寫好英語演講稿的三點

1、如何寫出精彩的英語演講稿- 從喬布斯2005年斯坦福大學(xué)畢業(yè)演講說起當(dāng)今社會，交流溝通變得異常重要，而公共英語演講就是其最常見和有效的手段之一。無論是在學(xué)習(xí)還是工作中，我們會越來越多地接觸到公共英語演講，小到課堂的presentation、工作中的團建，大到學(xué)術(shù)大會上的發(fā)言、總統(tǒng)競選。那么，如何才能寫出精彩的英語演講稿呢？對于初學(xué)者來講，怎么把握其寫作的關(guān)鍵呢？下面，我將從大家熟知并廣為推崇的喬布斯2005年斯坦福大學(xué)的畢業(yè)演講稿為范本，給大家具體剖析精彩英語演講稿的寫作要點，以幫助大家進一步了解其基本寫作要領(lǐng)和指導(dǎo)大家的寫作實踐。一、結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，邏輯明晰由于公共演講一般受眾為數(shù)十人甚至數(shù)百、數(shù)

2、千人，再加上演講環(huán)境的不確定性（比如：觀眾的歡呼，或者抱怨），最好在進入主題后馬上給出所講內(nèi)容的邏輯框架，以便聽眾更好的預(yù)判整個演講內(nèi)容，有利于他們更好地跟隨演講者的思路，達到良好的演講效果。比如，喬布斯在該次演講中，開篇稍微寒暄開篇之后，就進入正題，“Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. Thats it. No big deal. Just three stories.”學(xué)生們馬上能做出邏輯預(yù)判，我們今天會聽到喬布斯談三點，然后具體關(guān)注是哪三點，這種演講就具備了“audience-centeredness”（以觀眾為中心）

3、的特質(zhì)。喬布斯在隨后的演講中明確提到，“The first story is about connecting the dots. My second story is about love and loss. My third story is about death.”由于這種明晰的思路，聽眾在聽完之后也會記憶猶新，不會覺得頭腦混亂，毫無所得。當(dāng)然，演講稿的邏輯安排有多種方式，喬布斯的這篇演講是按照topical order（話題順序）和chronological order（時間順序）來安排的。除此之外, 還有 spatial order（空間順序）, problem-salutatio

4、n order（提問解決順序）等等。大家可以根據(jù)不同的演講內(nèi)容來安排自己演講稿的邏輯順序和結(jié)構(gòu)。二、開篇出彩，結(jié)尾有道演講稿的開篇和結(jié)尾往往需要花費大量的功夫去設(shè)計，這往往是精彩演講的亮點所在。因此，在寫作時，需要結(jié)合受眾、場合和演講內(nèi)容等，爭取一開始就緊緊抓住聽眾的注意力和興趣所在，結(jié)尾時，盡量做到意味深長、啟發(fā)思考。下面，我將給大家具體分析基本的開篇和結(jié)尾模式，供大家以后寫作參考。開篇的目的是要吸引聽眾，喬布斯在該篇演講稿中使用的是“relate the topic to the audience（關(guān)聯(lián)話題與聽眾）的方式，這是一種比較有效的方法，人們一般對自己的事情都很關(guān)注，和自己相關(guān)的事

5、情也會格外留意，喬布斯在開篇說到，“I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, I never graduated from college. This is the closest Ive ever gotten to a college graduation.”高度贊美斯坦福大學(xué)是最好的大學(xué)之一，就是在與聽眾發(fā)生關(guān)聯(lián)，讓大家產(chǎn)生好感，

6、當(dāng)然老喬還用了適當(dāng)?shù)挠哪?，更好地融洽了與聽眾的關(guān)系，“簡潔、有效”本就是喬布斯的演講風(fēng)格。除此之外，還有其他的一些開篇方式，我們也需要了解和掌握。 1. State the importance of your topic（指出演講話題的重要性）。直接告訴聽眾，你的演講重要在哪里。比如：今天要做的是一場“英語演講的藝術(shù)”的演講，那開始就直接指出，該演講對于大家今后的學(xué)習(xí)工作將會有重大的幫助，甚至給出一些數(shù)據(jù)和實例，讓聽眾明白不聽這個演講將會是我的損失。這樣，聽眾就會很樂意投入到該次演講中去。2. Startle the audience （使聽眾震驚）。例如：要做一場關(guān)于“生活方式與疾病”的演

7、講，開篇就可以給出一組極具沖擊力的數(shù)據(jù)，讓聽眾看到生活方式的不健康將會是多么可怕的事情，這樣的震驚使聽眾能夠快速調(diào)整狀態(tài)，投入到聽演講中去。3. Arouse the curiosity of the audience（引起聽眾的好奇心）4. Question the audience（向觀眾提問）。5. Begin with a quotation（以引用開篇）。6. Tell a story （以故事開篇）。這些基本開篇的方式被無數(shù)的演講證明是實用而且有效的。結(jié)尾往往可以起到“畫龍點睛”的作用，開篇正文再好，如果結(jié)尾過于平淡，整個演講的精彩程度都會大打折扣。那么如何做到“結(jié)尾有道”呢？首先

