(最新整理)新概念英語第二冊第11課

1、(完整)新概念英語第二冊第11課(完整)新概念英語第二冊第11課 編輯整理：尊敬的讀者朋友們：這里是精品文檔編輯中心，本文檔內(nèi)容是由我和我的同事精心編輯整理后發(fā)布的，發(fā)布之前我們對文中內(nèi)容進(jìn)行仔細(xì)校對，但是難免會有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（(完整)新概念英語第二冊第11課）的內(nèi)容能夠給您的工作和學(xué)習(xí)帶來便利。同時(shí)也真誠的希望收到您的建議和反饋，這將是我們進(jìn)步的源泉，前進(jìn)的動力。本文可編輯可修改，如果覺得對您有幫助請收藏以便隨時(shí)查閱，最后祝您生活愉快 業(yè)績進(jìn)步，以下為(完整)新概念英語第二冊第11課的全部內(nèi)容。20lesson 11 one good turn deserves another

2、禮尚往來i was having dinner at a restaurant when tony steele came in. tony worked in a lawyers office years ago, but he is now working at a bank。 he gets a good salary， but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back. tony saw me and came and sat at the same table. he has never borro

3、wed money from me. while he was eating, i asked him to lend me twenty pounds. to my surprise， he gave me the money immediately. i have never borrowed any money from you, tony said, so now you can pay for my dinner！new words and expressions 生詞和短語turn n。 行為，舉止 deserve v. 應(yīng)得到,值得 lawyer n。 律師 bank n。 銀行

4、salary n。 工資 immediately adv。 立刻 tony tuni參考譯文我正在一家飯館吃飯，托尼。斯蒂爾走了進(jìn)來。托尼曾在一家律師事務(wù)所工作，而現(xiàn)在正在一家銀行上班。他的薪水很高，但他卻總是向朋友借錢,并且從來不還.托尼看見了我，就走過來和我坐到一張桌子前。他從未向我借過錢。當(dāng)他吃飯時(shí)，我提出向他借20英鎊。令我驚奇的是，他立刻把錢給了我.“我還從未向你借過錢，”托尼說道，“所以現(xiàn)在你可以替我付飯錢了！”1.one good turn deserves another 禮尚往來這是句諺語，意思是對于別人的善意或幫助應(yīng)作出相應(yīng)的回報(bào)。1) 名詞turn的含義之一是“（幫助或損

5、害他人的）舉動”、“行為”:e.g。 喬治昨天做了一件對我有利/不利的事。yesterday george did me a good/an ill turn。他總是樂于為他人做好事。he is always ready to do a turn for others。turn n。 / v。n. c1. an act of turning sb./sth。 around 轉(zhuǎn)動；旋動e.g. 轉(zhuǎn)動幾下把手。give the handle a few turns。2. a change in direction in a vehicle(車輛的）轉(zhuǎn)彎；轉(zhuǎn)向e。g. 向左/右拐入西大街。 make

6、 a left/right turn into west street.3. a bend or corner in a road （道路的）彎道；拐彎處e.g。 彎彎曲曲的小巷 a lane full of twists and turns （lane lein n。 1. （鄉(xiāng)間）小路2。 (尤用于地名)小巷;胡同；里弄(long）3。車道 4.（比賽的）跑道;泳道 5.航道;航線twist twist n. 1。c 急轉(zhuǎn)彎處；曲折處2. c轉(zhuǎn)動；旋轉(zhuǎn)；搓;捻；擰；扭動 3. c (故事或情況的）轉(zhuǎn)折，轉(zhuǎn)變，突然變化 v。 1。 vt。 使彎曲，使扭曲(成一定形狀)2. （使）彎曲變形，扭

7、曲變形 3。 扭轉(zhuǎn)；轉(zhuǎn)動（身體部位)）4。c the time when sb. in a group of people should or is allowed to do sth. (依次輪到的）機(jī)會, 順次e.g. 輪到你時(shí),再抓一張牌。when its your turn， take another card.下次該輪到我開車了.its my turn to drive next。idm： 1) in turn （1) one after the other in a particular order依次；輪流；逐個(gè)e.g. 孩子們逐一自報(bào)姓名。the children called

8、 out their names in turn。（2) as a result of sth in a series of events相應(yīng)地;轉(zhuǎn)而e。g。 增加生產(chǎn)會繼而增加利潤。increased production will， in turn, lead to increased profits。(lead to sth 導(dǎo)致;造成后果）2) take turns(in sth./to do sth)(bre also take it in turns） 依次;輪流e.g. 雄鳥和雌鳥輪流伏窩。the male and female birds take turns in sitti

