英語非謂語形式完全版[共36頁]

1、非謂語形式(1,英語語法學(xué)習(xí)系列,一 非謂語形式,在英語中，一個句子(主句或從句)中只能有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，每個句子中必須有一個謂語部分，除謂語部分之外的動詞就應(yīng)當(dāng)用非謂語形式,如果一個動詞在句子中不作謂語時，就必須使用下面表格中的某一種形式，即非謂語形式,如：他坐在那里看小說 He is sitting there reading a novel,在上面這個句子里, 我們用了is sitting 來作謂語,那么, “看”(read)這個動詞就要用非謂語形式來表達(dá).這里的reading是現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的主動式,當(dāng)然這里為什么要用現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的主動式,我們下面會詳細(xì)地講述,一個句子中除謂語之外還有

2、那些句子成份呢,主語, 賓語, 表語, 定語, 狀語,補(bǔ)語共6 種,注：同位語一般不用動詞來作,有這么多的非謂語形式, 如果一個動詞作非謂語(比如說:定語),我們到底選用那一種形式呢,我們先來看下面的句子,1). The boy standing there is my elder brother. (2). The problem discussed yesterday is very important. (3). The meeting being held in the next room is about environment protecting,1). The boy stan

3、ding there is my elder brother. (2). The problem discussed yesterday is very important. (3). The meeting being held in the next room is about environment protecting,上面三個句子中劃線部分在句中都是作定語,但是用了不同的非謂語形式,1). 第一個句子中用了現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的主動式, 表示 “說話時正站在 那里,并且被修飾的名詞the boy與動詞 站的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系.,2). 第二個句子中用的是過去分詞,表示 “說話時已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情

4、并且 動詞“討論”與被修飾的中心詞problem是被動關(guān)系,3).第三個句子中用的是現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動式,表示 “說話時正在發(fā)生 并且動詞 “舉行”與被修飾的中心詞meeting為被動關(guān)系,從上面的例句可以看出,要正確使用非謂語形式,我們應(yīng)該了解兩個方面的內(nèi)容,1. 非謂語動詞相對于謂語動詞的時間含義； 2. 非謂語動詞和與之相關(guān)的詞之間的關(guān)系,下面我們來系統(tǒng)地學(xué)習(xí)非謂語形式,二 非謂語形式的功能,并不是任何一種非謂語形式都可以用作謂語之外的任何成份！我們先來看一看下面的表格,非謂語形式功能表,從上表中我們只能得出這樣的結(jié)論：當(dāng)非謂語動詞用狀語和補(bǔ)語時，不需要考慮動名詞；當(dāng)非謂語動詞作主語和

5、賓語時，不需要考慮分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,對于其它的形式，從表格中不難看出, 一種非謂語成份都有兩種或兩種以上的非謂語形式可以充當(dāng). 怎么辦呢? 我們只要把同一種成份的不同非謂語形式的不同含義了解清楚就可以了,三 非謂語形式的不同含義,1. 作主語時,作主語時可以用兩種形式：不定式和動名詞，如,1). To learn English is not easy. (2). Eating too much is bad for your health,區(qū)別：不定式表示具體或一次性的動作，也可表示將來的動作。 動名詞表示經(jīng)?；蚍褐傅膭幼?不定式和動名詞作主語時常用一般式,不定式和動名詞作主語時

6、請注意以下幾點(diǎn),1. 常用it作形式主語; 2. 當(dāng)用于It is no use/good doing sth的句型時常用動名詞； 當(dāng)用于for sb./sth. to do 或疑問詞+to do的 結(jié)構(gòu)時常用不定式. 如,1). Its not easy to learn English well. (2). Its no use asking him for help. (3). Its no use crying over the spilt milk. (諺語：覆水難收) (4). How to solve the problem is a hot potato. (5). Its n

7、ecessary for you to read books,2. 作賓語時,作賓語與作主語時一樣,也可以用不定式或動名詞.如,1). He tried to catch up with his classmates. (2). The baby stopped crying and listened to the radio. (3). Thank you for treating me,區(qū)別：1. 介詞后面的賓語一般用動名詞，不用不定式！ 2. 及物動詞后面有些用動名詞，有些用不定式，我們一般 記住那些只帶動名詞作賓語的動詞,再如：How about planning for a trip

