《霧都孤兒》——批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的力作英文畢業(yè)論文

1、本科生畢業(yè)論文本科生畢業(yè)論文 霧都孤兒霧都孤兒批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的力作批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的力作 院院 系：系： 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院 專專 業(yè)：業(yè)： 英英 語(yǔ)語(yǔ) oliver twist -a masterpiece of critical realism 摘要摘要 維多利亞時(shí)代是英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)的輝煌時(shí)代，查爾斯狄更斯是英國(guó) 十九世紀(jì)最杰出的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家。狄更斯從民主資本主義和人道主義的立 場(chǎng)出發(fā)，揭露英國(guó)社會(huì)丑惡和不公，批判資本主義制度。他的作品主要以寫 實(shí)筆法揭露上層社會(huì)和資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的虛偽 、貪婪和兇殘，并對(duì)貧苦人民的不 幸，特別是婦女 、兒童和老人的悲慘處境，表示了極大的同情。 霧都孤兒是狄更斯

2、第一部結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，情節(jié)連貫的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō), 它以資本主義社會(huì)為背景，描寫了英國(guó)倫敦貧苦兒童的悲慘生活。本文將全面 闡述霧都孤兒這部小說(shuō)創(chuàng)作的歷史背景、社會(huì)環(huán)境和人物特征，分析狄更 斯霧都孤兒批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的創(chuàng)作用意和藝術(shù)特征，進(jìn)而挖掘批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 對(duì)西方文學(xué)的影響及貢獻(xiàn)。 關(guān)鍵詞：關(guān)鍵詞：查爾斯狄更斯；霧都孤兒；批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 abstract victorian age is a magnificent time of the english realistic novels. charles dickens is the greatest representative of english

3、critical realism in the nineteenth century. dickens exposed the chief traits of english society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic and humanistic viewpoint. his works expose the social upper classes and bourgeois hypocrisy, greed, ruthlessness, and show deepest sympathy with the

4、lower class, especially women, children and the elderly. oliver twist is dickens first structured and coherent realistic novel. it takes the english capitalist society as the background, describing the miserable life of london poor children. based on the study of the creation background, social envi

5、ronment and characters of oliver twist, this essay is to analyze the writers intention and artistic characteristics in oliver twist. furthermore, the paper further studies the impact and the contribution that the critical realism made on western literature. key words: charles dickens; oliver twist;

6、critical realism table of contents acknowledgements.i 摘要.ii abstract.iii table of contents.iv chapter 1 introduction .1 chapter 2 general introduction to oliver twist.4 2.1 the synopsis of the novel .4 2.2 literature review.5 2.3 the comments of the novel .6 chapter 3 critical realism in oliver twis

7、t.8 3.1 the definition of critical realism.8 3.2 charles dickens- the greatest english realist.9 3.3 the critical realism in oliver twist.10 3.3.1 condemnation of the decay in the society.11 3.3.2condemnation of the new poor law.12 3.3.3 critical view of the capitalistic system.13 3.3.4 critical vie

8、w of the morality of money worship .13 chapter 4 the writing skills of critical realism in oliver twist.15 4.1 characters creation.15 4.2 humor and satire.16 4.3 profound symbol.17 chapter 5 conclusion.19 bibliography.21 chapter 1 introduction during the reign of queen victoria, the english novel ca

9、me of age, swiftly, and dramatically. one innovation of victorian novelists was realism, which presented a detailed portrait of life in nineteenth century england. many factors explain the rise of novels as a dominant genre during the victorian age. first, england grew from an agricultural country i

10、nto an industrialized one and became the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center. second, the writing had become a profession, which made it possible for the writers to make a living by writing. third, the conditions of the time, the terrible poverty on the one hand and t

11、he enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular form to explore human relations rather than sermons given in church. the victorian novelists were primarily concerned with people in society and with their relation to other people. and the function of a novelist was also extended from mere descr

12、iption and moralization to social criticism. all the evils of the existing institutions government, law, church, education, and penal systems, with their injustice and corruption and the wretchedness were inflicted by bourgeois. many of the great novels of the day were rousing popular successes. cui

13、 tong (2010) pointed out that for a great artist, he should live with the people and maintain closely ties, which reflected in the creation of the principle to follow, and then he will certainly reflect the nature of some aspect in his works. in the nineteenth century, novelists are generally known

14、as critical realists. the novels explored the condition of the poor and the manners of the society, satirized the individuals or institution, advocated social reforms, and providing diversion for people of all levels. wang lei(2007) states that in their works, the greed and hypocrisy and corruption

15、of the upper class were contrasted with the honesty and kind-heartedness of the obscure common people of the lower classes. humor and satire are the very important characteristic of the english realistic novels. with regard to the literary form the major contribution made by the nineteenth century c

16、ritical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. the realistic novels not only pictured the conflicts between separate individuals who stood for definite social status, but also showed broad social conflicts above the fate of mere individuals. charles dickens and william makepeace thackeray a

17、re regarded as the greatest of the victorian period. dickens was praised as “the shakespeare in the novelists,” “british balzac” (karl marx). charles dickens is known as the portrayer of child life. he is particularly famous for his vivid comic characterizations and his forceful social criticism. by

