英語語法基本框架 ppt課件

1、英語語法的基本體系一、詞法二、句法1、按句型結(jié)構(gòu)分 （1）簡單句 （2）并列句 （3）復(fù)合句2、按使用目的可分為四類 （1）陳述句 （2）疑問句 （3）感嘆句 （4）祈使句,1,ppt課件,簡單句,.按句型結(jié)構(gòu)分有以下五種句型： （）主語動詞 （不及物） （）主語動詞（及物）賓語 （）主語動詞（系動詞）表語 （）主語動詞（及物） 間接賓語直接賓語 （）主語動詞賓語賓補 2.按使用目的可分為四類 （1）陳述句（2）疑問句 （3）感嘆句（4）祈使句,2,ppt課件,復(fù)合句,（1）名詞性從句,主語從句 賓語從句 表語從句 同位語從句,（2）狀語從句（時間、地點、方 式、目的、伴隨、 結(jié)果等）,（3）

2、定語從句,3,ppt課件,ppt課件,4,一、詞法,名詞 n. noun 代詞 pron. pronoun 形容詞 adj. adjective 數(shù)詞num. numeral 動詞v. verb 副詞adv. adverb 冠詞art. article 介詞prep. preposition 連詞conj. conjunction 感嘆詞inter. interjection,名詞 1、專有名詞 的分類： 2、普通名詞 （1）集合名詞 （2）物質(zhì)名詞 （3）抽象名詞 名詞在句中的作用： 1）主語 Horse runs faster than elephant. 2）表語 He is a tea

3、cher. 3）賓語或 構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語 We made him monitor of our class. 4）定語或同位語 This is a shoe store. 5）呼語 Professor Wang,this is what you need. 6）狀語 The lecture lasted an hour. 名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:要記規(guī)則和不規(guī)則詞的變化,5,ppt課件,形容詞 在句中主要是作: 1)定語 We have had an interesting class. 2)表語 The news is interesting. 3)復(fù)合賓語 I found the news inter

4、esting. 4)狀語 He arrived home,cold and hungry. 記住以a 開頭的形容詞不能作定語:如alone,afraid,asleep,alive 等, eg： 一條活魚 是, a fish alive/a living fish .而非an alive fish . 形容詞的比較及以及最高級的用法,6,ppt課件,副詞,在句中主要作狀語,修飾動詞形容詞副詞整個句子,7,ppt課件,數(shù)詞,基數(shù)詞 ：充當定語、主語、賓語或介賓、表語、同位語 序數(shù)詞： 充當定語，前面要加定冠詞 分數(shù)詞： 充當定語、主語、賓語或介賓、表語、同位語、狀語,8,ppt課件,人稱代詞：主格

5、： I/you/he/she/we/she/it/we/you/they 只作主語 賓格：me/you/him/her/it/us/them 只作賓語 物主代詞：形容詞型 ：my/ your/ his/her/ its/ our/ your/their 定語 名詞型： mine/yours/his/hers/its/ours/yours/theirs 名詞型的作用 相當于名詞的作用 自身代詞：單數(shù)：myself/ yourself/ himself/herself/itself 復(fù)數(shù)：ourselves/ yourselves/ themselves 自身代詞可作：賓語、表語及主語或賓語的同位

6、語 代詞 相互代詞：one another/ each other 指示代詞：this/that/these/those 作主語、賓語、表語、定語 such 作定語、主語、表語 疑問代詞：who 作主語或表語 whom 作賓語 whose/what/which 作主語、表語、賓語、定語 關(guān)系代詞：who/whom/whose/that/which作主語、賓語、表語、定語 連接代詞：包括疑問代詞 不定代詞：all/each/every/both/either/neither/one/none/little/few/many/ much/other/another/some/any/no/some

7、thing/nothing等,9,ppt課件,動詞 及物動詞 跟賓語 不及物動詞 不跟賓語 系動詞 跟表語 助動詞 跟動詞原形或分詞（無特殊意義） 情態(tài)動詞 跟動詞原形（有自己的意思） 動詞具有人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣的變化，還要注意動詞過去式與過去分詞中規(guī)則與不規(guī)則的變化,10,ppt課件,基本時態(tài),11,ppt課件,一般時 do 將來時 will /be going to do 進行時 be doing 完成時 have done 不管變?yōu)槟欠N時態(tài)，只要把動詞原形拿來變。,12,ppt課件,動詞的非謂語形式 to do/doing/done 1.以 doing 為賓語的動詞 2.以to

