畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯--國際貨運貨代企業(yè)經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略分析及發(fā)展預測(適用于畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

1、譯文標題原文標題國際貨運貨代企業(yè)經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略分析及發(fā)展預測international freight forwarding business strategy analysis anddevelopment forecasts作者he lihuan譯名何力環(huán)國 籍中國原文出處economist 2010國際貨運貨代企業(yè)經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略分析及發(fā)展預測國際貨運代理是服務性行業(yè)中的一種類型，1926 年 5 月 31 日在維也那成立的 國際貨運代理協(xié)會聯(lián)合會 (fiata) 作為聯(lián)合國的常設顧問機構(gòu)和一個在世界范圍 內(nèi)最大的非政府和非贏利機構(gòu)，其對國際貨運代理的定義是“根據(jù)客戶的指示， 并為客戶的利益而攬取貨物

2、運輸?shù)娜耍浔救瞬⒉皇浅羞\人 ，貨運代理也可以 依這些條件，從事與運輸合同有關(guān)的活動，如集貨、報關(guān)、報驗、收款?！蔽覈?1995 年頒布的中華人民共和國國際貨物運輸代理業(yè)管理規(guī)定對其定義為“接受進 出口貨物收貨人、發(fā)貨人的委托，以委托人的名義或以自己的名義，為委托人辦 理國際貨物運輸及相關(guān)業(yè)務并收取服務報酬的行業(yè)?！笨梢妭鹘y(tǒng)的國際貨運代理業(yè) 務是指國際貨運代理企業(yè)為當事人辦理國際貨物運輸及相關(guān)業(yè)務并收取服務報酬 的行業(yè)。國際貨運代理利用自身的有利條件，精通業(yè)務，熟悉國際貨運市場的供 求變化，航線運價的季節(jié)變化，熟悉各種運輸手段及相關(guān)法律規(guī)定，與承運企業(yè)、 貿(mào)易方、以及保險、銀行、海關(guān)、商檢、港

3、口等有著廣泛的聯(lián)系和密切的關(guān)系， 從而在較大范圍內(nèi)為委托人辦理國際貨物運輸業(yè)務提供較好的服務，并在國際貿(mào) 易運輸發(fā)展過程中起著非常重要的作用。國際貨運代理行業(yè)雖然已經(jīng)有百年以上的歷史，然而隨著社會的發(fā)展，尤其 是基于國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的信息技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展及當代物流行業(yè)的發(fā)展和逐步形成，傳 統(tǒng)的國際貨運代理行業(yè)受到了巨大的挑戰(zhàn)和沖擊。作為國際化的服務行業(yè)，中國 年輕的國際貨運代理行業(yè)一樣不可避免地要面對這種挑戰(zhàn)和沖擊。其實中國的國 際貨代行業(yè)在 2000 年已經(jīng)走向分化，2001 年我們將看到已經(jīng)開始的分化所帶來的 更明顯的效果，傳統(tǒng)的貨運代理業(yè)將感受到更加巨大的生存和發(fā)展壓力。在此背 景下，必須從戰(zhàn)略

4、的角度去分析研究中國貨代業(yè)的形成、結(jié)構(gòu)、走勢與前途。貨 代企業(yè)也必須重新思索自己的定位與歸宿。一、中國國際貨運代理行業(yè)的形成及演變（1）國家壟斷階段1993 年以前，由中國外貿(mào)運輸總公司暨業(yè)內(nèi)常說的中外運(sinotrans)在國家 政策保護下高度壟斷外貿(mào)運輸業(yè)。共 5 頁第 1 頁（2）1993-2000 承運人控制的貨運市場階段前期階段，貨代市場由壟斷走向開放經(jīng)營，但對外資企業(yè)依然嚴格限制，目 前國內(nèi)的大部分貨代企業(yè)都是這一時期設立和發(fā)展的，目前總數(shù)已經(jīng)在 2000 家以 上，市場空前繁榮。由于在這一時期航運市場并沒有完全開放，但改革開放帶來 的經(jīng)濟增長帶動進出口貿(mào)易猛增，中國航運市場的需

