Paul+Ekman+微表情論文匯總(說謊+謊言之作者)

1、1. Interaction of set and awareness as determinants of response to verbal conditioning.Ekman, Paul; Krasner, Leonard; Ullmann, Leonard P.; The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol 66(4), Apr 1963. pp. 387-389.The utility of an operant conditioning model to psychotherapy was evaluated by st

2、udying the definition of the situation given S and Ss focus on Es behavior. Instructions induced either a positive or negative set, identifying a story telling task as a test of empathy or personal problems. Awareness was induced in ½ of the Ss by calling attention to Es reinforcement mm- hmm

3、. 12 undergradate students served as Ss in each of the 4 experimental groups. Positive set-Aware Ss increased use of emotional words, while Negative set-Aware Ss decreased use of emotional words. The results were interpreted as evidence that awareness can either facilitate or inhibit conditioning, d

4、epending upon Ss set. (26 ref.)abn-66-4-387.pdf (261.61 KB)2. Body position, facial expression, and verbal behavior during interviews. Ekman, Paul; The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol 68(3), Mar 1964. pp. 295-301.The communicative value of body position and facial expression was evalu

5、ated by measuring an Os ability to detect a relationship between nonverbal and verbal behavior which had been simultaneously emitted. The verbal and nonverbal stimuli were collected during 2 different standardized stress interviews. Judges (Js) were shown pairs of photographs together with short wri

6、tten speech samples and required on each trial to pick the photograph which matched the verbal behavior. In 4 separate experiments with different groups of Js, accurate judgments were obtained. Evidence for a relationship between nonverbal and verbal behavior simultaneously emitted was replicated ac

7、ross 2 different samples of interview behavior and under 3 cue conditions-seeing the head, body, or whole person.abn-68-3-295.pdf (629.59 KB)3. A tool for the analysis of motion picture film or video tape.Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V.; American Psychologist, Vol 24(3), Mar 1969. pp. 240-243.Descr

8、ibes the Visual Information Display and Retrieval (VID-R) system, designed for the analysis of visual records, archiving, and visual displays in programed instruction. The necessities for permanent visual records are reviewed. Employment of VID-R functions of (a) viewing speed, (b) search and retrie

9、val, (c) temporal reorganization (editing), and (d) presentation of a visual dictionary is explained. Components incorporate as much off-the-shelf hardware as possible and contain maximum flexibility in logic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)amp-24-3-240.pdf (397.51 KB)4.

10、 Who can catch a liar?Ekman, Paul; OSullivan, Maureen; American Psychologist, Vol 46(9), Sep 1991. pp. 913-920.The ability to detect lying was evaluated in 509 people including law- enforcement personnel, such as members of the US Secret Service, Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Invest

11、igation, National Security Agency, Drug Enforcement Agency, California police and judges, as well as psychiatrists, college students, and working adults. A videotape showed 10 people who were either lying or telling the truth in describing their feelings. Only the Secret Service performed better tha

12、n chance, and they were significantly more accurate than all of the other groups. When occupational group was disregarded, it was found that those who were accurate apparently used different behavioral clues and had different skills than those who were inaccurate.amp-46-9-913.pdf (759.72 KB)5. Facia

13、l expression and emotion.Ekman, Paul; American Psychologist, Vol 48(4), Apr 1993. pp. 384-392.Cross-cultural research on facial expression and the developments of methods to measure facial expression are briefly summarized. What has been learned about emotion from this work on the face is then eluci

14、dated. Four questions about facial expression and emotion are discussed: What information does an expression typically convey? Can there be emotion without facial expression?Can there be a facial expression of emotion without emotion? How do individuals differ in their facial expressions of emotion?

15、 (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)amp-48-4-384.rar (2.09 MB)6. Who is misleading whom? A reply to Nickerson and Hammond.Ekman, Paul; OSullivan, Maureen; American Psychologist, Vol 48(9), Sep 1993. pp. 989-990.Responds to comments by C. A. Nickerson and K. R. Hammond (see r

16、ecord 1993- 45213-001) on the P. Ekman and M. OSullivan (see record 1992-05387-001) study of lie detection. Ekman and OSullivan contend that the conclusions of their study are still valid and note that Nickerson and Hammond merely challenged their use of descriptive statistics. (PsycINFO Database Re

17、cord (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)amp-48-9-989-b.pdf (230.58 KB)7. Richard Stanley Lazarus (1922-2002).Ekman, Paul; Campos, Joseph; American Psychologist, Vol 58(9), Sep 2003. pp.756-757.Obituary for Richard Stanley Lazarus, 1922-2002. Lazarus work in the field of stress, stress appraisals, and

18、 coping is described. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)amp-58-9-756.pdf (182.6 KB)8. Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russells mistaken critique.Ekman, Paul; Psychological Bulletin, Vol 115(2), Mar 1994. pp. 268-287.J. A. Russell (see record

19、1994-20274-001) misrepresents what universality means, misinterprets the evidence from past studies, and fails to consider or report findings that disagree with his position. New data are introduced that decisively answer the central question that Russell raises about the use of aforced-choice forma