9、ng on the eggs。 我們輪流做家務(wù)。we take it in turns to do the housework。5. an unusual or unexpected change in what is happening (異乎尋?；蛞馔獾模┳兓?，轉(zhuǎn)變e.g。 在以后的幾周里，事態(tài)急轉(zhuǎn)直下。events took a dramatic turn in the weeks that followed。6。c 行為；舉止 做有利于/有損于某人的事 do sb. a good/bad turne.g. 昨天喬治做了一件對我有利的事。 yesterday george did me

10、a good turn.idm： 1) （do sb。) a good turn （to do) sth. that helps sb。 （為某人做)好事，善事；(做）有助于某人的事e.g。 好啦，這就是我今天做的好事。well， thats my good turn for the day。2） one good turn deserves another（saying）you should help sb. who has helped you 善須善報(bào)；要以德報(bào)德;好人應(yīng)得好報(bào)7. the+s (of)時(shí)間上的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)；交替時(shí)期idm。 the turn of the century/ye

11、ar the time when a new century /year starts 世紀(jì)之交；新年伊始；辭舊迎新之際 e.g。 這是在世紀(jì)之交修建的。it was built at the turn of the century。idm: at every turn everywhere or every time you try and do sth處處；事事;每次e.g. 我事事都不順心。at every turn i met with disappointment. v。1. to move or make sth。 move around a central point (使）轉(zhuǎn)動

12、；旋轉(zhuǎn)e.g. vi. 汽車的輪子開始轉(zhuǎn)動起來。the wheels of the car began to turn。vt。 他轉(zhuǎn)動鑰匙開鎖。he turned the key in the lock.2. usually+adv./prep。 to move your body or part of your body so as to face or start moving in a different direction 轉(zhuǎn)身；扭轉(zhuǎn)(身體部位）e。g. vi。 我們轉(zhuǎn)身朝家走去。we turned and headed for home。 vt。 他轉(zhuǎn)身背對著墻.he turned

13、his back to the wall.3。 vn.+adv./prep。 to move sth. so that it is in a different position or facing a different direction.翻轉(zhuǎn)；翻動；把翻過來e.g。 vt. 她把椅子翻轉(zhuǎn)過來修理。she turned the chair on its side to repair it.4。 (使）改變方向；轉(zhuǎn)彎e.g. vi. 他拐進(jìn)了一條狹窄的街道。he turned into a narrow street. vt。 那男人轉(zhuǎn)過街角就沒影了.the man turned the c

14、orner and disappeared.5. vi。 (潮汐)to start to come in or go out開始漲(或落)e.g. 漲潮了，我們最好回去吧.the tide is turningwed better get back。（tide taid n. 1.c， u 潮，潮汐2.c 潮流；趨勢；動向）6。 翻，翻動（書頁)e。g。 vt。 他坐在那里無所事事地翻著書。he sat turning the pages idly.(idly adl adv. 懶惰地；無所事事地，閑著 adj。 idle aidl adj。 空閑的, 閑著的；懶散的, 無所事事的） vi.

15、反到第23頁.turn to page 23。7. to change into a particular state or condition; to make sth do this (使）變成；成為e.g。 天氣變得寒冷多風(fēng)。the weather has turned cold and windy。 秋天樹葉變黃。in autumn the leaves turn brown。8。 （vi. + adv。/prep.； vt。+ object+adv。/prep。)（使）轉(zhuǎn)變(形態(tài)、性質(zhì)等）(尤與from； into連用)e.g。 經(jīng)過50年,這個(gè)地方從一個(gè)小村莊變成了大城鎮(zhèn)。 in

16、fifty years, this place has turned from a little village into a large town。 女巫把王子變成了青蛙。the witch turned the prince into a frog。（wizard wizd n。 男巫；術(shù)士；神漢)9.v-n (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)) to reach or pass a particular age or time 到達(dá)，超過(某一年齡或時(shí)間）e.g。 他到六月份就滿21歲了。he turns 21 in june。已過了午夜

17、。it has turned midnight。phr v. 1。 turn against sb./ turn sb。 against sb。 to stop or make sb. stop being friendly towards sb.（使)與反目成仇，變得敵對e.g。 她與老朋友翻臉了.she turned against her old friend。2. turn around/round / turn sb。/sth. around/round to change position or direction so as to face the other way; to m