5、求大于供給，按照經(jīng)濟學的 規(guī)律供給方占據(jù)了更有利的談判地位，貨運市場的控制權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移到承運人一方，有 些基本的現(xiàn)象可以證明以上的分析，例如目前中國至歐洲航線的運價水平還沒有 90 年代中期的水平；那時因船舶艙位不足而甩貨的現(xiàn)象也時有發(fā)生等。在這一階 段，航運市場供給不足、運價信息不透明、由于政策的保護而很少有外資企業(yè)的 競爭、承運人貨運網(wǎng)絡不完善而對貨運代理的依賴等原因，使國內(nèi)貸代企業(yè)用簡 單的經(jīng)營手段卻賺取了超額利潤，享受了短暫的“黃金時代”完成了一定的資本 積累，也形成了行業(yè)的初期規(guī)模。后期階段這一階段是貨運市場分化的前導，國 內(nèi)中國遠洋運輸公司 (cosco)中國海運公司 (csco) 等大

6、型承運人企業(yè)紛紛設立自 己的貨代機構(gòu)，航運市場的開放使外資船公司，這些大型全球承運人開始直接向 國內(nèi)的貨主企業(yè)攬取貨載，目前交通部批準的已有 15 家以上外國船公司在華設立 獨資公司，另有 270 處以上的代表機構(gòu)，全球 20 大班輪公司無一例外進入了中國 市場，oocl 東方海外班輪公司不但介入了 12 條內(nèi)支線，還同鐵路部門合作，開出 了鄭州香港等 6 條鐵路集裝箱干線專列，在艙位與訂艙回傭決定著傳統(tǒng)貨代業(yè) 經(jīng)營與利潤空間的市場里，貨代中間人的身份受到挑戰(zhàn)，經(jīng)營環(huán)境日趨惡化，老 牌的 sinotrans 也無力阻擋市場的規(guī)律。例如上海航運交易所的設立及運價指數(shù) 的公布使運價市場信息公開化，

7、可以標志著貨代暴利時代的結(jié)束；2000 年 6 月以 來，上海 9 家班輪公司以市場變化為由，先是取消上海至東南亞各地區(qū)的到付運 費傭金，接著到歐洲、澳、新航線的到付傭金由 2.5%降到 1.5%，雖然經(jīng)各方交涉 而有所抵制，但傭金制度已經(jīng)動搖。船公司在其自身已經(jīng)具備貨代功能的前提下 對公共貨運代理的依賴性顯著降低。承運人一體化銷售的成熟，并不僅僅威脅到 眼前的代理傭金，而是作為中間環(huán)節(jié)的傳統(tǒng)貨代企業(yè)面臨被淘汰的威脅，貨代企 業(yè)在這一時期比前期明顯衰落，如果繼續(xù)在市場中生存必須尋找新的利潤空間， 構(gòu)筑新的核心競爭能力，這也是我國貨代市場走向分化的動因。（3）2000 年開始的分化時期國際航運、

8、國際貿(mào)易市場的規(guī)范和完善使貨代企業(yè)面對嚴峻的生存市場環(huán)境， 開始反思與探索，靠出售提單、倒賣差價、套取傭金牟取暴利的時代已經(jīng)過去， 貨代業(yè)在特定的社會經(jīng)濟背景條件下經(jīng)歷了畸形的不正常時期而開始自我調(diào)整， 在服務創(chuàng)新、企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型等方面開始戰(zhàn)略思考，正在向提供增值服務，創(chuàng)造市場價 值的新經(jīng)營群體轉(zhuǎn)化尋找突破。貨代行業(yè)的最初結(jié)構(gòu)，很大程度上是由行業(yè)內(nèi)的競爭者，供給者和需求者的共 5 頁第 2 頁運行方式?jīng)Q定的，這種結(jié)構(gòu)極不穩(wěn)定，在大規(guī)模的經(jīng)濟、技術(shù)變革和競爭變化的 條件下，行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)就會發(fā)生變化，上面的過程就很好的說明了這點。二、國際貨運代理企業(yè)當前的宏觀環(huán)境分析在政治法律、經(jīng)濟、科技、文化等眾多宏觀因

9、素中，兩個因素將對國內(nèi)的貨 運代理業(yè)產(chǎn)生影響，一個是中國即將加入世界貿(mào)易組織 (wto) 一個是以 internet 為代表的信息技術(shù)的廣泛應用。辯證唯物論要求我們從兩個方面看問題，對于中國加入 wto，我們既要看到帶 來的威脅，也要看到帶來的機會。威脅：威脅主要來自于對競爭的擔心。由于 wto 的加入，中國將逐步徹底開 放貨運代理市場，逐步取消目前對外資企業(yè)在華設立獨資企業(yè)的限制，國外的貨 運代理公司將在中國市場同中國企業(yè)直接競爭，他們多年的經(jīng)營管理經(jīng)驗、雄厚 的資本、國際化的網(wǎng)絡經(jīng)營不可避免的要沖擊國內(nèi)企業(yè)。但這也給了國內(nèi)企業(yè)更 多的學習借鑒的機會，同時我們必須看到在競爭的國際市場上狹隘的

