非謂語動詞升華提高

1、謂語動詞升華提高1. 非謂語動詞的語法功能所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞种髡Z表語賓語賓語（主 語）補足 語定語插入語（獨立成分）V-ing 形式現(xiàn)在分 詞動名詞不定式（to do）過去分詞（done）注：常見作獨立成分的非謂語動詞to tell you the truth（ 實話說），needless to say（不用說），to be honest/frank（老實說，坦白說）, to be more exact（ 更確切地說 ）,to make things worse （ 更糟的是）,not to mention 更不用 說），Gen erally / Fran kly / Roughly Exactl

2、y sp eaki ng （ 一般說來 / 坦白說 / 粗略地說 / 準(zhǔn)確 地說）2. 非謂語動詞的變化形式（見下頁表格）非 謂 語 形 式構(gòu)成時態(tài)語態(tài)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)否疋式主動被動不 定 式一般 式to doto be donefor sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to前加not 或 never進行 式to have doneto have bee ndone完成 式to be doing/完成 進行 式to have bee n doi ng/動 名 詞一般 式Doi ngbeing donesb.或 sb s doing 作主語要用sb s doing在前加

3、not 特別注意復(fù)合結(jié) 構(gòu)的否定式：sb s not doing sb snot having do ne完成 式havi ng donehavi ng bee n do ne現(xiàn) 在 分 詞與動名詞變化形式相同在前加not:重難點（一）辨別謂語與非謂語特別注意分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)才能辨別謂語與非謂語。_ less tha n 40 pounds The traffic rule says young childre n un der the age of four andmust be in a child safety seat.D. weighi ngA. being weighedB. wei

4、ghsC. weighedblood if you can and many lives will be saved.D. To giveA. Giv ingB. GiveC. Give n（二）非謂語作主語、賓語的重點1.it充當(dāng)動詞不定式的形式主語或形式賓語 It is imp orta nt for us to learn En glish very well.對我們來說學(xué)好英語是非常重要的。 .我認(rèn)為對我們來說學(xué)好英語是非常重要的。it作形式主語使用動名詞的句型 It is no use/no good/useless+doing sth.哭沒有用。 It is fun（a great

5、 p leasure, a waste of time）.設(shè)法解釋是浪費時間。2. 用不定式還是用動名詞作賓語有特殊規(guī)定 I don t wantlike I m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager s plan is unfair.A. to sound B. to be soun dedC. soundingD. to have soun ded類似的知識點要記牢。如：help, hope, ask, refuse, decide, promise, wish, pretend, expect,arran ge, lear n, plan, d

6、ema nd, dare, man age, agree, prep are, fail, determ ine, offer, choose, desire, elect, long等動詞后要用動詞不定式作賓語。 It is difficult to imagi ne histhe decisi on without any con siderati on.A. acce ptB. acce ptingC. to acce pt D. acce pted類似的知識點要記牢。下列常見的這些動詞（組）后要用動詞動名詞作賓語suggest, risk, devote on eself to （建議

7、冒險去獻(xiàn)身）fini sh, imagi ne, bear/sta nd, look forward to（完成想象忍盼望）give up, delay/put off, regret, miss（放棄延期悔失去）in sist on /stick to, enjoy/a pp reciate, fe el like, p ractice （堅持欣賞要實踐） pay attention to, excuse, escape/avoid, object to（注意原諒逃 /避反對）kee p, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind（保持習(xí)慣勿介意）be wo

8、rth, set about/burst out/get dow n to, be busy（值得開始將忙乎）3. 用不定式還是用動名詞作賓語意義不同In some p arts of London, miss ing a bus meansfor ano ther hour.A. wait ingB. to wait C. wait D. to be waiti ng類似的知識點要記牢。 動詞本身意義不變，跟不定式和動名詞意義不同remember to do sth. 記住要做 remember doing sth. 記得過去做過 forget to do sth.忘了已做過的事 forge

