the-industrial-revolution

1、2021/6/71 The Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) 10304 陳步萍 張莉 袁詩意 2021/6/72 Contents vDefinition vStart vCauses vDevelopments and inovations vEffect 2021/6/73 What is the industrial revolution? TheIndustrial Revolutionwas the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to

2、some time between 1820 and 1840. 2021/6/74 Thistransitionincludedgoingfromhandproduction methodstomachines,newchemicalmanufacturingand ironproductionprocesses,improvedefficiencyofwater power,theincreasinguseofsteampowerandthe developmentofmachinetools.Italsoincludedthe changefromwoodandotherbio-fuel

3、stocoal.Itbeganin Englandandwithinafewdecadeshadspreadto WesternEuropeandtheUnitedStates. 2021/6/75 ManyhistoriansnowbelievethattheIndustrial Revolutionbeganin1709,theyearinwhichamethod forsmeltingironandlimewasdiscovered;oratleastby 1718,whenasilkfactorywasequippedwithpower machinery.Certainly,by17

4、60,theindustrialchanges werefaradvanced.However,itwasnotuntil1830,that evenoneBritishindustryhadcompletedallofthe technicalchangeswhichdefinedtheIndustrial Revolution.Thisiswhythebeginningperiodofthe BritishIndustrialRevolutionmustbeextendedtothe middleofthenineteenthcentury. 2021/6/76 Thecausesofth

5、eIndustrialRevolution MuchofBritainsfavoredpositioncamefrom theEnglishRevolutionofthe1600sandthe triumphofawealthymiddleclasswithboth themoneyandwillingnesstoinvestinnew ventures.Thiscreatedfivebasiclinesof developmentthattogetherwouldtriggerthe IndustrialRevolution. 2021/6/77 Thefivebasiclinesofdev

6、elopment vtextiletechnology. vnewagricultureandpopulationgrowth vBritainscolonialempire vthedevelopmentofasuperiortransportationsystem valargesurplusofcapitalalongwiththe willingnesstospenditonnewmachinesand technology 2021/6/78 vthenewsteamandtextiletechnology, valargelaborforce, vextensivemarketsa

7、thomeandinitscolonies, vasuperiortransportationsystem, vplentyofcapital, vextensiverawmaterials, vanexcellentpositionfortrade) atextileindustrythatcouldproduce,transport,andsell vastquantitiesofcheapclothbythelate1700s. 2021/6/79 InventionsduringtheIndustrialRevolution vTheSpinningJennyinventedbyJam

8、esHargreaves vTheWaterFramedevelopedbyThomasHighs vTheCottonGininventedbyEliWhitney vTheSteamEngineinventedbyJamesWatson vLocomotivebyGeorgeStephenson 2021/6/710 TheSpinningJenny vPriortotheIndustrialRevolution,Britainhadalarge textileindustryinwhichtheartisansworkedathome usingthespinningwheel(紡車)a

9、ndthehandloom（手 織機）.However,thetraditionalmethodsofproducing yarnrestrictedlarge-scaleproductionofgoods.With theinventionofthespinningjennybyJames Hargreaves,artisanscouldspinalmost120threads togetherinsteadofonethreadatatime. 2021/6/711 TheWaterFrame（水力紡紗機） ThewaterframewhichwasdevelopedbyThomas Hi

10、ghsandlaterpatentedbyRichardArkwrightin1769, wasaspinningframethatcouldberunbywater.The waterframeprovidedmorepowertothespinning framethanthoseoperatedbyhumanbeings.Hence, notonlydiditreducetheamountofhumanlabor required,italsoincreasedthespindlecountand providedstrongerthreadthanthespinningjenny. 2

11、021/6/712 TheCottonGin（軋棉機） ThecottonginwasinventedbyEliWhitney,an Americaninventor.Theginallowedlarge-scale separationofcottonseedsfromthecottonball,that otherwisehadtobeseparatedbyhand,ataskthat wascarriedoutbytheslavesontheAmericancotton plantations. 2021/6/713 TheSteamEngine vThedrawbackofthewat

12、erframewasthatitrequireda watersourceclosetothefactory.Thisproblemwas overcomebythesteamenginethatwasinventedby JamesWatson.Though,mainlyknownforitsusein runningatrain,thepowerofsteamwasalsousedto runmachineryinfactoriesandmines. 2021/6/714 Locomotive vThepowerofsteamwasusedbyRichardTrevithick runni

13、ngcarriagesontheroads.In1804,heused steampowertorunlocomotivesonrails.George Stephenson,anengineerintheminingindustryfurther developedmorepowerfullocomotivesin1814that helpedestablishthefirsttworaillinesinEnglandin 1825and1830. 2021/6/715 Revolution in Textiles (firstbeganinthetextileindustry) 2021/

