系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)課件：Chapter 6 The Respiratory System

1、1 Chapter 6 The Respiratory System The Nose The Larynx The Trachea And Bronchi The Lung The Pleura The Mediastinum SPLANCHNOLOGY 2 The upper respiratory tract ： the nose, pharynx and larynx, The lower respiratory tract ： trachea and bronchi The Respiratory System consists of ： The respiratory tract

2、、The lung The main function of the respiratory system is exchanging gases nasal cavity oral cavity larynx pharynx trachea right principal bronchus left principal bronchus superior lobe ( (left lung) ) diaphragm inferior lobe ( (left lung) ) 3 The Nose nasal point back of nose apex of nose nose ala n

3、asolabial groove The external nose nasal point back of nose apex of nose nose ala nasolabial groove 4 Little region or Kiesselbach region The Nasal Cavity nostril choanae nasal vestibule cavum nasi proprium limen nasi nasal septum nasal conchas supreme nasal concha，concha nasalis media， concha nasal

4、is inferior nasal meatus superior nasal meatus ，middle nasal meatus ， inferior meatus of nose supreme nasal concha sphenoethmoidal recess semilunar hiatus ethmoidal infundibulum ethmoidal bulb 5 the olfactory region the respiratory region The paranasal sinuses nose mucosa The frontal sinus opens its

5、 mouth at the middle nasal meatus The ethmoidal sinus anterior ethmoidal sinus ， middle ethmoidal sinus both of them debouch at the middle nasal meatus posterior ethmoidal sinus opens its mouth at superior nasal meatus The sphenoidal sinus debouches at the sphenoethmoid recess The maxillary sinus op

6、en their mouth at semilunar hiatus of middle nasal meatus olfactory region 6 The Larynx laryngeal cartilages The thyroid cartilage anterior horn laryngeal prominence superior thyuroid notch superior cornu inferior cornu The cricoid cartilage cricoid arch cricoid lamina The epiglottic cartilage epigl

7、ottis The arytenoid cartilages vocal process muscular process 7 The Conjunction of Larynx The thyrohyoid membrane median thyrohyoid ligament lateral thyrohyoid ligament triticeal cartilage The cricothyroid joint The anteversion movement can make the distance between anterior angle of thyroid cartila

8、ge and arytenoid cartilage larger, vocal cord tensive. While the distance contracted and vocal cord relaxed in time of reposition. The cricoarytenoid joint The internal rotation can make vocal process approach to each other, and contract glottis. While lateral rotation has contrary effect. 8 The qua

9、drangular membrane vestibular ligament The conus elasticus vocal ligament vocal cord median cricothyroid ligament The cricotracheal ligament 9 The cricothyroid muscle tense and lengthen vocal cord The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle The thyroarytenoid muscle vocalis

10、 The arytenoids The transverse arytenoid The oblique arytenoid The aryepiglottic muscle The extrinsic laryngeal muscle Belong to cross striated muscle. Its effect is tensing or relaxing vocal cord， opening or contracting fissure of glottis, and contracting laryngeal origice. 10 The aperture of laryn

11、x (The aditus laryngis) aryepiglottic fold vestibular fold rima vestibuli vocal fold The laryngeal vestibule The intermedial cavity of larynx ventricle of larynx vocal fold is constructed by vocal ligament, vocalis and laryngeal mucouss membrane. The fissure of glottis intermembranous part intercart

12、ilaginous part The vocal fold and the fissure of glottis are called glottis together The infraglottic cavity Its submucous tissue is loose, and easy caused laryngeal edema by inflammation. The Laryngeal Cavity 11 The Trachea and Bronchi The Trachea carina of trachea deviates to the left side cartila

13、gines tracheales membranous wall tracheal muscles carina of trachea left principal bronchus right principal bronchus membranous wall tracheal cartilages 12 The bronchi The right principal bronchus The left principal bronchus subcarinal angle left subcarinal angle left principal bronchus:The former u

14、sually consists of 7 to 8 tracheal cartilages, and it is thin, long and oblique, and the subcarinal angle is large. right principal bronchus: The former usually consists of 3 to 4 tracheal cartilages, and it is short, straight and thick, and the subcarinal angle is small. Because of the more vertica

