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1、什么情況下句首的動(dòng)詞要用ing形式 什么情況下用原型動(dòng)詞的 -ing形式 作主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞的 -ing形式是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語(yǔ)形式,由動(dòng)詞原形加 -ing構(gòu)成,可以在句子中用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。 n Seeing is believing.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。 n Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.乘火車到杭州要16個(gè)小時(shí)。 n Its nice talking with you.和你談話很高興。 n Its no use arguing with him. 跟他爭(zhēng)論沒(méi)用。 n There is no harm in doi
2、ng so. 這樣做沒(méi)有害處。 作表語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞 -ing可用來(lái)作表語(yǔ)。如: n This food smells inviting. n My favorite sport is swimming. n Their job is cleaning the window. 作賓語(yǔ) 1.動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以用作動(dòng)詞、短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和介詞的賓語(yǔ)。 n I warned her against driving fast. n Jim dislikes eating chocolate. 2.有些動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后接作賓語(yǔ)的非限定性動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能是-ing分詞,常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞有:admit, acknowledge,
3、 advise, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, escape, fancy, finish, forgive, face, endure, involve, give up, imagine, mention, mind, miss, pardon, practise, require, resent, resist, suggest, recall, resist, understand等。 n The doctor advised taking more exercise. n I suggest doing
4、 it in a different way. 3.大部分“動(dòng)詞+介詞”短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,只能后接動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語(yǔ)。這些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有:think of, give up, aim at, put off, insist on, persist in, be good at, do well in, cant help, keep on, leave off, feel like, be tired (afraid, capable, fond) of, set about等。 以下為to作介詞的短語(yǔ)有:be used to, object to, devote oneself to, stick to
5、, respond to, look forward to, see to, submit to, adapt to, apply to, accede to, get to, prefer to, adjust to, owe to, n Do you feel like having a drink? n I prefer swimming to playing basketball. 4.有些動(dòng)詞既可能帶-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ),也可以帶to不定式作賓語(yǔ),但在語(yǔ)義上卻有很 大的差別。如: chance to do 碰巧去做某事 chance doing 冒險(xiǎn)試一試做某事 forget to d
6、o 忘記要去做某事 forget doing 忘記曾做過(guò)某事 go on to do 接著又做另一件事 go on doing 繼續(xù)做同一件事 remember to do 記得要去做某事 remember doing 記得曾做過(guò)某事 stop to do 停下來(lái)去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 try to do 努力做某事 try doing 試一試做某事 regret to do 對(duì)將要做的事表示遺憾 regret doing 對(duì)做過(guò)的事表示遺憾 mean to do 打算想做某事 mean doing 意味著意思是做某事 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ) l I found the parade
7、quite interesting to watch. 這種用法通常用在下列幾類動(dòng)詞中,后接賓語(yǔ)然后加上-ing分詞,構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),-ing分詞充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)成分。 1.表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如:see, hear, feel, find, smell, watch, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe等。如: n There we found him watching TV. n I heard someone knocking at the door. 2.在有些動(dòng)詞(如:regard, describe, accept, think of
8、, quote等)之后,可由as引出-ing分 詞詞組作賓補(bǔ)。如: n They regarded the contract as being invalid. 他們認(rèn)為合同無(wú)效。 n They described the child as being very clever. 他們描述這孩子非常聰明。 3.使役動(dòng)詞,如:set, keep, have, get, leave, catch等。如: n Can you get my watch going again?你能使我的表再走起來(lái)嗎? n This sets me thinking. 這使我思考。 作狀語(yǔ) -ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示在進(jìn)行一
9、動(dòng)作的同時(shí)所進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作,它對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞起修飾和陪襯的作用。分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、結(jié)果、方式或伴隨情況。 Having cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden.(時(shí)間) Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work.(時(shí)間) Being ill, he couldnt go to school.(原因) Working diligently, you will certainly succeed.(條件) Granting the achiev
10、ements to be great, there is still something to be desired.(讓步) (盡管)成績(jī)是巨大的,(但)仍有一些要求改進(jìn)的東西。 My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.(結(jié)果) Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities.(方式) Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book.(伴隨) 作定語(yǔ) l a smiling face 笑臉 l a l
11、eading figure 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物 -ing分詞還能構(gòu)成合成詞作定語(yǔ),如: l easy-going man 好說(shuō)話的人 當(dāng)分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)時(shí),可以轉(zhuǎn)換成定語(yǔ)從句。 l She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai. l = She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai. l There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park. l = There are tw