10、民族主義是不足取的，只有市場的規(guī)范、規(guī)模、繁榮才能帶來企業(yè)的成長“窩里斗”的市場不會造就強者。孫子兵法勢篇“故善戰(zhàn)者，求之于勢，不求于人?！奔戎荒?借助于自己強大不可戰(zhàn)勝之勢，而不要指望別人不來攻擊。機會：機會主要來自于貨運代理市場的規(guī)模、其容量將隨著 wto 的加入而得 以擴大。商品運輸和商品交換是互為條件的，貨物運輸市場是經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易對貨運勞 務需求基礎上產(chǎn)生的。與世界經(jīng)濟、國際貿(mào)易息息相關(guān)，當經(jīng)濟處于高速增長時 期，國際貿(mào)易將出現(xiàn)相應的增長，貨運市場也伴隨著出現(xiàn)活躍繁榮的景象。中國 加入 wto，其對外貿(mào)易規(guī)模將大幅度提高，根據(jù)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計，國際貿(mào)易額中 80%是通 過海運完成的，無疑國際貿(mào)易規(guī)

11、模的提高將擴大對貨運市場的需求，將給行業(yè)內(nèi) 的每一個企業(yè)帶來更多的機會。基于國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的信息技術(shù)普及應用對每一個行業(yè)的影響都將是深遠的，我 們雖然稱未來是信息的時代，還是不可能窺其全貌。但對于國際貨運代理企業(yè)， 至少信息技術(shù)極大的提高了效率，包括服務，管理等多方面，同時為國際貨運代 理企業(yè)向物流企業(yè)發(fā)展提供了極大可能。三、行業(yè)動態(tài)分析貨運市場是需求和供給的矛盾統(tǒng)一體，需求方為廣大的貨運服務消費者，即 客戶供給方就是眾多的貨運公司，業(yè)內(nèi)的眾多企業(yè)都是競爭者。企業(yè)要想在經(jīng)營 中取勝，除了分析大的宏觀環(huán)境和自己企業(yè)控制的資源外，還必須對所處的行業(yè) 環(huán)境進行認真的分析，制定出自己的經(jīng)營策略和戰(zhàn)略，方能

12、“知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不 殆”。國際貨運代理市場客戶需求的特點及影響需求的因素：共 5 頁第 3 頁（1）客戶需求的無限擴展性如過去未曾有的對貨物流向跟蹤并提供信息的需求現(xiàn)在已成為貨主選擇貨運 服務的主要條件之一?？蛻舻囊环N需求滿足了，又會產(chǎn)生新的需求，循環(huán)往復， 作為貨運企業(yè)要不斷開發(fā)新服務項目，以適應客戶不斷提高的需要。（2）客戶需求的多層次性客戶的需求是在一定支付能力等條件下形成的，因此其多種需求不可能同時 得到滿足，需要根據(jù)支付能力、客觀條件的可能、有輕重緩急的逐步實現(xiàn)，這便 是客戶需求的多層次性。例如出口商強調(diào)運價的低廉及艙位的保證，而進口商可 能更重視到貨的服務，如通關(guān)能力，安排內(nèi)陸運輸

13、的費用等。（3）客戶需求的可誘導性客戶需求的產(chǎn)生有些是基本的，有些是外界誘導有關(guān)的，貨運企業(yè)營銷的影 響、社會交際的啟示等會使客戶的需求發(fā)生變化或轉(zhuǎn)移，在這一點上，說明客戶 的需求是有彈性的，企業(yè)通過適當?shù)臓I銷途徑，正確的影響和引導客戶需求，可 能將潛在客戶變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實客戶。（4）貨運市場客戶的分散性隨著國營外貿(mào)企業(yè)一統(tǒng)天下的局面被逐步打破，大量中小型生產(chǎn)企業(yè)、民營 企業(yè)、外商在國內(nèi)的投資或獨資企業(yè)都可以獨立的經(jīng)營外貿(mào)進出口業(yè)務，客戶群 數(shù)量激增，在地域上分布的更加分散，同時在每一單的托運量也比較少，但頻率 高。這要求貨運企業(yè)應采取靈活的攬貨方式和服務方式適應貨運市場結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。共 5 頁第 4