15、l position of the right principal bronchus, foreign particles are more likely to lodge here than in the left principal bronchus. thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage trachea left principal bronchus right principal bronchus subcarinal angle 13 cop One tip, one bottom, three surfaces and three borders

16、The Lung The External Feature of the Lung apex of lung base of lung (diaphragmatic surface) the costal surface of the lung mediastinal (medial) surface diaphragmatic surface anterior border incisura cardiaca posterior border inferior border horizontal fissure oblique fissure lobes of lung left 2 rig

17、ht 3 14 The structure of two pulmonary roots are left superior pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery and primary bronchus from anterior to posterior. the hilum of lung root of lung The structures arranged in the two roots of lung are pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery and principal bronchus in the order o

18、f front and back, but that will be changed in the order of upper and below. They are pulmonary artery, left principal bronchus and pulmonary veins in the root of left lung, and superior lobar bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins in the root of right lung. The structure in root of left lung

19、 are pulmonary artery, left principal bronchus and inferior pulmonary veins from superior to inferior. The structure in root of right lung are superior lobar bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary from superior to inferior. 15 The Difference Between the Lung of Fetus and Adult The lungs of fetus a

20、nd newborn which have never respired have no air and with a bigger specific gravity varying from 1.045 to 1.056, and can sink into the water. On the contrary, the lungs of respirators have a smaller specific gravity varying from 0.345 to 0.746, and can float on the water. This difference has great v

21、alue on the forensic medical investigation. The weight of fetuss lung is 1/70 of their body weight, and the volume of which is about a half of that of thoracic cavity. In the development process of lung, the fetuss lung of 3 months before birth grows fastest, and the volume of lung after birth occup

22、ies about 2/3 of thoracic cavitys volume. The lungs of a fetus are pink but may become discolored in an adult as a result of smoking or air pollution. Smoking not only discolors the lungs, it may also cause deterioration of the pulmonary alveoli. If a person moves to a less polluted environment or g

23、ives up smoking, the lungs will get pinker and function more efficiently, unless they have been permanently damaged by disease. In the normal condition, the fetuss lung will mature in the 36th week of duration of pregnancy. Before that, the lungs type alveolar cells in premature infant before the 36

24、th week duration of pregnancy isnt mature and cant secret enough pulmonary surfactant, so respiratory distress syndrome of newborn (RDS) easily takes place and the treatment of promoting the mature of fetuss lung is needed. 16 The Bronchial Tree principal (primary) bronchus lobar (secondary) bronchi

25、 segmental (tertiary) bronchi The tracheotomy usually be made between the 3rd to 5th cartilagines tracheales. 17 The Bronchopulmonary Segments The bronchopulmonary segments （ pulmonary segment） Each segmental bronchi and its pulmonary tisssue is called bronchopulmonary segment （segment）. Each lung h

26、as 10 segments, and the consecutive segments are separated by connective tissue and have independent blood supply. 18 The Blood Supply of Bronchus and Pulmonary Segment pulmonary artery the functional blood vessels of transferring blood for gas exchange left and right bronchial arteries blood vessel

27、s of trophism 19 The Pleura The parietal pleura The parietal pleura line the thoracic wall and the thoracic surface of the diaphragm costal pleura diaphragmatic pleura mediastinal pleura cupula of pleura The Visceral Pleura The visceral pleura adheres to outer surface of the lung and extend into eac

28、h of the interlobar fissures pleural cavity A containing serous sac lacouna between visceral pleura and parietal pleura. diaphragmatic pleura cupula of pleura parietal pleura pleural cavity pulmonary pleura costal pleura costodiaphragmatic recess disphragmatic muscle mediastinal pleura 20 diaphragma

29、tic pleura costodiaphragmatic recess The costodiaphragmatic recess is formed by the returning of costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura, and is the part with lowest position and largest volume of all the pleural recesses. There are two costodiaphragmatic recesses, and the depth of which can reach th

30、e two intercostal spaces. The fluid of pleural cavity often accumulates in the costodiaphragmatic recess at first. The pleural recesses cupula of pleura parietal pleura pleural cavity pulmonary pleura costal pleura costodiaphragmatic recess disphragmatic muscle mediastinal pleura costomediastinal recess phrenicomediastinal recess 21 The projection of the inferior borders o