12、o roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park.動(dòng)詞原型 1 什么是動(dòng)詞原型 對(duì)于動(dòng)詞的概念,比較容易理解:動(dòng)詞就是表示動(dòng)作的詞。但補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn):英語(yǔ)中,有些動(dòng)詞表示的是一種存在的狀態(tài),不能用眼睛直接看到它的動(dòng)作。例如:I have a bike. (我有一本書。)He is a student.(他是一個(gè)學(xué)生。)例句中,“have/has”(有)、“am/is/are”(是)等都是動(dòng)詞,但我們看不出它的動(dòng)作。 什么叫動(dòng)詞原型呢?簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō):就是英語(yǔ)詞典里面給出的詞。我們知道,在英語(yǔ)中作為謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,要根據(jù)
13、不同時(shí)間(過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在、將來(lái))進(jìn)行必要的變化。例如:go(去)有現(xiàn)在基本的形式: went(過(guò)去時(shí)) go(現(xiàn)在時(shí))goes(現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)) shall/will go(將來(lái)時(shí))。 動(dòng)詞原型就是指沒(méi)有進(jìn)行任何變化的那個(gè)詞,也就是說(shuō)最原來(lái)的一個(gè)詞。在上例中就是go. 我們?cè)倥e一些例子: be(是) was/were(過(guò)去時(shí)) am/is/are(現(xiàn)在時(shí)) shall/will be(將來(lái)時(shí)) walk(走) walked(過(guò)去時(shí)) walk/walks(現(xiàn)在時(shí))shall/will walk(將來(lái)時(shí)) have(有) had(過(guò)去時(shí)) have/has(現(xiàn)在時(shí)) shall/will hav
14、e(將來(lái)時(shí)) 2、動(dòng)詞原型的用法 在英語(yǔ)句子中,很多時(shí)候都要用到動(dòng)詞原型。這里,我們以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主,簡(jiǎn)單地介紹一下。 英語(yǔ)中,動(dòng)詞本身可以直接表示出是什么時(shí)候時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的是目前經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。那它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞怎么變化的呢? (1)如果是第三人稱而且是單數(shù)的話,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要在詞尾加s, es, ies。(具體方法見(jiàn)有關(guān)文章。) 例如: He gets up early every morning. (get加了s,表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) After breakfast Mr. Li goes to work by bus. (go加了es,表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) She studi
15、es English at school. (study變成了studies,表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) (2)在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)里,第三人稱單數(shù)改成疑問(wèn)句時(shí)要在句首加一個(gè)does。這個(gè)does叫做助動(dòng)詞,表示疑問(wèn);而句中原先的已經(jīng)加了s,es的詞,則不需要再進(jìn)行變化了,要用原型動(dòng)詞(即沒(méi)有變化的動(dòng)詞)。 例如: 肯定句:He gets up early every morning. (get加了s,表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) 疑問(wèn)句:Does he get up early every morning. (get去掉了s,即成了原型動(dòng)詞。) 肯定句:She studies English at school. (
16、study變成了studies,表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) 疑問(wèn)句:Does she study English at school? (study去掉了ies,即成了原型動(dòng)詞。) (3)同樣,在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)里,第三人稱單數(shù)改成否定句時(shí)要在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加一個(gè)does not(可以縮寫為doesnt)。這個(gè)doesnt叫做助動(dòng)詞,表示否定;而句中原先的已經(jīng)加了s,es的動(dòng)詞詞,則不需要再進(jìn)行變化了,而用原型動(dòng)詞(即沒(méi)有變化的動(dòng)詞)。 例如: 肯定句:After breakfast Mr. Li goes to work by bus. (go加了es,表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) 疑問(wèn)句:After breakfas
17、t Mr. Li doesnt go to work by bus. (加了doesnt, 而go去掉了es) (4)如果是第一、二人稱和復(fù)數(shù)的話,在表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不進(jìn)行變化(相當(dāng)于原型動(dòng)詞)。 例如: We have four classes in the morning. (have沒(méi)有變化,但仍然表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) The workers work very hard.(work沒(méi)有變化,但仍然表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) (5)如果不是第三人稱的或者是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,它的疑問(wèn)句是在句首加助動(dòng)詞do,而否定句是在動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)前加dont表示否定。 例如: 肯定句:We have four
18、 classes in the morning. (have沒(méi)有變化,但仍然表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) 疑問(wèn)句:Do you have four classes in the morning?(在句首加do,句中have仍然保留原型。) 肯定句:The workers work very hard.(work沒(méi)有變化,但仍然表示一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) 否定句:The workers dont work very hard.(句中加了dont,work仍然保留原型。) 不定式 不定式做主語(yǔ)一般表示具體的某次動(dòng)作。 【例如】 To complete the 30storied building in one ye
19、ar was quite a difficult task. To do that implies taking responsibility. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng),謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí),常用it做形式主語(yǔ),而將不定式放到 謂語(yǔ)的后面。 【例如】 It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages. It做形式主語(yǔ),不定式放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中: a) It is形容詞(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary
20、, right, wrong.)( for/of sb.) 不定式 【例如】 It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve. hard to put my hopessintoswords. It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only. It is important for us young people to learn English and master it. b) It is名詞(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thi
21、ng, ones duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job.) 不定式 It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash. It is a pity to have to go without her. It is a glorious death to die for the people. c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience.)不定式 It takes me three