18、 exposing the social injustice and the vices of the upper classes and by depicting the miserable existence of the common folks, dickens gives a truthful picture of capitalist england of the time, shows his warm sympathy for the suffering broad masses of people and voices popular discontent. his majo

19、r works include oliver twist, a tale of two cities, great expectations, david copperfield and so on. oliver twist (1836-1837), is based on real life materials such as the new poor law of 1834 and the current trial of a notorious fence and thief-trainer. by following the most unfortunate experience o

20、f a poor orphan boy, oliver, the author means to give a vivid picture of the underworld with all kinds of thieves, prostitutes and murderers as well as the horrible cruelty of the workhouse system of the time. here, the titular hero oliver, in a strict sense, is not really a hero-being one of the mo

21、st passive and inactive protagonists, but he is there to supply the whole framework of the english society. he belongs to the gentry class by birth, and yet he grows up in the workhouse; he is trained by fagin to be a pickpocket, an intrigue of his monstrous half- brother monks, but he is too innoce

22、nt and virtuous to be made one. he is the first of that brilliant group of the child characters who are the very images of innocence, love and honesty. today, many scholars analyze dickens oliver twist from the view of the plot and pattern, the moral, the social phenomena and so on. just as the most

23、 peoples analysis, oliver twist exposes its readers to a world of crime and meanness, a dog-eat-dog world. the paper, analyzing the social phenomena and the essence of conflicts in oliver twist, therefore, help us to know the critical realism and historical literary in the nineteenth century. chapte

24、r 2 general introduction to oliver twist this chapter introduces the novel oliver twist generally. it describes the synopsis of the story firstly; then, it introduces the current study about the novel and gives a brief comment of the novel. 2.1 the synopsis of the novel the novel tells the story of

25、a poor child named oliver twist; he is born in a workhouse in 1830s england. his mother, whose name no one knows, is found on the street and dies just after olivers birth .oliver spends the first nine years of his life in a badly run home for young orphans and then is transferred to a workhouse for

26、adults. after the other boys bully oliver into asking for more gruel at the end of a meal, mr. bumble, the parish beadle, offers five pounds to anyone who will take the boy away from the workhouse. oliver narrowly escapes being apprenticed to a local undertaker, mr. sowerberry. when the undertakers

27、other apprentice, noah claypole, makes disparaging comments about olivers mother, oliver attacks him and incurs the sowerberrys wrath. desperately, oliver runs away at dawn and travels london. outside london, oliver, starved and exhausted, meets jack dawkins, a boy of his own age. jack offers him sh

28、elter in the london house of his benefactor, fagin. it turns out that fagin is a career criminal who trains orphan boys to pick pockets for him. after a few days of training, oliver is sent on a pick-pocketing mission with two other boys. when he sees them swipe a handkerchief from an elderly gentle

29、man, oliver is horrified and runs off. he is caught but narrowly escapes being convicted of the theft. mr. brownlow, the man whose handkerchief was stolen, takes the feverish oliver to his home and nurses him back to health .oliver thrives in mr. brownlows home, but two young adults in fagins gang,

30、bill sikes and his lover nancy, capture oliver and return him to fagin. fagin sends oliver to assist sikes in a burglary. oliver is shot by a servant of the house and, after sikes escapes, is taken in by the women who live there, mrs. maylies and her beautiful adopted niece rose. they grow fond of o

31、liver, and he spends an idyllic summer with them in the countryside .but fagin and a mysterious man named monks are set on recapturing oliver. meanwhile, it is revealed that olivers mother left behind a gold locket when she died. monks obtains and destroys that locket. when the maylies come to londo

32、n, nancy meets secretly with rose and informs her of fagins designs, but a member of fagins gang overhears the conversation. when word of nancys disclosure reaches sikes, he brutally murders nancy and flees london. pursued by his guilty conscience and an angry mob, he inadvertently hangs himself whi

33、le trying to escape. mr. brownlow, with whom the maylies have reunited oliver, confronts monks and wrings the truth about olivers parentage from him. it is revealed that monks is olivers half brother. their father, mr. leeford, was unhappily married to a wealthy woman and had an affair with olivers

34、mother, agnes fleming. monks has been pursuing oliver all along in the hopes of ensuring that his half-brother is deprived of his share of the family inheritance. mr. brownlow forces monks to sign over olivers share to oliver. moreover, it is discovered that rose is agness younger sister, hence oliv

35、ers aunt. fagin is hanged for his crimes. finally, mr. brownlow adopts oliver, and they and the maylies retire to a blissful existence in the countryside. 2.2 literature review since the novel oliver twist published, many scholars comment on the critical realism in the novel. lu jianguo (2004) analy

36、zed the critical realism from the dickens life, the social background, and the purpose of writing. he thought oliver twist was dickens first authentic novel and also was the first time that he led readers into a real but terrible life of underworld. chen qinglan ( 2006) from the children education p