9、t doi ng sth. 忘記要做某事 動詞本身意義改變，跟不定式和動名詞意義不同regret to do sth.對馬上要或不做的事表示遺憾 regret doing sth.對已發(fā)生的事表示遺憾或后悔 mean to do sth.打算，想要 mean doing 意味著，意思是try to do sth. 努力做某事try doi ng sth. 嘗試做某事can t help doing sth情不自禁，忍不住can t help (to) do sth不能幫忙做某事be considered to have done 被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)做了consider to be認(rèn)為是 conside

10、r doing 考慮做某事動詞本身意義不變，跟不定式被動式和動名詞意義相同want，need, require接動名詞表示被動意義，接不定式就要用被動式，這時主語與動名詞 之間為動賓關(guān)系These young trees require looking after ( =to be looked after ).The matter n eeds thi nki ng over(=to be thought over).下列動詞跟動詞不定式做目的狀語，跟動名詞作賓語stop to do停下來，要做另一件事（不定式作目的狀語）stop doing停止做（動名詞作賓語）go on to do接著做

11、另一件事（不定式作目的狀語）go on doing繼續(xù)做同一件事（動名詞作賓語）4. 有些動詞后要用疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作復(fù)合賓語It is said that in Australia there is more land tha n the gover nment knows.A. it what to do withB. what to do it withC. what to do with itD. to do what with it（三）非謂語作表語的重點不定式、動名詞與分詞作表語的區(qū)別。不定式和動名詞作表語相當(dāng)于一個名詞作表語，含義是回答主語是什么”；分詞作表語相當(dāng)于形容詞作表

12、語，含義是回答主語怎么樣”。Our plan is to keep the affair secret.我們的計劃是讓這件事成為秘密。.他們的工作是為殘疾人制造輪椅。The music they are p lay ing sounds excit ing.他們演奏的音樂聽起來令人激動。這個美麗的村莊仍未外界所知。怎么 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別。現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語都是用于回答主語 樣”的?，F(xiàn)在分詞說明主語的特征，過去分詞說明主語的狀態(tài)。如：This dog is.這條狗讓人害怕。（說明狗的特征）This dog is.這條狗有些害怕。（說明狗的心理狀態(tài)）Climbi ng is t

13、iri ng and we are comp letely tired after a days climbi ng.爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我們都全累壞了。（tiring說明climbing的特征，tired說明我們的狀態(tài)）注意：在下列句中，非謂語動詞具體的語法功能What he wan ted to suggest is to cut dow n the price and in crease the sales.他想建議的是降價促銷。（不定式作表語，說明主語是什么”）My America n teacher is to leave China soon.我的美國老師即將離開中國。（不定

14、式作表語，表示將來）Her work is tak ing care of the childre n.她的工作是照顧小孩。（現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，說明主語是什么”She is taking care of the childre n.她在照料小孩。（構(gòu)成進行時，說明主語正在執(zhí)行的動作）The cup is broken.杯子碎了。（過去分詞作表語，說明主語所處的狀態(tài)）The cup was broken by Peter.杯子是被彼得打壞的。（構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，說明主語是動作的承 受者）（四）非謂語作賓語補足語的重點1. 理解下表中所列的關(guān)系非謂語與賓語的邏輯關(guān) 系與謂語動作的時間關(guān)系不定式主動關(guān)系

15、在謂語動詞后發(fā)生 不帶to的不疋式表示動作的全過程現(xiàn)在分詞主動關(guān)系同時進行過去分詞被動關(guān)系動作已經(jīng)完成或表示狀態(tài)When I came in, I saw her dancing happ ily.（主動進行）I saw him goto the cin ema.（主動，全過程）We heard her singing next door.（主動進行）We heard the song sung by her next door.（被動完成）We heard the song being sung next door.（被動進行）wish, want, ask, require/request

16、, en courage, inspire, call on, depend on 注意：advise/allow/permit/forbid + advise/allow/permit/forbid +2. 下列動詞和短語必須以用不定式作賓語補足語order, warn, allow/permit,forbid, expect, remind.賓語+不定式作賓語補足語 動名詞作賓語時 What did the libraria nout of the library?A. p ermit to takeB. forbid to be take nC. allow to takeD. in s