8、? We are looking forward to seeing you again. (to為介詞,admit 承認(rèn) appreciate 感激,欣賞 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 考慮 cant help 忍不住 delay 耽誤 deny 否認(rèn) endure 忍受 enjoy 喜歡 escape 逃脫 excuse原諒 finish 完成 forgive 寬恕 imagine 想象 include 包括 keep 繼續(xù) mind 介意 miss 錯過 prevent 阻止 postpone 推遲 practise 練習(xí) recall 回憶 resist

9、抵抗， risk 冒險 suggest 建議 stand 忍受,常帶動名詞作賓語的及物動詞有,可帶不定式也可帶動名詞作賓語但含義有區(qū)別的及物動詞有,remember forget regret stop go on mean try cant help,to do:表示“記得要去做某事” doing表示“記得做過某事,to do表示忘記要做某事 doing表示忘記做過了某事,to do表示對于要做某事感到遺憾 doing表示后悔做過某事,to do表示停止在做的事而去做另一件事 doing表示停止正在做的事,to do表示接著做另一件事 doing表示繼續(xù)做同一件事,to do表示打算做某事

10、doing表示意味著什么,to do表示設(shè)法去做某事 doing表示嘗試做某事,to) do表示不能幫忙做某事 doing表示忍不住做某事,1) I decided to ask for my money back. (2) He feels it his duty to help the poor. (3) I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. (4) Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? (5) This means wasting a lot of

11、 money. (6) They couldnt help jumping up at the news,1) He apologized for having broken his promise. (2) I remember having seen her somewhere,Ex】:請找出下面句子中的賓語成份,再看下面兩個句子,動名詞的一般式和完成式都可表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的動作，有時兩者可互換(用一般式往往顯得更簡潔),如上面例句(2)可改為,I remember seeing her somewhere,動詞need/ want/ require + doing = need/

12、want/ require + to do 表示“主語需要被做”， 如,1) The bike needs to be repaired. = The bike needs repairing. (2) The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be watered,be worth doing “值得被做” ，后不能用to do! 如,His suggestion is worth considering,上面句子中的considering不能換成to be considered或being considered! 如,1) The l

13、ibrary needs_, but itll have to wait until Sunday. A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned (2) The novel is well worth_ . A、reading B、to be read C、being read D、read,1. Remember _ the newspaper when you have finished it. A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back 2

14、. Im sorry I forgot _ your dictionary. Lets borrow one from Li Ming. A. to take B. taking C. to bring D. bringing 3. Henry always forgets things he has done. Yesterday he forgot _ and looked for it everywhere. A. to post the letter B. to have the letter posted C. to have posted the letter D. having

15、posted the letter 4. My brother regretted _ a lecture given by Professor Liu. A. missing B. to miss C. missed D. being missed 5. I regret _ you that we are unable to offer you a job. A. informing B. having informed C. to inform D. to informing 6. I felt tired with walking, so I stopped _ a break for

16、 an hour. A. havingB. to haveC. taking D. to taking,鞏固練習(xí),7. The teacher told the students to stop _ to him. A. to write and listen B. writing and listening C. to write and listeningD. writing and to listen 8. -“What can we do to help Li Hai.” -“All we can do is to try _ that he ought to study more.”

17、 A. making him to realizeB. making him realize C. to make him realize D. to make him to realize 9. You didnt hear us come in last night. Thats good. We tried _ noisy. A. to be not B. not to be C. not being D. being not 10. He finished his homework, then he went on _ a letter. A. write B. writing C.