18、ake sb。/sth。 do this(使)翻身,轉(zhuǎn)身，翻轉(zhuǎn)e。g。 轉(zhuǎn)過身去讓我看看你的后背。turn around and let me look at your back.我把椅子轉(zhuǎn)過來面向火爐。i turned my chair round to face the fire.3. turn back / turn sb。/sth. back to return the way you have come; to make sb。/sth. do this（使）原路返回，往回走e.g. 天氣變得非常惡劣,他們不得不循原路折回。the weather became so bad that

19、 they had to turn back。我們的汽車在邊境被擋了回來。our car was turned back at the border。（border b:d n. 國界；邊界;邊疆；邊界地區(qū)/vt。 (國家或地區(qū)）和毗鄰；與接壤）4。 turn sb。/sth. down to reject or refuse to consider an offer, a proposal， etc。 or the person who makes it拒絕，頂回(提議、建議或提議人）e.g. 她為什么謝絕你的邀請？why did she turn down your invitation？

20、 turn sth。 down to reduce the noise， heat, etc. produced by a piece of equipment by moving its controls（control kntrul n。 c， usually pl. （機(jī)器或車輛的）操縱裝置，開關(guān)，按鈕）把調(diào)低；關(guān)小e。g. 請把音量調(diào)低些。please turn the volume down.(volume vlju:m n. 1.u, c 體積;容積；容量2. u 音量；響度）5. turn sb. in （informal) to take sb。 to the police o

21、r sb. in authority because they have committed a crime把扭送(到警察局）；使自首e。g. 他決定到警察局去自首.he decided to turn himself in. turn sth。 in （1) to give back sth that you no longer need 交還，退還（不再需要的東西）e.g. 你離開大樓時(shí)必須交還通行證。you must turn in your pass when you leave the building。（pass n. 通行證；車票；乘車證）(2) （esp。 ame） to gi

22、ve sth。 to sb。 in authority上交；呈交；提交e。g。 時(shí)至今日只上繳了少數(shù)幾支槍。only a few guns have been turned in so far。6. turn sb。 off to make sb. feel bored or not interested 使厭煩；使失去興趣e。g.看到你咬指甲真的使我感到厭煩。it really turns me off to see you biting your nails. turn sth. off to stop the flow of electricity， gas, water， etc. b

23、y moving a switch， button, etc.關(guān)掉，截?cái)?電流、煤氣、水等) e。g. 關(guān)上燈 to turn off the light7。 turn sth. out to produce sb./sth。制造；生產(chǎn)e.g。 這家工廠每周生產(chǎn)900輛汽車。the factory turns out 900 cars a week。 turn sb。 out （of / from sth.） to force sb. to leave a place趕走；逐出；攆走 turn out to be discovered to be； to prove to be 原來是；證明是

24、；結(jié)果是e。g. 她原來是我姐姐的朋友。it turned out that she was a friend of my sister。 這工作結(jié)果比我們想象的要難.the job turned out to be harder than we thought。8. turn to sb。/sth。 to go to sb./sth。 for help, advice, etc。向求助（或?qū)で笾附痰龋〆.g。 她求助無門。she has nobody she can turn to。9。 turn sth over to think about sth。 carefully 認(rèn)真思考；深思熟

25、慮e。g. 她腦子里不斷琢磨當(dāng)天發(fā)生的事。she kept turning over the events of the day in her mind.2) deserve的意義為“應(yīng)受”、“應(yīng)得(獎(jiǎng)賞、懲罰等)”、“值得”，通常為及物動詞:e.g。 他的話值得注意.his words deserve attention?，旣悜?yīng)得這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)。mary deserves the prize.deserve diz：v v。 (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)） 值得; 應(yīng)得; 應(yīng)受e.g. vn 辛苦勞累那么久,你該休息一下了.you deserv

26、e a rest after all that hard work. 這報(bào)告應(yīng)該給予認(rèn)真考慮。the report deserves careful consideration kn，sidrein. v to inf 他們不該贏。they didnt deserve to win. 他做了這樣的事,應(yīng)該終身監(jiān)禁。he deserves to be locked up for ever for what he did.worth adj。 be worth doing 值得做某事 worthy adj。 be worthy of sth./ be worthy to do sth.e。g. 值