20、t in many of the past studies. This article shows that Russells many other qualms about other aspects of the design of the studies of literate cultures have no merit. Russells critique of the preliterate cultures is inaccurate; he does not fully disclose what those who studied preliterate Ss did or

21、what they concluded that they had found. Taking account of all of Russells qualms, P. Ekmans analysis shows that the evidence from both literate and preliterate cultures is overwhelming in support of universals in facial expressions.bul-115-2-268.rar (2.38 MB)9. Linkages between facial expressions o

22、f anger and transient myocardial ischemia in men with coronary artery disease.Rosenberg, Erika L.; Ekman, Paul; Jiang, Wei; Babyak, Michael; Coleman, R. Edward; Hanson, Michael; OConnor, Christopher; Waugh, Robert; Blumenthal, James A.; Emotion, Vol 1(2), Jun 2001. pp. 107-115.The authors examined w

23、hether facial expressions of emotion would predict changes in heart function. One hundred fifteen male patients with coronaryartery disease underwent the Type A Structured Interview, during which time measures of transient myocardial ischemia (wall motion abnormality and left ventricular ejection fr

24、action) were obtained. Facial behavior exhibited during the ischemia measurement period was videotaped and later coded by using the Facial Action Coding System (P. Ekman & W. V. Friesen, 1978). Those participants who exhibited ischemia showed significantly more anger expressions and nonenjoyment smi

25、les than nonischemics. Cook-Medley Hostility scores did not vary with ischemic status. The findings have implications for understanding how anger and hostility differentially influence coronary heart disease risk.emo-1-2-107.pdf (829.2 KB)10. Facial expression and the affective component of cynical

26、hostility in male coronary heart disease patients.Rosenberg, Erika L.; Ekman, Paul; Blumenthal, James A.; Health Psychology, Vol 17(4), Jul 1998. pp. 376-380.This study describes the affective component of hostility as measured by the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Ho W. Cook & D. Medley, 1954) by exa

27、mining the relationship between facial expressions of emotion and Ho scores in 116 male coronary heart disease patients. Patients underwent the videotaped Type A Structured Interview, from which facial expressions were later coded using the Facial Action Coding System. They also completed the Cook-M

28、edley Ho scale.Facial expression of the emotion of contempt was significantly related to Ho scores; anger expression was not. Also, there was a significant interaction between hostility and defensiveness, wherein low-defensive, highly hostile people showed substantially more contempt expression than

29、 others. The implications of these findings for the construct validity of Ho and for identifying clinically important subtypes of hostility are discussed.hea-17-4-376.pdf (818.06 KB)11. Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age.Levenson, Robert W.; Carstensen, Laura L.; Friesen, Wallace V.; Ekm

30、an, Paul; Psychology and Aging, Vol 6(1), Mar 1991. pp. 28-35.Emotion-specific autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity was studied in 20 elderly people (age 71-83 yrs) who followed muscle-by-muscle instructions for constructing facial prototypes of emotional expressions and relived past emotional ex

31、periences. Results indicate that (a) patterns of emotion-specific ANS activity produced by these tasks closely resembled those found in other studies with younger Ss, (b) the magnitude of change in ANS measures was smaller in older than in younger Ss, (c) patterns of emotion-specific ANS activity sh

32、owed generality across the 2 modes of elicitation, (d) emotion self-reports and spontaneous production of emotional facial expressions thatoccurred during relived emotional memories were comparable with those found in younger Ss, (e) elderly men and women did not differ in emotional physiology or fa

33、cial expression, and (f) elderly women reported experiencing more intense emotions when reliving emotional memories than did elderly men.pag-6-1-28.pdf (906.38 KB)12. Constants across cultures in the face and emotion.Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V.; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol

34、 17(2), Feb 1971. pp. 124-129.Investigated the question of whether any facial expressions of emotion are universal. Recent studies showing that members of literate cultures associated the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors could not demonstrate that at least some facial expressions

35、 of emotion are universal; the cultures compared had all been exposed to some of the same mass media presentations of facial expression, and these may have taught the people in each culture to recognize the unique facial expressions of other cultures. To show that members of a preliterate culture wh

36、o had minimal exposure to literate cultures would associate the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors as do members of Western and Eastern literate cultures, data were gathered in NewGuinea by telling 342 Ss a story, showing them a set of 3 faces, and asking them to select the face wh

37、ich showed the emotion appropriate to the story. Ss were members of the Fore linguistic-cultural group, which up until 12 yr. ago was an isolated, Neolithic, material culture. Results provide evidence in support of the hypothesis. (30 ref.)psp-17-2-124.pdf (558.02 KB)13. Differential communication o

38、f affect by head and body cues.Ekman, Paul; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 2(5), Nov 1965. pp. 726-735.4 experiments demonstrated that head and body nonverbal cues provide different affective information. Head cues carry information primarily about what particular affect is being

39、experienced, and relatively little about intensity of affect or level of arousal. Body cues reverse this pattern, communicating information primarily about level of arousal or degree of intensity of an affective experience, but relatively little about what particular affect is being experienced. Pho