8、，我們來看看喬布斯的這篇演講稿，他的結(jié)尾比開篇更加出彩，采用的是“end with a quotation”，達到的效果是特別引人深思。他在結(jié)尾說道，“Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a

9、photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And no

10、w, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.”他不僅在結(jié)尾引用這句“Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish”（求知若渴，虛懷若谷），而且重復(fù)三遍，強化聽眾的印象，這句話也被廣泛傳播，被譽為該篇演講的“精髓”。在結(jié)尾時，可以用結(jié)束信號詞讓聽眾明白你要準(zhǔn)備結(jié)尾了，不要讓演講結(jié)束得太突兀，比如，“In conclusion, Let me end my speech by saying., Id like to close my speech this way.等。具體的

11、結(jié)尾方式很多，常見的有：1. Summarize your speech（總結(jié)演講）。2. Make a dramatic statement（強有力的陳述），這個不同于引用他人之言，往往是演講者自己的沉淀和吶喊，非常經(jīng)典的演講是Patrick Henrys legendary Liberty or Death oration. 他在結(jié)尾時說道，Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not

12、 what course others may take; but as for mw, give me liberty, or give me death. 3. refer to the introduction（首尾呼應(yīng)）。這是體現(xiàn)演講內(nèi)在統(tǒng)一的很經(jīng)典的形式，值得借鑒。三、觀點闡釋，有效支撐毫無疑問，主體段的信息量最大，寫作量也是最大，如何更清晰地闡釋演講者的觀點，有效支撐分論點，是寫作時應(yīng)該把握的關(guān)鍵。在明晰了寫作邏輯之后，就要圍繞這些邏輯要點來展開論證。喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)的畢業(yè)演講中，邏輯要點有三：1. The first story is about connecting the

13、dots. 2. My second story is about love and loss. 3. My third story is about death. 他在闡釋中主要運用了以下手段。首先，舉例子。文中用了大量的例子來說明他怎么對待學(xué)習(xí)、工作和死亡，比如他說起自己決定輟學(xué)然后旁聽有意思的課程，這些課當(dāng)時對他沒什么實質(zhì)的幫助，但是十年后在當(dāng)他設(shè)計第一款Macintosh 電腦的時候，這些東西全派上了用場，這個例子充分說明了他要講的第一個要點- 串起生命中的點滴。在隨后的文中，喬布斯大量地講述了他事業(yè)生活中的例子，讓聽眾感受到真實的力量和鼓舞。其次，引用。他除了在文章最后用到了引用，文

14、中也不乏引用的痕跡，比如在講到死亡時，他引用了一句格言，“If you live each day as if it was your last, someday youll most certainly be right.”這句話能表明他對于死亡的態(tài)度。恰到好處的引用往往能使聽眾印象深刻。第三， 數(shù)據(jù)。在講第二個故事-關(guān)于愛和失去時，喬布斯用到了一系列數(shù)據(jù)來支撐觀點。他說自己是幸運的，因為，“Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had

15、 grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation the Macintosh a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.”數(shù)據(jù)很直觀，能讓聽眾有直接的認識和理解。除了以上提到的主體段展開方式，還有一些常用的手段，比如：testimony（引證），可以用專家的觀點增強演講的信度，也可以用普通人的一手經(jīng)驗證明自己的觀點。另外，大家還需要了解

16、的是，舉例分為簡短的例子，具體深入的例子和假想的例子；數(shù)據(jù)包括單一數(shù)據(jù)，組合數(shù)據(jù)等等。 如何才能更加有效掌握這些演講寫作的要點呢？我有三點建議：1.多看。多看一些演講素材，比如名人演講，演講比賽優(yōu)秀選手的演講等，積累大量的一手素材，當(dāng)然也有必要閱讀關(guān)于英語公共演講的書籍，本人非常推薦Stephen E. Lucas的演講的藝術(shù)。2.多想。學(xué)會分析這些演講之所以精彩的原因，可以從我上面講的幾點入手。3.多練。在有一定積淀和感覺之后，就要大量練習(xí)寫作演講稿，話題可以從日常學(xué)習(xí)和工作中選取，實用性要強，這樣練起來更有興趣和成就感。最后，大家要明白一點，好的公共演講除了演講稿要好，還有別的很多因素絕不

17、可忽視，比如：語言質(zhì)量，肢體語言，視覺輔助，語音語調(diào)，臨場反應(yīng)，現(xiàn)場把控能力等，這些結(jié)合在一起才能最終讓你成為一個優(yōu)秀的公共演講者。史蒂夫喬布斯(Steve Jobs)在斯坦福大學(xué)2005年畢業(yè)典禮上的演講This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005. I am honored to be with you today at your commencement

18、from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth to be told, I never graduated from college. This is the closest Ive ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. Thats it. No big deal. Just three stories. The first story is about connecting the dot

19、s.I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adopt

20、ion. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a

21、call in the middle of the night asking: We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him? They said: Of course. My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers.