27、得懷念的演出 a performance worthy to be rememberedidm： get what you deserve / deserve all/everything you get (informal) used to say that you think sb. has earned the bad things that happen to them罪有應(yīng)得deservedly dz：vdl adv. in the way that is deserved; correctly應(yīng)得地；恰如其分地;理所當(dāng)然地e。g. 這餐館為大眾喜愛是理所當(dāng)然的.the restau

28、rant is deservedly popular.deserving dz:v adj。 (of sth） （formal) that deserves help， praise, a reward, etc.值得的；應(yīng)得的 e.g. 值得注意的問題 an issue deserving of attention opposite： undeserving（issue u： n。c 重要議題；爭論的問題2。（informal) （有關(guān)某事的)問題；擔(dān)憂）2。 i was having dinner at a restaurant when tony steele came in。 我正在一

29、家飯館吃飯，托尼。斯蒂爾走了進(jìn)來。3。 tony worked in a lawyers office years ago， but he is now working at a bank。 托尼曾在一家律師事務(wù)所工作，而現(xiàn)在正在一家銀行上班。lawyer l:j n。 律師 a lawyers office 律師事務(wù)所4. he gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back。 他的薪水很高，但他卻總是向朋友借錢,并且從來不還。1） 連詞and在這句話中可解釋為“并

30、且、“另外(in addition)2) get get verb。 (getting, got， got gt (美國英語口語中過去分詞幾乎都用gotten）1. vn no passive to receive sth收到；接到：e。g。 今天早上我收到瑪麗的一封來信.i got a letter from mary this morning。2. no passive sth (for yourself/sb。）/ (yourself/sb.） sth。 to obtain sth.獲得；得到e.g. vn 盡量睡會吧。try to get some sleep。 他剛找到一份新工作.h

31、e has just got a new job. vnn 你為什么不買輛汽車呢？why dont you get yourself a car？ 給你母親買禮物了嗎?did you get a present for your mother?/ did you get your mother a present?3。 vn no passivesth(for sth) to obtain or receive an amount of money by selling sth(買某物)掙得；獲得e.g. 我們這房子賣了12萬英鎊。we got 120,000 pounds for the h

32、ouse.4. to go to a place and bring sb./sth。 back 去取(或帶來) synonym： fetche.g. 我得去機(jī)場接我的母親。i have to go and get my mother from the airport(=pick her up）。 vnn 給約翰拿杯飲料來。get a drink for john./ get john a drink.5. vnno passive to achieve or be given a particular mark/grade in an exam（考試）獲得；達(dá)到e。g. 他化學(xué)考試得中，英語

33、考試得良.he got a c in chemistry and a b in english。6. to reach a particular state or condition; to make sb./sth。/yourself reach a particular state or condition (使)達(dá)到；處于e。g。 發(fā)怒;生厭;饑餓；發(fā)胖 to get angry/bored/hungry/fat你會很快習(xí)慣這里的氣候的。youll soon get used to the climate here。我們該走了，天色越來越晚了。we ought to go; its ge

34、tting late。穿上/脫下衣服 to get dressed/undressed(=to put your clothes on/take your clothes off)他們打算夏天結(jié)婚。they plan to get married in the summer。7. vnadjsth done to cause sth. to happen or be done 使（某事）發(fā)生；使完成（某事）e。g。 我得理發(fā)了。i must get my hair cut。這么多的工作我怎么也干不完.ill never get all this work finished.8。v+adv。/p

35、rep。 to arrive at or reach a place or point抵達(dá),到達(dá)（某地或某點(diǎn)）e.g. 我們7點(diǎn)鐘到達(dá)了北京。we got to beijing at 7 oclock.9。 vn （spoken) to answer the telephone or a door when sb. calls， knocks， etc.接(電話);應(yīng)(門）e。g. 你去接一下電話好嗎?will you get the phone？10. vn no passive（informal） to understand sb./sth.理解；明白e.g。 我搞不懂你的意思。i don

36、t get you. 她不明白那笑話的含義。she didnt get the joke.3） good在這里的意思是“相當(dāng)大/多的”、“相當(dāng)可觀的”：only before noun great in number， amount or degree（數(shù)量或程度)相當(dāng)大的；相當(dāng)多的e。g。 相當(dāng)多的人 a good many people這廚房相當(dāng)大.the kitchen is a good size。我們花了好長時(shí)間找這房子。we spent a good while （=quite a long time） looking for the house。我花了整整3小時(shí)才到達(dá)那里。it