18、with D. to write,Answers: 1-5 CCDAC 6-10 BDCBD,英語語法學(xué)習(xí)系列,非謂語形式(2,讓我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)非謂語形式,3 作表語,作表語可用不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,區(qū)別：1.不定式和動名詞作表語用來解釋主語的內(nèi)容； 2.分詞作表語用來表示主語的性質(zhì)！如,1). His dream is to become a sports star. (2). The football match is exciting. (3). The audience are bored with the boring speech. (4). His hobby is

19、collecting stamps,分詞作表語時，與句子的主語一般構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,Ex】:用括號內(nèi)的詞的正確形式填空,1) Traveling is _ (interest) but _ (tire) (2) The argument is very _ (convince) (3) My English teacher was _ (satisfy) with my homework. (4) The father was _ with the _ son. (disappoint,Answers: (1) interesting; tiring (2) convincing (3)

20、satisfied (4) disappointed; disappointing,4 作定語,作定語可用不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,區(qū)別：1. 動名詞只作前置定語，用來表示被修飾的名詞的內(nèi)容或用途； 2.不定式作后置定語，表示將要發(fā)生的動作； 3.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，表示正在發(fā)生的動作； 4.過去分詞作定語時，表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作。 如,1). The waiting room at the station was very crowded at that time. (2). The housing problem is serious in most cities. (3). The

21、 boy playing under that tree is my younger brother. (4).Most of the artists invited to the party are from South Africa. (5). We need someone to go and get a doctor,Ex】:用括號內(nèi)的詞的正確形式填空,1) The man _ (work) over there now is my father. (2) The girl _ (call) Lily is my sister. (3) The matter _ (discuss) n

22、ow is of great importance. (4) The meeting _ (hold) tomorrow is about how to deal with the problem,非謂語的完成式一般不作定語,5 作狀語,作狀語可用不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,區(qū)別：1. 不定式作狀語時，一般用來表示目的；有時可用在一些表示人 的情緒的形容詞或分詞后表示原因狀語； 2. 分詞用作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果以及 伴隨等含義.如,1). Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. (2). I am pleased to be invited to

23、 give a talk here. (3). To learn English well, we should practice more. (4). Crossing the street, the old woman was hit by a car,5) The _ (injure) workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital,Answers: (1) working; (2) called; (3) being discussed; (4) to be held; (5) injured,1). Having do

24、ne the work very well ,he was praised by the teacher. (2). Following the old man, he stepped into the room,注意下面兩組句子的區(qū)別,1) Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the city very beautiful. (2) Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks very beautiful,分詞作狀語時，與句子的主語一般構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,Ex】:用括號內(nèi)的詞的正確形式填空,1)

25、_ (follow) by some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. (2) _ (look) out of the window, he found the murderer. (3) _ (write) in a haste, the composition is full of mistakes. (4) _ (graduate) from college, he went to a village and worked as a teacher there,Answer: (1) Followed; (2) Looking; (3) Wr

26、itten; (4) Having graduated,1). I would like you to help me with the bags. (2). I noticed him enter the teachers office. (3). We find our country developing very fast. (4). He had his house painted last week,6 作補(bǔ)語,作補(bǔ)語可以用不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,區(qū)別：1. 不定式作補(bǔ)語時，一般表示將要發(fā)生的動作； 但作使役動詞 和感觀動詞的補(bǔ)語時，可以表示將要發(fā)生的動作，也可以表示 已經(jīng)發(fā)生

27、的動作； 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語一般表示正在發(fā)生， 3. 過去分詞一般表示已經(jīng)完成，而且和賓語是被動關(guān)系； 有時分詞也可以表示賓語的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。如,分詞作補(bǔ)語時，與賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,1) I heard someone _ at the door? (knock) (2) heard the song _ everywhere. (sing,Ex】:用括號內(nèi)的詞的正確形式填空,1. I searched all the drawers to find my lost necklace. 2. - What makes your manager so angry? - Losing the

28、 papers. 3. My work is cleaning the room every day. 4. She pretended to be sleeping when his mother entered theroom. 5. The man shaking hands with Mr. Li visited our class yesterday. 6. The old man wanted to leave here because he couldnt stand sleeping in the noisy room. 7. When I came, she was lyin

29、g on the bed, listening to the music. 8. Devoted to his work, the expert cares little about any other things. 9. The film is well worth seeing. 10. Having finished his speech, he answered our questions,鞏固練習(xí),EX.1】:說出下列句子中的非謂語形式的名稱,以及在句中所作的成份,1) In the past, people used _ that the moon was too far awa