17、ist being take nat all. I don t allowin my office and I don t allow my familyA. to smoke smokingB. smoking to smokeC. to smoke to smokeD. smokin g smoking3. 在 think, consider, find 等動詞后常用 to be + adj. 結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補足語，有時to be 省略。We all discover him （to be） kind and hon est.4. 幾個特別的結(jié)構(gòu)one have+賓語 +do/do in g/

18、d “ have +賓語+ do sth意為讓/叫/使某人做某事”。此結(jié)構(gòu)中的have是使役動詞，賓語后的do sth是不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。The boss ofte nfor 14 hours a day.老板經(jīng)常要他們一天工作14個小時。 “have +賓語+ doing ”意為 叫/讓/使某人做某事或讓某種情況發(fā)生”。賓語后面用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，表示賓語與現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作之間為主動關(guān)系，且動作正在進行。Don much, Lilin. 李林，另寸讓狗狂吠不停。 “ have +賓語+done”意為 讓/叫/使/請別人做某事”或者是 遭受/遭遇了，此時，主語 是無意中的

19、受害者，而不是動作的執(zhí)行者”的意思。賓語后面用過去分詞作賓語補足語，說明賓語與過去分詞表示的動作之間是被動關(guān)系。Wejust now. 我們剛才請人把機器修好了。Hewhile p layi ng football.他在踢足球時腿受了傷。 get+ 賓語 +to do/doing/done三種結(jié)構(gòu)的意義請參看上述“ have賓語+do/doing/ done 的意義解釋。Hehis clothes. 他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。Can you reallyaga in你真的能讓那輛舊鐘再走起來嗎？Dorisin the hos pital.多麗絲在醫(yī)院把壞牙拔了。 catch sb. doing st

20、h 逮住某人干某事If she , she ll be furious.如果 make + on eself + done , on eself與其后的過去分詞存在著動賓關(guān)系，或者說是被動關(guān)系He raised his voice in order to.他提高了嗓門為了使別人聽清（五）非謂語作定語的重點1.理解下表中所列的關(guān)系分類形式與被修飾詞的邏輯關(guān)系與謂語動作的時間關(guān)系不定式to do動賓關(guān)系在謂語動作后發(fā)生“ the last/next/first. 后常接不疋式作疋語， 表示主謂關(guān)系在謂語動作前或者后發(fā)生to be done被動關(guān)系在謂語動作后發(fā)生現(xiàn)在分詞Doi ng主動關(guān)系與謂語動

21、作同時進行be ing do ne被動關(guān)系與謂語動作同時進行過去分詞Done被動關(guān)系在謂語動作之前發(fā)生存在的狀態(tài)或情況It is a good chanee. 這是練習(xí)你的口語的好機會。He was the last one. 他是最后一個離開辦公室的。The woma nis our En glish teacher.站在那邊的那個婦女是我們的英語老師。The house(=which will be built/which is to be built)n ext year will be our new library.(將要建的)The house(=which is being bu

22、ilt) now will be our new library.(正在建的)The house(=which was built) last year is our new library now.(已經(jīng)建成的)I like reading books. 我喜歡讀魯迅寫的小說。2.動詞不定式尾后的介詞不能丟When I han ded the report to Joh n, he said that George was the person.A. to sendB. for sending itC. to send it toD. for sending it to（六）非謂語作狀語的重

23、點1.理解下表中所列的關(guān)系（=When I was wait ing） to see the doctormet with a friend of mine.-（=Because we have） made full preparations, we are sure to besuccessful.to see the laboratory.beautiful. （=When he was locked） up in the room, he found himselfisolated from the outer world.2.too to，eno ugh to do ，only等結(jié)構(gòu)表

24、示結(jié)果（=After we had bee n show n） the library, we were the n take n（=Whe n the tow n is see n） from the hill, the tow n looks moreThe boy isThe hall is這廳大得足以容納一千人。.這男孩太小參不了海軍。非謂語與邏輯主語（即句子的主 語）的關(guān)系與謂語動作的時間關(guān)系doing （般式）作狀語主動關(guān)系（幾乎）與謂語動作同時進行having done （元成式）作狀語主動關(guān)系先于謂語動作發(fā)生having been done （元成被動式）作狀語被動關(guān)系先于謂語