14、頁指導教師評語外文翻譯成績：指導教師簽字：年月日注：1. 指導教師對譯文進行評閱時應注意以下幾個方面：翻譯的外文文獻與畢業(yè)設計（論文）的主題是 否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻列入畢業(yè)設計（論文）的參考文獻；翻譯的外文文獻字數(shù)是否 達到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000 字以上）；譯文語言是否準確、通順、具有參考價值。2. 外文原文應以附件的方式置于譯文之后。共 5 頁第 5 頁附件：外文翻譯原文international freight forwarding business strategy analysis and development forecastsinternational freight f

15、orwarding is a service industry type, may 31, 1926 in vienna was established international freight forwarders associations (fiata) as the united nations a permanent advisory body and in the worlds largest non-government and non-profit institutions, its international freight forwarding is defined as

16、according to the customers instructions, and for the benefit of our customers cargo doors to take people who are not their own carrier, freight forwarders can under these conditions, to engage in transportation contract-related activities, such as set cargo, customs clearance, inspection, collection

17、. promulgated in 1995 in china the peoples republic of china international freight forwarding industry regulations, its definition of consignee of import and export of goods, delivery people entrusted to his clients name or the name for the client to handle international cargo transportation and rel

18、ated business and industry to collect service remuneration. shows that the traditional international freight forwarding business is international freight forwarding company to handle international clients cargo transportation and related business and industry to collect service remuneration. interna

19、tional freight forwarding use its own advantage, proficient, familiar with international freight market, supply and demand, seasonal tariff route familiar with a variety of transportation means and the relevant legal provisions, and transportation enterprises, trade side, as well as insurance, banki

20、ng, customs , commodity inspection, port has extensive contacts and close relations, which in a large range for the client to handle international cargo transport business to provide better services and transport development in international trade plays a very important role.although the internation

21、al freight forwarding industry has been more than a hundred years of history, but as the societys development, particularly the internet-based rapid development of information technology and the development of modern logistics industry and gradually, the traditional international freight forwarding

22、industries are huge in le challenges. as an international service industry, chinas young, like international freight forwarding industry is inevitable to face this challenge and impact. in fact, chinas international freight forwarding industry in 2000 has been to divide, in 2001 we will see the divi

23、sion already brought about a more significant effect, the traditional freight forwarding industry will feel even greater pressure on the survival and development. in this context, must be analyzed from a strategic point of view of the chinese freight forwarding industry in the formation, structure,共

24、 5 頁第 6 頁trends and prospects. freight forwarding companies have to rethink their position and destination.1.china international freight forwarders formation and evolution of the industry. (1) state monopoly stagebefore 1993, by the china foreign trade transportation corporation, the industry often

25、talk about cum-sinotrans (sinotrans) in the state monopoly of foreign trade policy under the protection of high transport.(2) 1993-2000 phase of the carrier control the freight marketin the previous freight forwarding market from a monopoly to an open operation (but still strict limits on foreign-fu

26、nded enterprises), the majority of domestic freight forwarding companies are setting up and development of this period, the total number has now more than in 2000, the market unprecedented prosperity. as the shipping market during this period did not fully open, but the reform and opening up the eco

27、nomic growth to surge in import and export trade, the chinese shipping market, demand is greater than supply, in accordance with the laws of economics, supply-side account for the negotiation of more favorable position control of the market transfer of cargo to the carrier side, some of the basic ph

28、enomenon can be shown above, such as the current route of the freight from china to the european level of the mid-level no 90; then the rejection due to lack of accommodation for cargo ship the phenomenon also occurs so. at this stage, the shipping market supply shortage, tariff information opaque,

29、due to policies of protection and little foreign competition, imperfect carrier freight network dependent on the freight forwarding and other reasons, to make loans on behalf of domestic enterprises with a simple business means it earned excess profits and enjoy a brief golden age, to complete a cer

30、tain amount of capital accumulation, the formation of the initial size of the industry. the later stage: this stage is the freight division of the leading market, the domestic chinese ocean shipping company (cosco) china shipping corporation (csco) and other large carrier of freight forwarding compa

31、nies have set up their own agencies, the shipping market open to foreign shipping companies - those large-scale global the carrier to begin direct the owner to the domestic enterprises embrace pickup set (currently the ministry of communications has approved more than 15 foreign shipping companies t

32、o establish wholly-owned companies in china, while more than 270 representatives of institutions, without exception, the worlds 20 largest liner companies entered the chinese market, oocl orient overseas shipping companies involved not only within the extension 12, also with the railway sector, out