37、takes me a good three hours to get there.4) salary slri n.（pl. -ies) money that employees receive for doing their job, especially professional employees or people working in an office, usually paid every month.薪金,薪水(尤指按月發(fā)放的）：e.g. 4萬元的年薪 an annual njul salary of 40，000 基本工資 basic salary 加薪9% a 9% sal

38、ary increase 她的薪金是2.4萬英鎊。shes on a salary of 24，000 pounds。 高新 a fat/high/good salary 低薪 a poor/low salary5) borrow bru v. 1。 vn sth（from sb。/sth.) to take and use sth that belongs to sb。 else， and return it to them at a later time借；借用e。g. 借你的傘用一下行嗎?can i borrow your umbrella?會員在圖書館每次最多可借十本書。members

39、 can borrow up to ten books from the library at any one time.2.（sth.) （from sb./sth。） to take money from a person or bank and agree to pay it back to them at a later time借入(款項(xiàng));（向）借貸e.g. vn 她向她的父母借了2000英鎊。she borrowed 2000 pounds from her parents。 vi 我不喜歡向朋友借錢。i dont like to borrow from friends.3. s

40、th（from sb。/sth。)to take words， ideas， etc. from another language， person， etc. and use them, as your own引用，借用(思想、言語等)e.g。 vn 某些音樂術(shù)語是從意大利語引入的。some musical terms are borrowed from italian. vi那位作家大量引用亨利.詹姆斯的作品。the author borrows heavily from henry james.borrower bru n. a person or an organization that

41、 borrows money， especially from a bank借款人；借方 borrowing br n。 1. c，u 借款;貸款；借貸e.g。 高利率有助于控制借貸。high interest rates help to keep borrowing down.2.c 借用的言語(或思想等）6) pay pei v。 （paid， paid）/n。1. vt. 支付，付錢給e.g。 那條裙子你付了多少錢？how much did you pay for that dress？注：為某件東西或某項(xiàng)服務(wù)付錢用pay fore.g. (1） 你付給面包師多少錢？ how much

42、did you pay the baker? （2) 我來付你修理費(fèi).let me pay you for the repair.注：付某人錢用pay sb.，為某事付某人錢時(shí)用pay sb. for sth. 但付賬單時(shí)用pay a bill, 如：e。g。 我已付了賬單。i have paid the bill。2。vi。 付款，交款e.g。 （1） 我將用支票付款。ill pay by cheque.(ame check）。 （2） 杰克付了飲料錢. jack paid for the drinks.3。vi. (for sth.) to suffer or be punished fo

43、r your beliefs or actions付代價(jià)；遭受懲罰e。g。 你要為你的話付出代價(jià)的!youll pay for that remark！phr.v pay sb. back. (sth。）/pay sth。 back （to sb。） to return money that you borrowed from sb.（向某人)還錢e。g. 我下周把錢還給你。ill pay you back next week。你可以在三年內(nèi)分期歸還貸款.you can pay back the loan over a period of three years。pay sb. back. (

44、for sth。）to punish sb。 for making you or sb. else suffer報(bào)復(fù)；懲罰e.g。 他讓我當(dāng)眾出丑,我非治治他不可.ill pay him back for making me look like a fool in front of everyone.pay sth. off to finish paying money owed for sth。付清;償清e(cuò).g. 我們歷經(jīng)15年的時(shí)間還清了抵押貸款.we paid off our mortgage after fifteen years.（mortgage m：id n。 按揭(由銀行等提供

45、房產(chǎn)抵押借款）；按揭貸款vt。 以（房地產(chǎn))作按揭貸款的抵押)n. u the money that sb。 gets for doing regular work工資，薪水e.g. （1） 酬金不少。 the pay is good. （2） 她失去了三周的薪水。she lost three weeks pay.5。 tony saw me and came and sat at the same table。 托尼看見了我,就走過來和我坐到一張桌子前。6. he has never borrowed money from me. 他從未向我借過錢。7。 while he was eatin

46、g， i asked him to lend me twenty pounds。 當(dāng)他吃飯時(shí)，我提出向他借20英鎊。lend lend v。 (lent, lent）1。 (out)sth。 （to sb。)/（sb.) sth to give sth to sb。 or allow them to use sth。 that belongs to you, which they have to return to you later借給;借出e.g. 我把車借給湯姆了。ive lent the car to tom. / ive lent tom the car。2. sth。 （to sb