14、6/716 Revolution in Textiles 2021/6/717 Flying Shuttle(飛梭飛梭) 2021/6/718 Spinning Jenny 2021/6/719 Water Frame 2021/6/720 Spinning Mule（騾機）（騾機） 2021/6/721 Power Loom 動力織機動力織機 2021/6/722 Cotton Gin 軋棉機軋棉機 2021/6/723 Steamboat 2021/6/724 Locomotive 2021/6/725 EffectsofIndustrialRevolution Changes in ag

15、riculture Life and culture Population The ecological impact Methodism Adam Smith Larger areas were put under cultivation; Scientific breeding improved the quality of cattle 2021/6/727 Lifeandculture uNew Social Classes Emerge The Revolution changed the opportunities of the middle class. They were ow

16、ners and operators of factories, mines, etc. Farmers moved to the cities where they worked in mines and factories, and worked in harsh conditions. 2021/6/728 Lifeandculture uThe Industrial Middle Class The bourgeoisie went from rags to riches The middle class dressed, ate, and lived well. Always tri

17、ed to get ahead. uThe Industrial Working Class Poor people were packed into buildings Diseases such as cholera spread easily with rotting garbage in streets and rivers 2021/6/729 Lifeandculture uWorkers Stage Futile Protests Labor Unions were illegal but secret groups were created. They wished for i

18、ncreased pay but didnt have the power to change circumstances. In England from 1811-1813 riots broke out, this is the first time industrial riots broke out. Textile workers known as Luddites resisted machines that made textiles easier and faster, which caused them to lose their jobs. 2021/6/730 uWor

19、kers Find Comfort in Religion The Methodist movement was founded in the mid-1700s by John Wesley He encouraged a personal sense of faith and improving yourself by adopting sober, moral ways Working-class people often found comfort in this movement The movement channeled anger away from Industrial re

20、volution and toward reform 2021/6/731 Lifeinthefactoriesandmines uFactory Workers Face Harsh Conditions Workers worked long hours with shifts lasting from 12 to 16 hours for six to seven days a week. They could only take the factory owners gave permission. Workers suffered accidents from machines th

21、at had no safety devices, they risked losing a finger, limb or even their own life. Women were hired more often then men because they believed they adapted more easily to machines and were easier to manage. Yet the factory owners paid the working women only half of what they paid their working men.

22、2021/6/732 Lifeinthefactoriesandmines uMiners Face Worse Conditions They worked in darkness, and the dust from the coal destroyed their lungs. Dangers were everywhere, explosions, flooding, and collapsing tunnels. Then women and children carted around heavy loads of coal, sometimes on all fours in l

23、ow passages. 2021/6/733 2021/6/734 Lifeinthefactoriesandmines uChildren Have Dangerous Jobs Started working at ages of seven or eight or as young as five Factory Acts were put into place in the early 1800s to reduce workdays to twelve hours and no children were allowed to work under the ages of eigh

24、t or nine. More laws were created to shorten womens workdays and make working children have an education 2021/6/735 2021/6/736 Population The population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740. The population of England had more th

25、an doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century, Britains population doubled every 50 years. 2021/6/737 Theecologicalimpact vThe Industrial Revolution marked a maj

26、or turning point in Earths ecology and humans relationship with their environment. Industrialization has resulted in pollution of water, air and soil. Harmful waste has increased astronomically. All of these problems pose significant threats to both the environment and to human life. 2021/6/738 2021

27、/6/739 Methodism uWorkers Find Comfort in Religion uThe Methodist movement was founded in the mid-1700s by John Wesley uHe encouraged a personal sense of faith and improving yourself by adopting sober, moral ways uWorking-class people often found comfort in this movement uThe movement channeled ange

28、r away from Industrial revolution and toward reform 2021/6/740 2021/6/741 Adam Smith & The Wealth of Nations The Wealth of Nations is the magnum opus of the scottish economist Adam Smith and was first published in1776. It is an account of the economics at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, ao we

29、ll as a rhetorical piece written for the 18th century-advocating a free market economy as more productive and more beneficial to society. 2021/6/742 The historical significance of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution vastly transformed the world in virtually all aspects of life. Begun

30、 in Britain, it would spread to the rest of Europe and later to the US and Japan, drastically changing society. 2021/6/743 The historical significance of the Industrial Revolution uTransformation of economy The economy changed to take on capitalist aspects, revolving around supply and demand, trying

31、 to meet that demand with machines in conjunction with human labor, with the ultimate goal of making a profit. This goal encouraged the development of new inventions to improve efficiency, such as the steam engine which lead to the railroad, a great improvement in transportation and the symbol of in

32、dustrialization. 2021/6/744 The historical significance of the Industrial Revolution uTransformation of social hierarchy Traditional estates give way to classes, a middle class forms whose success is based on achievement, not by birth. Workers are no longer serfs and bound to the land. Feudal type of society is replaced by society based around making a profit. Cities became important centers of industrialization, such as Manchester, in Great Britain. 2021/6/745 The historical significance of the Industrial Revolution uColonization Indust