25、動作發(fā)生done （過去分詞）作狀 語被動關(guān)系已經(jīng)在過去發(fā)生或是 不十分強調(diào)時間概念on their own feet.They他們搬起石頭結(jié)果卻砸了自己的腳。注意：不定式作結(jié)果作狀語表示未曾預(yù)料的結(jié)果，而現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語表示自然而然 或必然的結(jié)果。Her husba nd died in 1942, leavi ng her with five childre n.The bus was held up by sno wstorm, thus caus ing the delay.3. 分詞（短語）作狀語的附著規(guī)則使用分詞（短語）作句子狀語時，有一條規(guī)則必須遵守：即分詞（短語）的邏輯主語應(yīng)

26、當(dāng) 與句子的主語一致，否則句子就是錯句。from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.A. SeenB. SeeingC. Have see n D. To see對比： Seeing from the top of the tower, we can find the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.主要：已經(jīng)成為固定用法的非謂語動詞（短語）不需要遵守這條附著規(guī)則常見的的有：considering鑒于/考慮到 ）,judging

27、by/from（從 來看，依據(jù) 來判斷），supposing that （假定 ），providing that （假定 ），according to （依 據(jù) ），including 包括 ），owing to （由于 ），talking/speaking談及 ）given 考慮至U ）, provided that 女口果（ ）4. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)和 with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯主語+不定式/現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞I send you 100 dollars today, the restin a year.今天我先給你寄100美元。其余的錢一年內(nèi)陸續(xù)寄過去。Weather , I go to the

28、park with my parents on Sun day.如果天氣允許，星期天我將和爸媽去公園。All things, the planned trip will have to be called off.考慮到所有的情況，原來計劃好的旅行不得不取消。 with（without）+ 賓語 +不定式/現(xiàn)在分詞 /過去分詞With,the n ewly elected p reside nt is hav ing a hard time.有很多難題要解決新任總統(tǒng)日子可不好過！Without any thi ng to eat, he died of hun ger.由于沒有東西吃，他餓死了

29、。every day.The Yan gtze river is very busy with so many boats and ships每天長江上各種船只來來往往顯得格外忙碌。Without any more time give n, we could nt finish the task in three weeks.如果不另給我們時間的話，我們?nèi)瞧谥畠?nèi)完成不了任務(wù)。With everyth ing, he left the office.一切都安排妥善之后，他離開了辦公室。（七）不定式的省略不定式的省略我們可以分作兩種， 一種是對不定式符號 “to的省略（如: make sb. d

30、o sth 等）;另一種則是不定式符號 “ to后省略實義動詞的形式。 這兒講的是第二種情況 （又稱不 定式符號to的替代作用）。常見情形有： would/should like/love to, used to, have to, ought to, be going to, be able to, be willing to 等后面的to均為不定式符號，重復(fù)時可省略to后該不定式短語。如：Could you lend me your dict ion ary?能把你的詞典借給我嗎？(le nd you my diction ary). 行。 動詞 afford, agree, expect

31、, forget, hope, intend, man age, n eed, p rete nd, refuse, try, want, wish等后面常接不定式短語作賓語，重復(fù)時可省略to后該賓語。如：You may ask him for help i(ask him for help).如果你愿意，可以請他幫你 動詞 allow, beg, expect, forbi .d, force, invite, order, permit, tell, persuade等后面常接不定式短語作賓語補足語，重復(fù)時可省略to后該賓語補足語。女0: I ll go to her birthday p