47、。)/（sb.） sth (銀行或金融機(jī)構(gòu)) 貸(款）e。g. 他們拒絕向我們貸款.they refused to lend us the money。 / they refused to lend the money to us.3. sth。 （to sb./sth。） / （sb。/sth.） sth to give or provide help, support, etc.給予；提供(幫助、支持等）e。g. vn 我非常樂意給這樣美好的事業(yè)提供援助. i was more than happy to lend my support to such a good cause。(caus

48、e n。1.c 原因；起因 2.u（for sth) 理由；動機(jī)；緣故 3。 c （支持或?yàn)橹畩^斗的）事業(yè)，目標(biāo),理想)vnn他來給與我精神上的支持.he came along to lend me moral support。(come along 1。 到達(dá)；抵達(dá)；出現(xiàn) 2. 跟隨；跟著來 3。 進(jìn)步；進(jìn)展）idm：1. lend (sb.) a （helping） hand (with sth。) (informal） to help sb. with sth。 幫助；援助；搭把手e。g. 我走過去看我能不能幫上忙。i went over to see if i could lend a

49、 hand。(go over (to sp.）從一處到(另一處）)2。 lend support to sth. 對提供支持e。g。 這一最新的證據(jù)更加印證了她的理論。this latest evidence lends support to her theory.lender n。 （finance財(cái)） a person or an organization that lends money放款人lending n. u (finance財(cái)) the act of lending money 放款;貸放lending library n。 a public library from whic

50、h you can borrow books and take them away to read at home(書籍可外借的）公共圖書館lending rate n. (finance財(cái))貸款利率;放款利率8。 to my surprise, he gave me the money immediately。 令我驚奇的是,他立刻把錢給了我。immediately imi:ditli adv., conj。adv. 1。 without delay； at once立刻；立即e.g. 她幾乎立刻就回答了.she answered almost immediately.2.（usually

51、with prepositions通常與介詞連用）next to or very close to a particular place or time接近；緊接；附近e.g. 一過教堂就向右拐.turn right immediately after the church. 戰(zhàn)前的最后幾年 the years immediately before the war3。（usually with past participles 通常與過去分詞連用）closely and directly緊接地;直接地e.g。 事態(tài)的發(fā)展會通報(bào)給每一個(gè)直接有關(guān)人員。everyone who is immedia

52、tely involved will be informed of developments.我把車直接停在戲院前面了。i had parked immediately in front of the theatre。conj。 (esp。 bre） as soon as一就;即刻e.g。 她剛走開我就想起了她的名字。immediately she had gone, i remembered her name。adj。 immediate 1. happening or done without delay 立即的；立刻的 synonym： instant instnte。g. 即時(shí)的反應(yīng)/

53、回應(yīng) an immediate reaction/response立即采取行動 to take immediate action 2. usually before noun existing now and needing urgent attention目前的；當(dāng)前的;迫切的e。g.我們的當(dāng)務(wù)之急是幫助那些死者的親屬。our immediate concern is to help the families of those who died。3。 only before noun next to or very close to a particular place or time接近的

54、；緊接的；附近的e。g. 短期內(nèi)前景樂觀. the prospects for the immediate future are good。 （prospect prspekt n. 1.u （of sth/of doing sth)/（that）可能性；希望2. (of sth/of doing sth)前景；展望；設(shè)想 3。 (prospects) pl.(for/of sth)成功的機(jī)會；前景;前途 ) 4. only before noun having a direct effect ifekt (作用）直接的e.g. 造成死亡的直接原因不明。the immediate cause

55、of death is unknown.9. i have never borrowed any money from you, tony said， so now you can pay for my dinner！“我還從未向你借過錢，”托尼說道，“所以現(xiàn)在你可以替我付飯錢了！”grammar in use1。 review在前10課的語法中，我們比較了一般過去時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)等時(shí)態(tài)以及和它們相關(guān)的時(shí)間狀語,另外還學(xué)習(xí)了被動語態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在我們通過例句簡要回顧一下所學(xué)過的內(nèi)容。e。g。 你曾經(jīng)在一家銀行工作過，是不是?（once指過去曾經(jīng)、一度，與現(xiàn)在的狀況沒有關(guān)系) you once worked in a bank， didnt you? 是的.但是我現(xiàn)在在一家工廠上班。(now強(qiáng)調(diào)目前狀況)yes,