30、y _. But now it is possible for man _ there by spaceship. A. to think, not to reach, to get B. to think, to reach, to get C. to thinking, to reach, will get D. thought, to reach, to get to (2) Her son promised _ in the bedroom until the baby stopped _. A. staying, to cry B. to stay, crying C. for st

31、aying, to cry D. to stay, to cry (3) I wondered whether the film was _ worth _. A. very, to see B. well, seeing C. very, begin seen D. well, to be seen 4) The man managed to make himself _ with his _ French. A. understood, breakingB. understand, broken C. understand, breakingD. understood, broken (5

32、) I forbid _ here. Who has permitted you _ here? A. smoking, to smokeB. smoke, smoking C. smoking, smokingD. to smoke, smoking,EX.2】：選擇正確的選項填空,6) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive (7) A person _ a foreign language mus

33、t be able to use the foreign language _ all his own. A. learning, forgetting B. who learns, to forget C. to learn, to forget D. using, but (8) _ from the moon, our earth, with water _ seventy percent of its surface, appear as a “blue ball”. A. Seen, covered B. Seeing, covering C. Seen, covering D. T

34、o see, to cover (9) As she is looking forward to _ from me, please remember _ this letter on your way to school. A. hear, post B. hearing, to post C. be heard, posting D. be hearing, to posting,Answers: 1-9 BBBDA/ AACB,英語語法學(xué)習(xí)系列,非謂語形式(3,一 非謂語形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),含義,表示三種非謂語的邏輯主語，如,1) Its very important to study sc

35、ience. (2) Would you mind smoking here,上面句(1)中的不定式to study science,說話人沒有說明是誰學(xué)習(xí) 科學(xué)，如果要說清楚是誰學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)，我們只要在不定式前面加上 for sb. to study science就可以了，句子可以變?yōu)?1) Its very important for us/ you/ themto study science,這里的for us/ you/ themto study science就叫做 動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),同樣，句中(2)的動名詞smoking，說話人也沒有說明介不介 意誰抽煙，如果要說明介不介意誰抽煙

36、，我們就在前面加上 sb.或sbs smoking,句子變?yōu)?2) Would you mind me/ my/ him/ his/ Jim/ Jimssmoking here,這里的me/ my/ him/ his/ Jim/ Jimssmoking 就叫作 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),1.不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),1) It is incredible for Peter to swim across the Atlantic Ocean in three days,for Peter to swim 在句子中充當(dāng)主語,2) This can make it possible for agriculture

37、 and industry to develop rapidly,for agriculture and industry to develop 在句子中充當(dāng)賓語,3) There are too many things for every one of us to learn in life,for every one of us to learn 在句子中充當(dāng)定語,4) The best choice is for us to keep it as a secret from her,for us to keep 在句子中充當(dāng)表語,不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)除了for sb./ sth. to do

38、 之外還有一種形式: of sb. to do,用法: 當(dāng)前面有表示人的品質(zhì)的形容詞時,就用of sb. to do的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),1) Itsverykindofyoutohelpme. (2) Itscleverofyoutoworkoutthemathsproblem. (3) Itsveryniceofyoutooffermeaseat,4) Itiscarelessofhimtolosesomanythings. (5) It is wise of them to turn down the suggestion,從上面5個例句可以看出，這些句子都有兩個共同點(diǎn),a.不定式前面都有一個表示

39、人的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞,b. 這些形容詞與不定式的邏輯主語都存在邏輯上的系表關(guān)系，如句(1)中的you are kind; 句 (2)中的you are clever; 句(3)中的you are nice; 句(4)中的he is careless; 句(5)中的they are wise等等,而在Itsdifficultforyoutodealwiththeproblem.這個句子中就不能說youaredifficult,1) It was impolite _ without _ good-bye. A. of him to leave; saying B. of him leaving