32、arty if (go to her birthday party).如果她邀請我參加她的生日聚會，我會去。（八）非謂語動詞的邏輯主語一般說來非謂語動詞的邏輯主語要么就是句子的主語或賓語，要么就是被它所修飾的 中心詞。但是有時需要明確非謂語動詞所表示動作的執(zhí)行者或承受者，這時就要標(biāo)明它的 邏輯主語。當(dāng)動名詞短語作主語、賓語或表語時，具有名詞特性，其邏輯主語由名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞”表示，放在動名詞短語之前。當(dāng)動名詞短語不在句首時，也可由名詞普通格或代詞賓格”表示。made the teacher very angry.海倫/她沒來上課，讓老師很生氣。at the meet ing.The

33、y in sisted on他們堅持要我在會上發(fā)言。形容詞+for +名詞或代詞 +動詞不定式,形容詞通常表示事物的性質(zhì)14 isbefore Friday.你們in differe nt cars.His idea is他的主意是讓我們乘不同的車去旅游。 形容詞+of+名詞或代詞 +動詞不定式形容詞往往表示人物的性格和特征How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase!他真不小心，把如此貴重的花瓶打破了。the burning buildi ng to save the baby!It，你真勇敢，沖進著火的大樓里救這個嬰兒（九）

34、關(guān)于 there be 的非謂語形式there be非謂語形式可在句中作主語、賓語、狀語和定語1.作動詞賓語時，通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用there being。能這樣用的及物動詞為:expect, like , mean , intend , want , prefer , hate 等，如：We dont want there to be any comrades laggi ng beh ind.我們不希望有任何同志掉隊。They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他們不愿意處處都要排長隊。We have no objecti

35、on to_there being a meet ing here .我們并不反對在這里開會。注釋：我們有動詞 object to doing 這里to為介詞因此后面的 there be 的be動詞應(yīng)該為 being.2. 作狀語多用there being結(jié)構(gòu)，但若置于介詞for之后要用there to beThere being n obody else at han d, I had to do by myself .由于附近沒有人，我只得獨自干了。（原因狀語）It s too early for there tobe anybody up .太早了，還不會有人起床。（作程度狀語）the

36、gro und was very dry.（原因狀語）引導(dǎo)則要用there to be.There havi ng bee n no rain for a long time ,因為好長時間沒下雨了，地面非常干燥。3. 作主語時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可以，但如是用forIt is not un com mon for there to be p roblems of com muni cati on betwee n old and young.老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問題是很常見的。There being a kin dergarte n on campus is a great convenienc

37、e to female teachers.校園內(nèi)有幼兒園對女教師十分方便?？键c聚焦考點一：辨別謂語與非謂語Please do me a favorA. to in vitemy frie nd Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 toni ght.B. i nvit ingC. i nviteD. i nvited考點二：非謂語動詞做各成分時的區(qū)別1. 作賓語時的區(qū)別 I can t standworks.A. work ing , stoppingB. to work, stoppingC. work ing, to sto pD. to work , to

38、 sto p Isnt it time you got dow n tothe papers?A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private carsn eed.A. that, to be improvedB. which , to be imp rovedC. where, improvingD. whe n, improving Susa n wan ted to be independent of her paren

39、ts.She triedalone, but she didn t like it and moved back home.A. livi ngB. to live C. to be living D. havi ng lived All the staff in our company are consideringto the city cen tre for the fashi on show.A. to go B. going C. to have gone D. havi ng gone2. 作表語時的區(qū)別 Tom sounds very muchin the job, but IA

40、. in terestedB. in teresti ngC. in terest in glyD. in terestedly Please rema in;the winner of the p rize will be announ ced soon.A. seati ng B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated3. 作賓語（主語）補足語時的區(qū)別 The teacher asked usso much no ise.A. don t makeB. not makeC. not makingD. not to make 一Excuse me sir, wh

41、ere is Room 301?Just a minute. I ll have Bobyou to your room.A. show B. shows C. to show D. show ing A cook will be immediately fired if he was foundin kitche n.A. smoke B. smok ing C. to smokeD. smoked To lear n En glish well, we should find opportun ities to hearEn glishas much as we can.A. speakB

42、. speak ing C.spoken D. to speak4. 作后置定語時的區(qū)別 If there is a lot of workun til it is fini shed.A. to do B. to be doingwith Jane in the same office. She just refusestaiki ng while sheroad conditions m not sure whether he can man age it.m happykeep onC. done D. doing When I han ded the report to Joh n,