33、of the zhengzhou - and hong kong railway container route 6 train) and accommodation booking rebates in the traditional freight forwarding business operator decision and the profit margins of the market, freight broker identity is challenged, the business environment is getting worse, veteran共 5 頁第 7

34、 頁sinotrans also unable to stop the law of the market. for example, the establishment of shanghai shipping exchange and the freight index freight market information released to the open, you can mark the end of the era freight profits: since june 2000, shanghai, nine ground shipping lines to market

35、changes, first cancel shanghai to the southeast asian region to pay the freight commissions, then to europe, australia, new routes to the payment of commission from 2.5% to 1.5%, although the parties have negotiated and resisted, but the commission system has been shaken. shipping freight in its own

36、 already has the function of the premise, the dependence on public freight agents significantly reduced. sales of mature carrier integration, not just a threat to the immediate agency commission, but as the middle part of the traditional freight forwarding companies face the threat of being eliminat

37、ed, freight forwarding companies in this period than the previous decline significantly, if it continues to survive in the market must find new profit space, and build new core competencies. this is the freight forwarding market and differentiate our motivation.(3) 2000 division periodinternational

38、shipping, international trade market, standardize and improve the freight forwarding companies to face tough market conditions for survival began to reflect on and explore, by selling a bill of lading, reselling price difference, earn a commission profits has passed, freight forwarding industry in t

39、he particular socio-economic background conditions, not experienced abnormal normal times and begin to self-adjust in the service chuangxin, corporate restructuring, and so start its strategic thinking, zhengzai to provide value-added services to create market value of the new operation quntizhuanhu

40、a find a breakthrough.the initial structure of freight forwarding industry, largely by industry competitors, suppliers and demanders of the operation mode determined the structure extremely unstable, large-scale economic and technological change, and competitive conditions change , industry structur

41、e will change, the above process is well illustrated this point.second, international freight forwarding business of the current macro environment.in the political and legal, economic, technological, cultural and many other macroeconomic factors, both yin su guo neis freight forwarding industry will

42、 produce effects, one is chinas accession to world trade organization (wto), a shi wei internet representatives of information technology widely used.dialectical materialism demands that we look at the issue from two aspects, for chinas accession to wto, we must see the threat, but also see the oppo

43、rtunities.threats: the main threats to competition concerns. since wto accession, china will gradually open freight forwarding market completely, to phase out the current foreign owned enterprise in chinas restrictions on foreign freight forwarding companies in the chinese共 5 頁第 8 頁market in direct

44、competition with chinese companies, their many years of management experience, strong capital, international network operations to the inevitable impact of domestic enterprises. but also to the more domestic enterprises to learn from the opportunities, but we must see in a competitive international

45、market, narrow-minded nationalism is irrational, only the market standard, size, prosperity, can bring about business growth wo lidou the market will not bring up strong. the art of war articles ? potential so and skilled persons, help of trend momentum, not for others. not only can turn to their ow

46、n powerful momentum can not be beat, but do not expect other people not to attack.opportunities: the opportunities are mainly from the freight forwarding market size, its capacity will be with the wto accession and to expand. transport of goods and commodities exchange is reciprocal conditions, carg

47、o transport market is the needs of economy and trade on the basis of freight services produced. with the world economy, international trade is closely related to, when the economy is in a period of high growth, international trade will be a corresponding increase in freight market is accompanied act

48、ive prosperity. chinas accession to wto, will greatly increase the size of its foreign trade, according to customs statistics, 80% of international trade is done by sea, no doubt, increase the scale of international trade will increase the demand on the freight market, will give the industry every b

49、ring more opportunities for an enterprise.on the internet popularization of information technology, the impact of each industry would be far-reaching, though we say the future is the era of information, or can not see the whole picture. but for international freight forwarding business, at least in

50、information technology greatly improved the efficiency (including services, management and other aspects), while international freight forwarding companies to provide logistics enterprises are likely.third, the dynamic analysis of the industryfreight market is the contradiction between demand and su

51、pply of unity, the demand side for the majority of the freight service consumer, that is, customers, supply-side is the large number of freight companies, many companies are competitors in the industry. to win in business enterprises, in addition to analysis of large macroeconomic environment and it

52、s resources for corporate control must also be on the industry environment in which careful analysis, to develop their own business strategies and strategies before they can know theyself, know yourself . the international freight forwarding market, customer needs, characteristics and factors affecting demand(1) customer demand unlimited scalabilit