開關(guān)電源外文翻譯

1、作者：a. farhadi國(guó)籍：伊朗出處：0:8000/rewriter/ei基于壓降型pwm開關(guān)電源的建模、仿真和減少傳導(dǎo)性電磁干擾摘要：電子設(shè)備之中雜亂的輻射或者能量叫做電磁干擾(emi)。尤其是在開關(guān)電源中的電力電子轉(zhuǎn)換器經(jīng)常高速切換時(shí)，雖然提高了工作效率，卻導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)換器產(chǎn)生了電磁干擾。在這篇論文之中介紹了各種各樣的傳導(dǎo)干擾，電磁干擾規(guī)章以及傳導(dǎo)性電磁干擾的測(cè)量。如果電子設(shè)備的電磁干擾符合國(guó)家或者國(guó)際規(guī)章稱為電磁兼容性（emc）。電力電子系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)商一定要重視電子設(shè)備的電磁兼容性。電磁兼容性評(píng)估的第一步就是建模和仿真。在這篇論文中提出了基于壓降型脈寬調(diào)制開關(guān)

2、電源的電磁干擾仿真結(jié)果。為了提高電子設(shè)備的電磁兼容性,在論文中介紹了一些技術(shù)，并且通過仿真提高了電子設(shè)備的工作效率。關(guān)鍵字：傳導(dǎo)，電磁兼容性，電磁干擾，線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)，開關(guān)電源一.前言在電力電子領(lǐng)域中，快速半導(dǎo)體的出現(xiàn)使高速度，高頻率的開關(guān)切換成為了可能1。高速的開關(guān)造成設(shè)備的重量和體積的減少，但與此同時(shí)這也造成了一些不利的影響，比如無線頻率的干擾2。生產(chǎn)商將生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品投放到市場(chǎng)，遵守電磁兼容性規(guī)章是必要的。在設(shè)計(jì)階段考慮電磁兼容性問題是非常重要的3。在開發(fā)產(chǎn)品前，建模和仿真是分析電磁兼容性最有效的工具。許多以前的研究都有涉及到電力電子元件的低頻分析45。不同類型的電力電子轉(zhuǎn)換器都能夠被用來

3、當(dāng)做電磁的干擾源。電磁干擾源可以通過輻射和傳導(dǎo)兩種方式來傳播。線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)被用來測(cè)量和計(jì)算電磁干擾影響的程度6。線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)輸出的干擾頻譜被引為電磁兼容性的評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)7,8。國(guó)家或國(guó)際規(guī)章是電子設(shè)備電磁兼容性評(píng)估的一個(gè)參考的方面78。二、來源，途徑和電磁干擾的受害者雜亂的電壓或者電流被稱為干擾，而它們的來源被稱為干擾源。本論文中的干擾源就是一個(gè)高速的開關(guān)電源。干擾通過輻射的方式在干擾源周圍傳播或通過和常見的電纜或電線連接進(jìn)行傳導(dǎo)。在這項(xiàng)研究中只考慮傳導(dǎo)發(fā)射設(shè)備，如電腦，接收器，放大器，工業(yè)控制器等。這些被干擾源輻射的設(shè)備被稱為受害者。常見的元素，源頭接線，布線為噪聲以及干擾的傳導(dǎo)提供了途

4、徑。電磁傳導(dǎo)干擾有差模和共模兩種干擾方法9。a.差模傳導(dǎo)干擾這種模式就是將一個(gè)噪聲源的噪聲施加到一個(gè)測(cè)試電路的不同線路。它的電路如下圖1所示9。在圖1中也顯示了干擾源，路徑阻抗，差模電流以及負(fù)載阻抗。 圖1差模傳導(dǎo)干擾路徑b.常見的干擾方式共模噪聲或干擾可能出現(xiàn)在電線或者電纜的連接點(diǎn)。負(fù)載和接地點(diǎn)的任意泄露都可以被認(rèn)為是電壓干擾源。圖2演示了共模干擾源在共模電流為icm1和icm2時(shí)相關(guān)的電流路徑9。電力電子轉(zhuǎn)換器可以被用來作為供應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)線路之間的噪音源。在這項(xiàng)研究中不同的傳導(dǎo)干擾模式是非常重要的，所以討論只會(huì)在這種模式下被繼續(xù)考慮。三、電磁兼容性規(guī)章電子設(shè)備的應(yīng)用，特別是那些擁有靜態(tài)電力電子轉(zhuǎn)