22、hours to learn English each day. It took them half the night to get home in the snow.2)不定式作表語(yǔ)不定式作表語(yǔ)常表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,主語(yǔ)常常是表示 意向、打算、計(jì)劃的詞,如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job等。 【例如】 The most important thing for ones health is to have plenty of exercise. My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties
23、of the matter. The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city and to provide them with any necessary information. What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible. 3)不定式作賓語(yǔ)不定式常在下列動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ): afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care, choose,claim,consent
24、,demand,decide,desire,determine, expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean, neglect,offer,plan,prepare pretend,promise,refuse,resolve, seek,tend,threaten,want等。 【例如】 I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in spring. My mother hates to move from place to place, for she fee
25、ls tired.I decide to work hard and get doctors degree. The room is designed to be my study,but now it has to be used as a bedroom for the children. She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worried about it. There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he mean
26、s( )trouble. (CET-4 1997, 1) A) making B) to make C) to have made D)shavingsmade mean后面一般加不定式,所以A和D可以排除。根據(jù)句意, 他看起來(lái)非常生氣,他想找麻煩,不定式的動(dòng)作還沒(méi)有實(shí)施, 應(yīng)用一般式, 因此答案為B。不定式作賓語(yǔ)還常用在下面 結(jié)構(gòu)中;主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞it形容詞不定式。 【例如】 We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. I think it important to learn English well in college. 使
27、用這種句型的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有:believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think,等。 1.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)的選用 1)不定式的一般式表示不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。 I saw him enter the room我看見(jiàn)他進(jìn)入了那房間。 I was invited to the party to be held in the roof garden我被邀請(qǐng)參加在屋頂花園舉行的晚會(huì)。 2)不定式的完成式表示不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。 Im s
28、orry to have kept you waiting so long很抱歉讓你等了那么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。 I heard you have finished your job聽(tīng)說(shuō)你已經(jīng)完成了你的工作。 3)不定式的進(jìn)行式表示不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行。 They seemed to be eating something他們好像正在吃東西。 I am very glad to be working with you很高興和你一起工作。 2. 不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài) 不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)與不定式表示的動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)與否以及它與邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系有關(guān)。 1)通常而言,不定式的動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)的,則不定式用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),反
29、之則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 2)在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中還要考慮不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是全句的主語(yǔ):He hurried there to find the train had gone他趕到那里結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。 主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ): Nobody will be allowed to leave unti l7:00am直到七點(diǎn)才允許離開(kāi)。 賓語(yǔ):She dislikes to be told to do what she dislikes她不愿聽(tīng)人使喚。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是全句的賓語(yǔ):Father desires me to be a doctor父親希望我當(dāng)醫(yī)生。 定語(yǔ)是其中心詞:These are t
30、he letters for him to be typed today這些是他今天要打印出來(lái)的信箋。 句中某一名詞或代詞:He bought a book to read他買了一本書(自己)讀。He bought me a book to read他給我買了一本書讀。 主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)由for引出:It is impossible for him to do the job alone他不可能獨(dú)自干這活。 由of引出:It is very kind of you to see us謝謝你來(lái)看我們。 不在句中,可根據(jù)句義推測(cè)出來(lái):My job is to teach students English
31、我的工作是教學(xué)生英語(yǔ)。 分詞 英語(yǔ)上的分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞主要差別在于:現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成(不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不表示被動(dòng),只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或邏輯主語(yǔ)等。 1、 分詞作狀語(yǔ)分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ),可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等。 分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ),使用何種分詞,要取決于分詞與句子主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系:主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞,動(dòng)賓或被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。 (1)現(xiàn)在分詞The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. (2)過(guò)去分詞Accompan
32、ied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. 2、while ( when, once, until, if , though等連詞)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),有時(shí)可以在分詞前加while,when, once, although, until, if等連詞。 When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and ma
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