她唯一感興趣的事。5）當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)

10、修飾時(shí)。e.g.this is the best film that has been shown so far in the city. 這是這座城市迄今為止所放過(guò)的最好的電影。6）當(dāng)主句是以who或which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。e.g.who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在門(mén)口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?which of us that knows something about physics cannot join electric wires? 我們中間懂物理的誰(shuí)不會(huì)接電線?7）當(dāng)先行詞有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，并且分別表示人和物時(shí)。e.g.s

11、he took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in. 她把她所感興趣的人和物全拍攝了下來(lái)。宜用which的情況1）在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。e.g.football, which is a very interesting game, is liked by many boys in our class. 足球是很有趣的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目，被我們班里很多男生所喜愛(ài)。2）在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)。e.g.im looking for a container in which i can put

12、all these coins. 我想找一個(gè)能放下這些硬幣的容器。6初中階段學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句的要點(diǎn)。上面我們?cè)敿?xì)的復(fù)習(xí)了定語(yǔ)從句在初中階段所學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容，為了方便同學(xué)們記憶，下面我們把內(nèi)容梳理如下。定語(yǔ)從句在句子中作定語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾一個(gè)名詞、名詞詞組或者代詞。被修飾的名詞、名詞詞組或代詞叫做先行詞；在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用的詞叫做引導(dǎo)詞。（1）引導(dǎo)詞分為“關(guān)系代詞”和“關(guān)系副詞”。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why, that。注意：關(guān)系副詞里面沒(méi)有how。如果要修飾方式，用that或in which引導(dǎo)

13、，或者不用引導(dǎo)詞。e.g.i dont like the way(that, in which)he eyed me. 我不喜歡他看我的那個(gè)樣子。（2）關(guān)系代詞who在從句中主要作主語(yǔ)，在非正式語(yǔ)體里who還可以作從句中的賓語(yǔ)。e.g.he is the man who wants to see you. 他就是想要見(jiàn)你的那個(gè)人。(who在從句中作主語(yǔ))（3）關(guān)系代詞whom。e.g.he is the man whom i saw in the park yesterday. 他就是我昨天在公園里見(jiàn)到的那個(gè)人。(whom在從句中作賓語(yǔ))作賓語(yǔ)用的引導(dǎo)詞可以省略，因此上面的句子可以改寫(xiě)如下：h

14、e is the man i saw in the park yesterday.（4）關(guān)系代詞whose用來(lái)指人或物，(只能用作定語(yǔ)，若指物，它還可以同of which互換)。e.g.please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。（5）關(guān)系代詞which指物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)在非正式語(yǔ)體中可以省略。e.g.they needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice. 他們需要一種不像水稻那么需要水的作物。(作主語(yǔ))注意：當(dāng)有which和

15、that要進(jìn)行選擇的情況下，以下情況要選which：在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中通常用which作引導(dǎo)詞，而不能用that做非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。修飾整個(gè)主句。e.g.i never met julia again after that, which was a pity. 從那以后我再也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到過(guò)朱莉葉，真是遺憾。修飾謂語(yǔ)部分e.g.he can swim in the river, which i cannot. 他會(huì)在河里游泳，那正是我不會(huì)的。介詞whiche.g.they are all questions to which there are no answers. 那些問(wèn)題都是無(wú)頭公案

16、。（6）關(guān)系代詞that多用來(lái)指物，有的也可以用來(lái)指人；在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。指物的時(shí)候多用that，也可用which。e.g.its a question that(which) needs careful consideration. 這是一個(gè)需要仔細(xì)考慮的問(wèn)題。(指物，作主語(yǔ)。)注意：在以下的情況中，只能用that作引導(dǎo)詞，而不能用which作引導(dǎo)詞：先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代詞時(shí)。e.g.all that she lacked was training. 她所缺少的只是訓(xùn)練。注意：everything等為先行詞時(shí)

17、，引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。e.g.this is the best film that i have ever seen. 這是我看過(guò)的電影中最好的一部。先行詞被序數(shù)詞和the last修飾時(shí)。先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)。e.g.they talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 他們談?wù)撍麄儏⒂^過(guò)的那些學(xué)校和老師們。主句是含有who或which的特殊疑問(wèn)句，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)。（7）關(guān)系代詞as用于引導(dǎo)限制住定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，多數(shù)和suchas和the sameas連用。e.g.i have nev

18、er heard such a story as he told. 我從未聽(tīng)過(guò)他講的這種故事。注意：as和which的區(qū)別：關(guān)系代詞as用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位于句末時(shí)，一般可以和which互換。e.g.the author was brought up in a small village, as(which) is recounted in some of his stories.作者是在一個(gè)小村莊里長(zhǎng)大的，這個(gè)問(wèn)題在他的一些小說(shuō)里已被提到過(guò)。但是，當(dāng)主句是否定句時(shí)，as和which就不能互換，因?yàn)閍s引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不包含否定意義。

19、 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在句子的最前面，而which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句不能放在句首。e.g.as you will find out, all is now settled.你將會(huì)看到這樣一種情況，一切都已搞定了。典例剖析例題1barbara, where do you work?i work for a company _ sells cars.awhichbwhere cwhat dwho解題技巧：首先譯這段小對(duì)話“芭芭拉，你在哪兒工作？我在一家汽車銷售公司工作。”從句缺少主語(yǔ)，這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞company是表示事物的名詞，where是副詞，不能作主語(yǔ)，what不引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，

20、who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞是指人的名詞。答案：a例題2do you like the music _ makes you excited?aitbwhat cthatdwho解題技巧：這題是考查定語(yǔ)從句。先看先行詞music，是事物it，what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而who的先行詞應(yīng)該是人稱或代人的名詞。 答案：c例題3the songs _ she sing are very popular.(北京市中考題)awhichbwho cwhom dwhose解題技巧： 此題先行詞是songs是事物，所以選擇which。 答案：a初中定語(yǔ)從句練習(xí)題1. dont talk about such

21、things of _ you are not sure. a. which b. what c. as d. those 2. is this the factory _ you visited the other day? a. that b. where c. in which d. the one3. is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last friday? a. that b. where c. which d. the one 4. is this the factory _ he worked ten years ag

22、o? a. that b. where c. which d. the one 5. the wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. a. that b. where c. in which d. in that6. the freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. a. at which b. on that c. in which d. of what7. this book will show you _ can be used in ot

23、her contexts. a. how you have observed b. what you have observed c. that you have observed d. how that you have observed 8. the reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. a. because b. why c. that d. whether 9. ill tell you _ he told me last week. a. all which b. that c. all that d. which 10.

24、that tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. a. whose b. of which c. in which d. on which 11. i have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. a. as b. that c. which d. what 12. he failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry. a. which b. it c. that d. what 13. were talking about the

25、 piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night. a. which b. whom c. who d. that 14. the girl _ an english song in the next room is toms sister. a. who is singing b. is singing c. sang d. was singing 15. those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. a. learn

26、 b. who c. that learns d. who learn 16. anyone _ this opinion may speak out. a. that against b. that against c. who is against d. who are against 17. didnt you see the man _? a. i nodded just now b. whom i nodded just now c. i nodded to him just now d. i nodded to just now 18. can you lend me the novel _ the other day? a. that you talked b. you talked about it c. which you talked with d. you talked about 19. is there anything _ to you