5、換器的電子設(shè)備越來越多。就像前面講的一樣，電力電子轉(zhuǎn)換器被視為一個(gè)重要的電磁干擾源，并能使電網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生腐壞。各種各樣的干擾造成的高污染降低了電網(wǎng)電能的質(zhì)量。另一方面，一些住宅，廣告，特別是醫(yī)療器件對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)的電壓及頻率變化的干擾非常敏感。最好的解決干擾和提高電能質(zhì)量的方法就是遵守國(guó)家或國(guó)際電磁兼容性規(guī)定。國(guó)際無線電干擾特別委員會(huì)，國(guó)際電工委員會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦通訊委員會(huì)和德國(guó)電氣工程師協(xié)會(huì)認(rèn)證是歐洲，美國(guó)，德國(guó)最有名的決策并且出版最重要電磁兼容性法規(guī)的組織。iec和vde在傳導(dǎo)發(fā)射上的需要和限制如圖 3 和圖 4所示7,9。 圖2共模傳導(dǎo)干擾路徑圖3 iec管理排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同的消費(fèi)者群體可以遵守不同類

6、別的規(guī)定。a類為普通的消費(fèi)者，b類為具有更苛刻限制的消費(fèi)者，在圖 3 和圖 4這兩者被分開。iec和vde頻率范圍不同，前者范圍為150 千赫茲 到 30 兆赫茲，后者的范圍為10 千赫茲 到 30 兆赫茲，在上述法規(guī)規(guī)定要求的頻率范圍內(nèi)，法規(guī)的遵守情況被用來測(cè)量或者計(jì)算傳導(dǎo)干擾的水平。在歐美社會(huì)電磁兼容性法規(guī)的遵行是強(qiáng)制的，產(chǎn)品必須要有認(rèn)證的標(biāo)簽以表示達(dá)到法規(guī)的要求8。 圖4 vde管理排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)四、電磁傳導(dǎo)干擾測(cè)試a. 線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)（lisn）線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)是提供一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工業(yè)元素被放置在供應(yīng)和電力電子轉(zhuǎn)換器之間， 包括加載一個(gè)接口以便可以對(duì)傳導(dǎo)干擾進(jìn)行測(cè)量7，所述的情況如圖5 所示6

7、。線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)具有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)，以滿足測(cè)量條件7。1- 提供一個(gè)低阻抗路徑轉(zhuǎn)移源動(dòng)力到電力電子轉(zhuǎn)換器以及負(fù)載。2- 干擾源提供一個(gè)低阻抗路徑，電力電子轉(zhuǎn)換器用來測(cè)量路徑端口。 圖5 lisn網(wǎng)絡(luò)布局測(cè)量傳導(dǎo)干擾b. 線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)渚€路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)比較常見的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)如圖6所示7。圖6 lisn網(wǎng)絡(luò)常見的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)圖7中給出了線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)的阻抗與頻率的變化以及前面提到的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。線性阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)在電磁干擾測(cè)量范圍之內(nèi)擁有穩(wěn)定的阻抗7。線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)輸出的信號(hào)電平與頻率的變化就是干擾頻譜。一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的電磁兼容性可以通過比較它的干擾頻譜和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的限制來進(jìn)行評(píng)估。線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)輸出的信號(hào)電

8、平范圍在10千赫茲 到30 千赫茲 或者150 千赫茲 到30兆赫茲之間，這就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電磁兼容性，并且它處在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的限定范圍里。在實(shí)際的情況下，線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)是連接到頻譜分析儀上進(jìn)行干擾測(cè)量的。但是為了建模和仿真的目的，線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)的輸出頻譜是通過相應(yīng)的軟件來進(jìn)行計(jì)算的。五結(jié)論本論文提到了由于快速地開關(guān)半導(dǎo)體器件會(huì)在電力電子轉(zhuǎn)換器中出現(xiàn)電磁干擾，電磁干擾有輻射干擾和傳導(dǎo)干擾兩種，本論文研究了兩者之中的傳導(dǎo)干擾。論文中對(duì)相容性的法規(guī)和傳導(dǎo)干擾的測(cè)量進(jìn)行了解釋。本文對(duì)線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行了描述，它是除了拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)，參數(shù)和工藝之外測(cè)量過程中的一個(gè)重要組成部分。本文對(duì)壓降型脈寬調(diào)制 直流/直流 轉(zhuǎn)換

9、器的電磁干擾進(jìn)行了考慮和模擬。對(duì)于現(xiàn)在的機(jī)構(gòu)，減少電磁干擾的水平是非常必要的。這表明壓降型脈寬調(diào)制開關(guān)電源的電磁干擾程度可以減弱，通過控制占空比，占空比變化以及參考電壓頻率的參數(shù)。modeling, simulation, and reduction of conducted electromagnetic interference due to a pwm buck type switching power supply i a. farhadi abstract:undesired generation of radiated or conducted energy in electric

10、al systems is called electromagnetic interference (emi). high speed switching frequency in power electronics converters especially in switching power supplies improves efficiency but leads to emi. different kind of conducted interference, emi regulations and conducted emi measurement are introduced