43、he said that George was the personA. to sendB. for sending itC. to send it toD. for sending it top ays the meal. 一The last oneAgreed!A. arrived B. arrives C. to arriveD. arriv ing The Chi nese are p roud of the 29th Oly mp ic Gamesin Beijing in 2008.A. hold B. holdi ng C. heldD. to be held Readi ng

44、is an exp erie nee quite differe nt from watch ing TV;there are pi cturesin your mind in stead of before your eyes.A. to form B. formC. formi ngD. havi ng formed At the begi nning of class, the no ise of deskscould be heard outside the classroom.A. opened and closedB. to be opened and closedC. being

45、 opened and closedD. to open and close The Town Hallin the 1800 s was the modfetinguished building at that time.A. to be comp letedC. comp leted一Can thoseNo p roblem.A. seatB. sit5.作狀語時的區(qū)別 He hurried to the book ing office onlyB. hav ing bee n comp letedD. being comp letedC. seated D. satat the back

46、 of the classroom hear me?that all the tickets has bee n sold out.A. to be told B. to tell C. told D. telli nga record US $57.65 a Oil p rices have rise n by 32 percent since the start of the year,barrel on April 4.A. have reached B. reachi ngC. to reach D. to be reach ing The storm left ,a lot of d

47、amage to this area .A. causedB. to have causedC. to causeD. havi ng caused “You can t catch me! ” Janet shouted,away.A. run B. running C. to runD. ran to reach them on the phone, we sent an email in stead.s Nest for the 2008A. FailB. Failed C. To fail D. Havi ng failed aroundthe Water Cube, we were

48、then taken to see the BirdOlym pic Games.A. Having show nB. To be show nC. Having bee n show nD. To show in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook tha n a doctor.A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dress ing D. Having dressed into use in April 2000, the hotl ine was meant for reside nts reporting water an

49、dheat ing supply breakdow ns.A. Put B. P utt ingC. Havi ng put D. Bei ng put考點三：分詞（短語）作狀語的附屬規(guī)則 Faced with a bill for $10,000,.A. an extra job has bee n give n to Joh nB. the boss has give n Joh n an extra jobC. an extra job has bee n take nD. Joh n has take n an extra job , the more expen sive the c

50、amera, the better its quality.A. Gen eral sp eak ingB. Sp eak ing gen eralC. Gen erally sp eak ingD. Sp eak ing gen erally with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocea n does not seem big at all.A. CompareB. When comparingC. ComparingD. When comp ared考點四：非謂語動詞的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)1. 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和否定結(jié)構(gòu) It was fooli

51、shyou to give up what you rightly own ed.A. for B. of C. about D. from To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule.A. to n ever breakB. n ever to be broke nC. n ever to have broke nD. n ever to be break ing The p atie nt was warnedoily food after the op erati on.A. to eat notB. eati ng notC.

52、 not to eatD. not eati ng2. 動詞不定式的省略結(jié)構(gòu) 一What s the matter with Della?Well, her parents wouldn t allow her to go to the party, but she stillA. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes for 一Would you like to join me for a quick lunch before class?, but I pro mised Nancy to go out with her.A. I d lik

53、e to Blike itCdon tDwill In my opinion, life in the twen ty-first cen tury is much easier tha n A. that used to beB. it is used toC. it was used toD. it used to be3. 不定式的幾個特別句型 It is said in Australia there is more land tha n the gover nment knows.A. it what to do withB. what to do it withC. what to

54、 do with itD. to do what with it I like gett ing up very early in summer. The morning air is so good A. to be breathedB. to breatheC. breath ingD. being breathed 一Is Bob still performing?the stage already as he has become an official.B. to leaveD. to be leftby viruses that like to rep roduce in the cell in side the huma nI m afraid not. He is saidA. to have leftC. to have bee n left The flu is believed _B. being caused D. to have causednose and throat.A. caus ingC. to be caused4