40、tographic stimuli were drawn from 5 standardized stress interviews. All photographs were rated on Schlosbergs 3 dimensions of emotion. In each experiment 3 separate groups of judges each viewed 1 cue version: head, body, or whole person (head and body). (21 ref.)psp-2-5-726.pdf (851.32 KB)14. Detect

41、ing deception from the body or face.Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V.; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 29(3), Mar 1974. pp. 288-298.Tested 2 hypotheses concerning differences between the face and body when a person is engaged in deception. 21 female nursing students were required to

42、 behonest in one interview, frankly describing their feelings about a pleasant film, and to be deceptive in another interview concealing negative affect aroused by an unpleasant film and simulating pleasant feelings. As predicted by the 1st hypothesis, the face was mentioned more often than the body

43、 when Ss were asked afterward what behavior should be *ed or controlled in perpetrating deception. Videotapes of the facial and body behavior during the honest and deceptive interviews were shown to separate groups of observers (advanced psychology and speech students). The 2nd hypothesis-that when

44、deceptive behavior was judged, more accurate judgments would be made from the body than from the face, but that when honest behavior was judged, there would be little difference in the accuracy achieved from the face or body-was partially supported. (18 ref)psp-29-3-288.pdf (972.99 KB)15. Relative i

45、mportance of face, body, and speech in judgments of personality and affect.Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V.; OSullivan, Maureen; Scherer, Klaus; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 38(2), Feb 1980. pp. 270-277.Three experiments correlated judgments made from observing single channels (

46、face, body, or speech) with multiple channel judgments (face, body, and speech together; or face and speech together). Judges observed the spontaneous behavior of videotaped student nurses in 2 types of interview situations, deceptive and honest, and rated the nurses on 14 bipolar adjective scales (

47、e.g., awkward-natural). The single channel judgments that correlated most highly with the multiple channel judgments depended on the type of attribute being judged and the situation in which the behavior occurred (e.g., in the deception condition, judgments made from speech had the highest correlati

48、on with whole-person judgments). (18 ref)psp-38-2-270.pdf (608.79 KB)16. Facial signs of emotional experience.Ekman, Paul; Freisen, Wallace V.; Ancoli, Sonia; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 39(6), Dec 1980. pp. 1125-1134.35 right-handed White females (18-35 yrs) viewed positive an

49、d stress-inducing motion picture films and then reported on their subjective experience.Spontaneous facial expressions provided accurate information about more specific aspects of emotional experience than just the pleasant vs unpleasant distinction. The facial action coding system (P. Ekman and W.

50、V. Friesen, 1978) isolated a particular type of smile that was related to differences in reported happiness between Ss who showed this action and Ss who did not, to the intensity of happiness, and to which of 2 happy experiences was reported as happiest. Ss who showed a set of facial actions hypothe

51、sized to be signs of various negative affects reported experiencing more negative emotion than Ss who did not show these actions. How much these facial actions were shown was related to the reported intensity of negative affect. Specific facial actions associated with the experience of disgust are i

52、dentified. (38 ref)psp-39-6-1125.pdf (780.15 KB)17. Methodological problems in Tourangeau and Ellsworths study of facial expression and experience of emotion.Hager, Joseph C.; Ekman, Paul; Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 40(2), Feb 1981. pp. 358-362.Argues that flaws in the method

53、of R. Tourangeau and P. C. Ellsworths study (see record 1981-00499-001) undermined their test of hypotheses derived from theories of emotion. Tourangeau and Ellsworth did not manipulate facial movements into valid analogs of emotional expressions, so failure to confirm the sufficiency hypothesis is

54、uninformative. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)psp-40-2-358.pdf (397.91 KB)18. What you say and how you say it: The contribution of speech content and voice quality to judgments of others.OSullivan, Maureen; Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace; Scherer, Klaus R.; Journ

55、al of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 48(1), Jan 1985. pp. 54-62.14 groups of undergraduates (2 for each of 7 conditions) made judgments based on separated channels (speech content, voice quality, face alone, and bodyalone) and judgments based on combined channels (speech, face plus speech, a

56、nd face plus body plus speech). Ss observed (via videotape) and heard (via audiotape) the spontaneous behavior of 15 stimulus persons in 2 types of interview situations and rated various aspects of the behavior. In Study 1, criterion judgments were based on a task similar to answering a phone. In St

57、udy 2, they were similar to watching TV. In Study 3, a complete set of behavioral clues was the basis of the criterion judgments. Results show that correlations between separated and combined channels varied significantly, depending on the kind of behavior judged. Judgments of honestly described pos

58、itive feelings based on nonverbal channels were highly correlated with judgments of the whole person, while most speech-content judgments were uncorrelated. Judgments of stimulus persons lied-about negative feelings were less influenced by nonverbal behavior. Judgments based on content of what was said were most highly correlated with how the person mak-ing the statement was judged. (11 ref)psp-48-1-54.pdf (765.8 KB)19. Is the startle reaction an emotion?Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V.; Simons, Ronald C.; Jour