11、in this paper. compliancy with national or international regulation is called electromagnetic compatibility (emc). power electronic systems producers must regard emc. modeling and simulation is the first step of emc evaluation. emi simulation results due to a pwm buck type switching power supply are

12、 presented in this paper. to improve emc, some techniques are introduced and their effectiveness proved by simulation. index terms:conducted, emc, emi, lisn, switching supply i. introduction fast semiconductors make it possible to have high speed and high frequency switching in power electronics . h

13、igh speed switching causes weight and volume reduction of equipment, but some unwanted effects such as radio frequency interference appeared . compliance with electromagnetic compatibility (emc) regulations is necessary for producers to present their products to the markets. it is important to take

14、emc aspects already in design phase . modeling and simulation is the most effective tool to analyze emc consideration before developing the products. a lot of the previous studies concerned the low frequency analysis of power electronics components . different types of power electronics converters a

15、re capable to be considered as source of emi. they could propagate the emi in both radiated and conducted forms. line impedance stabilization network (lisn) is required for measurement and calculation of conducted interference level . interference spectrum at the output of lisn is introduced as the

16、emc evaluation criterion . national or international regulations are the references for the evaluation of equipment in point of view of emc . ii. source, path and victim of emi undesired voltage or current is called interference and their cause is called interference source. in this paper a high-spe

17、ed switching power supply is the source of interference. interference propagated by radiation in area around of an interference source or by conduction through common cabling or wiring connections. in this study conducted emission is considered only. equipment such as computers, receivers, amplifier

18、s, industrial controllers, etc that are exposed to interference corruption are called victims. the common connections of elements, source lines and cabling provide paths for conducted noise or interference. electromagnetic conducted interference has two components as differential mode and common mod

19、e . a. differential mode conducted interference this mode is related to the noise that is imposed between different lines of a test circuit by a noise source. related current path is shown in fig. 1 . the interference source, path impedances, differential mode current and load impedance are also sho

20、wn in fig. 1. b. common mode conducted interference common mode noise or interference could appear and impose between the lines, cables or connections and common ground. any leakage current between load and common ground could be modeled by interference voltage source. fig. 2 demonstrates the common

21、 mode interference source, common mode currents icm1 and icm2 and the related current paths. the power electronics converters perform as noise source between lines of the supply network. in this study differential mode of conducted interference is particularly important and discussion will be contin

22、ued considering this mode only. iii. electromagnetic compatibility regulations application of electrical equipment especially static power electronic converters in different equipment is increasing more and more. as mentioned before, power electronics converters are considered as an important source

23、 of electromagnetic interference and have corrupting effects on the electric networks . high level of pollution resulting from various disturbances reduces the quality of power in electric networks. on the other side some residential, commercial and especially medical consumers are so sensitive to p

24、ower system disturbances including voltage and frequency variations. the best solution to reduce corruption and improve power quality is complying national or international emc regulations. cispr, iec, fcc and vde are among the most famous organizations from europe, usa and germany who are responsib

25、le for determining and publishing the most important emc regulations. iec and vde requirement and limitations on conducted emission are shown in fig. 3 and fig. 4 . for different groups of consumers different classes of regulations could be complied. class a for common consumers and class b with mor

26、e hard limitations for special consumers are separated in fig. 3 and fig. 4. frequency range of limitation is different for iec and vde that are 150 khz up to 30 mhz and 10 khz up to 30 mhz respectively. compliance of regulations is evaluated by comparison of measured or calculated conducted interfe

27、rence level in the mentioned frequency range with the stated requirements in regulations. in united european community compliance of regulation is mandatory and products must have certified label to show covering of requirements . iv. electromagnetic conducted interference measurement a. line impeda

28、nce stabilization network (lisn)1-providing a low impedance path to transfer power from source to power electronics converter and load. 2-providing a low impedance path from interference source, here power electronics converter, to measurement port. variation of lisn impedance versus frequency with

29、the mentioned topology is presented in fig. 7. lisn has stabilized impedance in the range of conducted emi measurement . variation of level of signal at the output of lisn versus frequency is the spectrum of interference. the electromagnetic compatibility of a system can be evaluated by comparison o

30、f its interference spectrum with the standard limitations. the level of signal at the output of lisn in frequency range 10 khz up to 30 mhz or 150 khz up to 30 mhz is criterion of compatibility and should be under the standard limitations. in practical situations, the lisn output is connected to a s

31、pectrum analyzer and interference measurement is carried out. but for modeling and simulation purposes, the lisn output spectrum is calculated using appropriate software. 參考文獻(xiàn)1 mohan, undeland, and robbins, “power electronics converters, applications and design” 3rd edition, john wiley & sons, 2003. 2 p. moy, “emc related issues for power electronics”, ieee, automotive power electronics, 1989, 28-29 aug. 1989 pp. 46 53. 3 m. j. nave, “prediction of conducted interference in switched mo