22、She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college. This was the start in my life. And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents savings were being spen

23、t on my college tuition. After six months, I couldnt see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust tha

24、t it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didnt interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked far more interesting.It wasnt all romant

25、ic. I didnt have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into

26、by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example: Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Bec

27、ause I had dropped out and didnt have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was bea

28、utiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science cant capture, and I found it fascinating. None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into

29、the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I

30、had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years

31、later.Again, you cant connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it would made

32、 all the difference.My second story is about love and loss.I was lucky I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 em

33、ployees. We had just released our finest creation the Macintosh a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or

34、 so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.I really didn

35、t know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought

36、 about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.I didnt see it then, but it turned out that getting fired fro

37、m Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.During the next five years, I started a company name

38、d NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I

39、 returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apples current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.Im pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadnt been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient neede

40、d it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Dont lose faith. Im convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. Youve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life,

41、 and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you havent found it yet, keep looking. And dont settle. As with all matters of the heart, youll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it ju

42、st gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking. Dont settle.My third story is about death.When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: If you live each day as if it was your last, someday youll most certainly be right. It made an impression on me, and since then, for the

43、past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today? And whenever the answer has been No for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. Remembering that Ill be dead soon is th

44、e most important tool Ive ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are

45、going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didnt ev

46、en know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctors code for prepare to die. It means to try t

47、o tell your kids everything you thought youd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a

48、 biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because

49、 it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and Im fine now.This was the closest Ive been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certai

50、nty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven dont want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single b

51、est invention of Life. It is Lifes change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.Your time is limited, so dont waste it liv

52、ing someone elses life. Dont be trapped by dogma which is living with the results of other peoples thinking. Dont let the noise of others opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to

53、 become. Everything else is secondary.When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This

54、 was in the late 1960s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions. Stewar

55、t and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitc

56、hhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. T

57、hank you all very much翻譯史蒂夫 喬布斯(Steve Jobs)在斯坦福大學(xué)2005年畢業(yè)典禮上的演講我今天很榮幸能和你們一起參加畢業(yè)典禮，斯坦福大學(xué)是世界上最好的大學(xué)之一。我從來沒有從大學(xué)中畢業(yè)。說實話,今天也許是在我的生命中離大學(xué)畢業(yè)最近的一天了。今天我想向你們講述我生活中的三個故事。不是什么大不了的事情,只是三個故事而已。第一個故事是關(guān)于如何把生命中的點點滴滴串連起來。我在Reed大學(xué)讀了六個月之后就退學(xué)了,但是在十八個月以后我真正的作出退學(xué)決定之前,我還經(jīng)常去學(xué)校。我為什么要退學(xué)呢？故事從我出生的時候講起。我的親生母親是一個年輕的,沒有結(jié)婚的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生。她決定讓別

58、人收養(yǎng)我, 她十分想讓我被大學(xué)畢業(yè)生收養(yǎng)。所以在我出生的時候，她已經(jīng)做好了一切的準(zhǔn)備工作，能使得我被一個律師和他的妻子所收養(yǎng)。但是她沒有料到,當(dāng)我出生之后, 律師夫婦突然決定他們想要一個女孩。所以我的生養(yǎng)父母（他們在待選名單上）突然在半夜接到了一個電話:“我們現(xiàn)在這兒有一個不小心生出來的男嬰,你們想要他嗎？”他們回答道: “當(dāng)然！”但是我親生母親隨后發(fā)現(xiàn)，我的養(yǎng)母從來沒有上過大學(xué),我的養(yǎng)父甚至從沒有讀過高中。她拒絕簽這個收養(yǎng)合同。只是在幾個月以后,我的父母答應(yīng)她一定要讓我上大學(xué),那個時候她才軟化同意。在十七歲那年,我真的上了大學(xué)。但是我很愚蠢的選擇了一個幾乎和你們斯坦福大學(xué)一樣貴的學(xué)校, 我父

59、母還處于藍領(lǐng)階層，他們幾乎把所有積蓄都花在了我的學(xué)費上面。在六個月后, 我已經(jīng)看不到其中的價值所在。我不知道我真正想要做什么,我也不知道大學(xué)能怎樣幫助我找到答案。但是在這里，我?guī)缀趸ü饬宋腋改高@一輩子的全部積蓄。所以我決定要退學(xué),我覺得這是個正確的決定。不能否認,我當(dāng)時確實非常的害怕, 但是現(xiàn)在回頭看看,那的確是我這一生中最棒的一個決定。在我做出退學(xué)決定的那一刻, 我終于可以不必去讀那些令我提不起絲毫興趣的課程了。然后我可以開始去修那些看起來有點意思的課程。但是這并不是那么浪漫。我失去了我的宿舍,所以我只能在朋友房間的地板上面睡覺,我去撿可以換5美分的可樂罐，僅僅為了填飽肚子, 在星期天的晚上,我需要走七英里的路程，穿過這個城市到H