8、do 為賓語的動詞 3.以to do/doing 為賓語,但意義有別的動詞 4.以to do/doing為賓語,意義無差別的動詞 非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài): 如:to be done/to have done /to have been done/ to be doing being done/having done/having been done,13,ppt課件,冠詞 定冠詞 a an 不定冠詞 the,14,ppt課件,連詞,并列連詞: but/and/or/nor/so/therefore/yet/however/nevertheless/for/as well as/bothand/

9、not onlybut also/ eitheror/neithernor/(and)then 從屬連詞:用來引導(dǎo)從句:after/when/before/as/while/as long as/in order that /as if 等.,15,ppt課件,動詞的考法 通過語境來判斷時態(tài)，如： 1、-How are you today？(NMET 2000) -Oh，I as ill as I do now for a very long time. A.didnt feel B.wasnt feeling C.dont feel D.havent felt 2.The price ,bu

10、t I doubt whether it will remain so.(NMET 99) A.went down B.will go down C.has gone down D.was going down 3.-Hey,look where you are going!(NMET99) -Oh, Im terribly sorry. . A.Im not noticing B.I wasnt noticing C.I havent noticed D.I dont notice 4 -You havent been to Beijing, have you?(NMET 98) -.How

11、 I wish to go there! A.Yes,I have B.Yes,I havent C.No, I have D.No, I havent 5.Shirley book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.(NMET 98) A.has written B.wrote C.had written D.was writing 6.-Hi,Tracy,you look tired.(NMET 98) -I am tired.I the living room all day. A.pain

12、ted B.had painted C.have been painting D.have painted,16,ppt課件,句子的成分及在句中的作用,英語句子的成分可以是單詞，也可以是詞組或從句 在句子中起主要作用的有：主語、謂語。 在句子中起次要作用的有： 賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語)， 補語(說明主語或賓語的動作 、狀態(tài)，特征) 狀語(修飾形容詞、動詞、副詞或全句的成分) 表語(在系動詞后，說明主語的身份、狀態(tài)、特征) 定語( 修飾名詞或代詞),17,ppt課件,句子的主要成分及其構(gòu)成：,主語： 名詞或起名詞作用的其他詞類、短語或從句。 謂語：動詞或動詞短語，或系動詞加以形容詞或名詞或起同

13、類作用的其他詞類、短語、從句。 賓語：名詞或與之相當?shù)钠渌~類，短語或從句。 （放在及物動詞后面） 定語： 形容詞或與之相當?shù)钠渌~類、 短語或從句。（用來修飾名詞或代詞；單個形容詞作定語一般放所修飾名詞之前，短語或從句放其后。） 狀語：副詞、介詞、短語、分詞及從句等。 語序,倒裝和強調(diào).ppt,18,ppt課件,二、句法,句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為三類 簡單句 并列句 復(fù)合句 句子按使用目的可分為四類 陳述句 肯定句 否定句 疑問句 一般疑問句 特殊疑問句 選擇疑問句 反意疑問句 祈使句 感嘆句,19,ppt課件,簡單句：,一、簡單句：只有一套主語和謂語。 Both Xiao Zhang and X

14、iao Wang are from Beijing. Both Emmer and her little sister play the piano and often go to concerts. .按句型結(jié)構(gòu)分有:,20,ppt課件,（）主語動詞 ： She（主語） sings（動詞）,Time flies. Class begins. Spring has come. The birds are singing. Everybody laughed. Fish swim. The medicine works.,21,ppt課件,（2）主語動詞賓語： She（主語）sings（動詞）

15、folk songs（賓語）.,We are learning English. My sister prepares her lessons after supper. She plays the piano beautifully. The children watch TV in the evening. I planted some flowers in the garden. The girls are picking cotton in the field. We invited some foreign friends to the show.,22,ppt課件,（3）主語系動詞

16、表語： She is a great singer. （主語） （系動詞） （表語）,1. This is our classroom. 2. It is bright and clean. 3. My parents are both teachers. 4. The story is very instructive. 5. School is over. 6. We were all out. 7. Tom looks young. 8. You seem tired. 9. I feel quite comfortable. 10. The weather is keeping fin

17、e. 11. He remained silent. 12. The day are getting longer and longer.,23,ppt課件,（4）主語動詞賓語賓補： She asked him to sing a song. （主語）（動詞） （賓語） （賓補）,We call him Tom. The news made us happy. We elected him president. We always keep our office clean. His father named him Peter. I found him honest. We all thou