40、; to say C. for him to leave; to say D. for him leaving; saying (2) Im surprised to find it easy _on it in a short time. A. them working B. for them working C. of them to work D. for them to work,Ex】選擇正確的選項填空,Answers: (1) A; (2) D,2. 動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),形式：名語/ 名詞所有格或形容詞物主代詞/ 代詞賓格+doing,作主語時只能用名詞所有格或形容詞物主代詞,1) L

41、i Mings joining in our physics group is agreed by all of us,Li Mings joining在句子中作主語，不能用Li Ming joining,2) I cant understand you/ your leaving without saying good-bye to me,you/ your leaving在句子中作賓語,3) I was surprised at Robert/ Roberts having completed the task so soon,Robert/ Roberts having complete

42、d在句子中作賓語,4) The surprise is her coming here,her coming在句子中作賓語,1. I would appreciate _ back this afternoon. A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. youre calling,Ex】選擇正確的選項填空,2) I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. you delay

43、ing to make D. you delay to make (3) She apologized to me for _to inform me of the change in the plan. A. her not being able B. her being not able C. not being able D. that shes not able to (4) _ made her parents worried a lot. A. Her not to come back B. Not her to come back C. Not her coming back D

44、. Her not coming back (5) _ the prize was the pride of our class. A. Mary to win B. Mary winning C. Marys winning D. Mary won,Answers: 1-5 CBCDC,3.分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)又稱作分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),形式：名詞或代詞主格+現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞,用法：當(dāng)分詞作狀語時，它有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語，而不再用句 子的主語當(dāng)作自己的邏輯主語！如,1) Hearing the news，they all jumped with joy (2) Encouraged

45、 by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle,句(1)中作原因狀語的hearing (“聽見”)的邏輯上的主語就是句子的主語they; 同樣句(2)中Encouraged的邏輯上的主語也是句子的主語the young people.句(1)兩者之間的關(guān)系為主動關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞的主動式，句(2)兩者之間的關(guān)系為被動關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞,1) Having arrived, the meeting was declared open,2) Painted white, we like t

46、he house better,分析下面兩個句子，你覺得它們對嗎,1) All the guests having arrived, the meeting was declared open,2) The house painted white, we like it better,上面兩個句子在英語中是不對的！因?yàn)樽鳡钫Z的分詞與句子的主語不能構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，要使它們正確，我們可以在分詞前面加出其邏輯主語,這就是英語中分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)！再如,1) The day being fine, we decided to go swimming,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)The day being fin

47、e在句中作原因狀語,2) The job done, we went home,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)The job done在句中作時間狀語,3) Weather permitting， well go to the West Lake,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)Weather permitting在句中作條件狀語,4) The baby fell from the cradle, blood coming down from his face,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)blood coming down在句中作伴隨狀語,1. 名詞 / 代詞 + 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save

48、every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我們必須節(jié)省每一分錢。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 現(xiàn)在李蕾來了，魏方明天到。 2. 名詞 / 代詞 + 形容詞。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面濘泥，我們應(yīng)該小心。 3. 名詞 / 代詞 + 副詞。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下課后，我們都出去玩。 4. 名詞 / 代詞 + 介詞短語。如： Glasses in his hand, he asked where his

49、glasses were. 手里拿著眼鏡，他問他的眼鏡哪去了,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的一些其它形式,還有一種就是我們經(jīng)常見到的with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),形式,with + 名詞或代詞 + 形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞,否定含義可以用without,1) _, we had to stay at home all day. A The day being very cold B While a very cold day C It was a very cold day D Being a very cold day (2) The children went home from the grammar sc

50、hool, their lessons _ for the day. A. finishingB. finished C. had finishedD. were finished,如：He spoke to us with his mouth full of food. 她口里含著食物跟我們說話。 He left the office with the lights on. 他離開了辦公室，讓燈亮著。 The engineer came with a notebook in his hand. 那個工程師手里拿著筆記本過來了。 Dont brush your teeth with water

51、 running. 不要在刷牙時讓水流著。 With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried. 這么多工作要做，經(jīng)理覺得很焦急。 With the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round it in another way. 由于道路被堵，他們不得不轉(zhuǎn)身從另一條路繞過去,Ex】選擇正確的選項填空,3) _ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since (4) The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most