37、roblem to show the criticize realistic in oliver twist. she pointed out dickens raised many kinds social problems, especially the problem of children education. in his novel he cried hard for the mitering children and appealed urgently that society, schools and families must pay more attention to th

38、e childrens education and take care of them and help them grow up in a healthy way. cui tong (2010) commented oliver twist from the theory of knowledge and nature of marxist to analyze the views on family, marriage and moral of the three classes, and discusses the social phenomena and the essence of

39、 conflict among proletariat, bourgeoisie and aristocratic. it exposes the bourgeoisie of exploitation and slanders on the proletariat. these studies reflect the difficult critical realism from different aspects. however, the critical realists didnt realize the necessity of changing the capitalist so

40、ciety through conscious human effort. dickens was unable to find a way to solve the social conflicts. oliver twist starts from a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the capitalist society, but have a happy ending at the end. here lies the weakness of the critical realism. 2.3 the comments of the no

41、vel charles dickens is the representative of the critical realist literature. in british literary history, he is the most important classic writer except william shakespeare, and is also one of the most famous writers in the world whose position cant be replaced. living in the british capitalist soc

42、iety, from his own hardship, together with the deep observation of the british social situation, dickens created numerous works with various styles; among which the most famous are the novels. dickenss core idea is the capitalist humanitarianism. his heart full of love and sympathy towards the oppre

43、ssed, although he cannot think of the effective measures to solve the social problems except that hopes that people can change the situation by reform. he advocates freedom, equality, and charity, thinking that the human nature decides the human value. in his works, dickens maintains “an unbroken fa

44、ith in people with an entire pessimism as to capitalist society” (liu bingshan, 1993:362). he is intent on criticizing and attacking the social evils, the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy, corruption, money worship and so on. in his enormous body of works, he combined masterly storytelling, humour, pat

45、hos and irony with sharp social criticism and acute observation of people and places, both real and imagined. in the preface to the novel, oliver twist, written in 1837-1838, dickens proclaims himself a realist. he makes his readers aware of the inhumanity of city life under capitalism. the first el

46、even chapters provide a most bitter and thoroughgoing exposure of the terrible condition in the england workhouse of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by all sorts of philanthropists. the famous scene in chapter ii selected here, in which oliver is beaten up and punished merely becau

47、se he ventures to ask for an extra portion of gruel to alleviate his intolerable hunger, is only one of the many details to show the extreme brutality and corruption of the oppressors and their agents. scenes like this abound in this novel, from which we can see the great critical realist charles di

48、ckens voicing the helpless sufferings of the poor and oppressed of his time. chapter 3 critical realism in oliver twist since the industrial revolution in the second half of the 18th century, the class structure in english society had undergone radical changes. the industrial capitalists began to pl

49、ay a more important role and vied for political power with the old aristocracy. in this period of tense class struggle appeared a new literary trendcritical realism. the english critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, b

50、ut also showed profound sympathy for the common people. the realist novels not only pictured the conflicts between separate individuals who stood for definite social strata, but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of mere individuals. the greatest english realist of the ti

51、me was charles dickens. with striking force and truthfulness, he creates pictures of bourgeois civilization, describing the misery and suffering of the common people. 3.1 the definition of critical realism the critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fif

52、ties. the realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. karl marx gave the following characterization of the works of critical realists: “the present brilliant school of

53、 novelists in england, whose graphic and eloquent descriptions have revealed more politicians, publicists, and moralists added together, has pictured all sections of the middle class, beginning with the respectable retire and owner of government stocks, who looks down on all kinds of business, as be

54、ing vulgar, and finishing with the small shopkeeper and lawyers clerk”(wu weiren,1988). according to holman, “realism is, in the broadest sense, fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature” （zhang boxiang,1998）. realism is based on the accurate, unromantic observation of human experien

55、ce. as for style and subject matter, it insists on experiences description, authentic action, true to life dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness. wei jian (2008) was concluded the major factors of realist works: (1) realism stresses truthful treatment of material in a straightforward or

56、 mater of fact manner rather than abstract interest in such substantial subjects as life, death, and nature. (2) in realist fiction. characters from all social levels are examined in depth. realists keep examining how characters relate to each other, and stress the function of environment in shaping

57、 characters. (3) realism focuses on common lives of the average people rather than characters as symbols. (4) realism emphasizes objectivity rather than idealistic views of human nature. simple, clear, direct prose is the desirable style of writing. (5) realism presents moral visions. realists are a

58、ware of the accepted social criteria and have a strong ethical sense about the right and wrong ways of doing things. these definitions of “critical realism” cover all the aspects, and these definitions put forward by scholars are reasonable in many ways and they are wisdom of several generation. 3.2

59、 charles dickens- the greatest english realist the greatest english realist of the time was charles dickens. with a striking force and truthfulness, he created pictures of bourgeois civilization, describing the misery and sufferings of common people. charles dickens was born in 1812 at portsmouth, w

60、ho is the son of an unpractical and improvident government navy clerk. because his father was taken to the prison for debt, his happy childhood also ended in 1822. at the age of 12, young charles had to work at a shoeblacking factory in the east end. he worked 12 hours a day wrapping and pasting lab