18、ght her nice and sincere. She has got supper ready.,24,ppt課件,(5）主語動詞間接賓語直接賓語： She sang him a song. （主語） （動詞） （間賓） （直賓）,Mother made me a coat. I gave him a pen. I wrote my brother a letter yesterday. I will bring you the paper tomorrow. Father will buy me a bike. Tom showed me the photo of his family

19、. My sister sent me these pictures from Beijing.,25,ppt課件,此句型也可改為 : S + P+ sth. for/ to sb. eg: He showed his passport to the guard. His father will buy a mobile phone for him.,26,ppt課件,接雙賓的動詞有：,買:buy sth. for sb. 制造/做: make sth. for sb. 節(jié)約: save sth. for sb. 遞: pass/pass on sth. to sb. 送: send/post

20、/mail sth. to sb. 教：teach sb. sth.,給:give sth. to sb. 拿: take/bring sth. to sb. 借: borrow/lend sth. to sb. 取:fetch sth. to sb. 寫:writh sth. to sb. 提供:offer sth to sb.,27,ppt課件,常用于句型（5）的動詞：,call, think, name, make, consider, elect, select, want, dye, paint, cut, tear,28,ppt課件,并列句,并列句：由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句組成，

21、各簡單句之間由并列連詞連接 最常用的連詞是：and, but,or, otherwise, or else,so,yet,and yet however，for，either or,neithernor,not onlybut also 例句:Either you are mad,or I am. Not only did she work in the village,but also she worked in mountains.,29,ppt課件,復(fù)合句,復(fù)合句：復(fù)合句也是由兩個或兩個以上的句子組成，但其作用有主有次。起主要作用的句子叫主句，它本身可以獨立，另外的句子是從屬它的，因而叫

22、從句。各個從句里都有主語和謂語。 復(fù)合句分: 1、名詞性從句 2、定語從句 3、狀語從句,30,ppt課件,1、名詞性從句,主語從句 賓語從句 表語從句 同位語從句,31,ppt課件,（1）主語從句,主語從句：從句充當主語 引導(dǎo)詞有：連接詞:that,whether 疑問代詞：who，what，what， which，whose; 疑問副詞:when, where,how,why, 例句：That Professor Zhou will come is certain. 主語從句 Why he did it wasnt known. 主語從句,32,ppt課件,（2）賓語從句,賓語從句：從句充

23、當賓語。 引導(dǎo)詞有：連接詞:that,whether,if 疑問代詞:who,what,which,whose; 疑問副詞:when, where,how,why, 例句：Tom didnt know what his stepfather would say to him.,33,ppt課件,（3）表語從句,表語從句：從句充當表語。 引導(dǎo)詞有：連接詞:that,whether, 疑問代詞:who,what,which,whose; 疑問副詞:when, where,how,why, 例句：The question is whether he will come or not.,34,ppt課

24、件,（4）同位語從句,同謂語從句：從句充當同謂語。 引導(dǎo)詞有： 連接詞:that,whether, 疑問代詞:who,what,which,whose; 疑問副詞:when, where,how,why, 例句： The question whether he will come or not is serious. The news that we had won the game is exciting.,35,ppt課件,2、狀語從句,時間狀語從句 原因狀語從句 地點狀語從句 條件狀語從句 比較或方式狀語從句 目的狀語從句 結(jié)果狀語從句 讓步狀語從句,36,ppt課件,（1）時間狀語從句

25、,引導(dǎo)詞：when (當.時候), as (一邊.一邊;當.時候),while (在.過程中) , before(在.以前),after (在. 以后),since (自從.以來), till(until)(直到.,直到.才),ao soon as (一. . 就. . . ) , the moment(一.就.),no sooner . than (剛.就.), hardly . when .(剛.就.) 例句: I was going out when a visitor came.,37,ppt課件,（）原因狀語從句,引導(dǎo)詞：because (因為)，since (既然)， as (由于

26、)。 例句: As the day was fine, they decided to go on a trip. Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.,38,ppt課件,（）地點狀語從句,引導(dǎo)詞：where (在.地方), wherever(無論.在哪里), 例句:Wherever you are,you should work for the people heart and soul.,39,ppt課件,（）條件狀語從句,引導(dǎo)詞：if (假如,如果), unless (除非),so (as) long as(只要) 例句:You may use the book so long as you will return it on time.,40,ppt課件,（）比較或方式狀語從句,引導(dǎo)詞：as.as (象.一樣 ), than (比), the.the. (越.就越), as (正如), as if (似乎,好象)