Nobel Prize Controversies

1、nobel prize controversies1. controversy: disagreement, typically when prolonged, public, and heated尤指長期、公開或激烈的）爭論；爭執(zhí)；爭吵；爭議a fierce controversy has broken out over the issue. 關(guān)于這件事已爆發(fā)了一場爭論。arouse, cause, create, provoke, spark (off), stir up引起爭論；挑起辯論what they are doing is bound to stir up controversy

2、. 他們正在做的事情勢必激起爭論。controversial: giving rise or likely to give rise to public disagreement（可能）引起爭論的，（可能）有爭議的a controversial question引起爭論的問題a highly controversial subject很有爭議的課題over its 100-year history, the nobel prize have managed to stir up a string of outstanding controversies:2. stir up (phrasal

3、verb) (1) stir someone up or stir something up to provoke conflict or bad feelings between people deliberately; to make someone feel upset or angry; 激起dont stir up trouble between them不要在他們之間惹麻煩。 to make small pieces of something move around in the air or in water3. a string of = a series of or a gr

4、oup of similar things 一系列的a string of questions一系列的問題4. outstanding： exceptionally good杰出的，出眾的outstanding performance. 杰出表現(xiàn)clearly noticeable突出的，顯著的an outstanding feature. 顯著的特點instances where apparently deserving persons did not receive the award, the standards for the award seem not to have been c

5、onsistently applied, questionable nominations have been made and later withdrawn, or awards were made to persons who may not have deserved them. (there were such instances that some persons who were worthy of the award were not granted the prize, or sometimes the standards for the award seemed not t

6、o be applied, or some nominations were not correct so were retracted later, or some awards were granted to persons who may not deserved them. 有關(guān)于顯而易見的應(yīng)得獎?wù)呙鋵O山，有評獎標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的前后不一，有引起質(zhì)疑而后又遭取消的提名，或者把獎頒給了不配得獎的人)5. instance：an example or single occurrence of something例子，事例“where” introduces 4 clauses: she mentio

7、ned an instance where their training had been a great help in dealing with problems.她提到了一個他們的訓(xùn)練對處理問題的巨大幫助的例子。also controversial is the fact the nobel prizes have almost never been awarded after someones death, so that otherwise deserving persons have missed out on the nobel prizes simply because the

8、y died before the significance of their achievements was fully appreciated. （nobel prizes have never been granted to someone after his death only because the significance of their achievements was not fully appreciated, even though they deserve the prizes. this fact is also controversial另一個引起爭議的事實是：

9、諾貝爾獎幾乎從未授予已經(jīng)逝世的人，于是本來有資格的得獎?wù)撸瑑H因成就尚未得到充分肯定就已去世而與諾貝爾獎失之交臂。）6. otherwise： sentence adverb used when indicating that something negative will happen if something is not done否則，不然you will have to go now; otherwise you will miss your bus你現(xiàn)在就得出發(fā)了，否者你就趕不上車了。 sentence adverb used when saying what would have h

10、appened or might have happened if something else had not happened:i simply do not have the time; otherwise, i would do it myself.我就是沒有時間，否者我就會自己做。 except for what has just been mentioned在其他方面；除此之外an otherwise totally black cat with a single white whisker一只除了一縷白須之外全身漆黑的貓 in a different way別樣；以另外方式all

11、 the staff were otherwise engaged全體職員都在忙別的事many people think otherwise. 很多人不這樣認(rèn)為。 7. miss out (on) (phrasal verb) to not have the chance to do sth that you enjoy and that would be good for you, miss an opportunity 失去獲得利益或樂趣的機會he missed out on a chance to go to college because of his ill health. 他因身體

12、不好, 失去了上大學(xué)的機會overlooked achievements mahatma mhatm gandhi was nominated for the nobel peace prize five times between 1937 and 1948 but never received the prize, being assassinated on 30 january, 1948, two days before the closing date for the 1948 peace prize nominations. 8. nominate: propose or form

13、ally enter as a candidate for election or for an honour or award提名the film was nominated for several oscars. 那部影片被提名好幾項奧斯卡獎i nominate bill as the club president我提名比爾為俱樂部主席候選人。nomination the norwegian nobel committee had very likely planned to give him the peace prize in 1948 after his death, but ult

14、imately decided against it, and instead chose not to award the prize that year. 9. ultimately最后;最終ultimately, the war had to end;it cost too much in both lives and dollars由于人員傷亡過重和花費過多, 戰(zhàn)爭最終不得不終止the ultimate result of ones actions行為的最后結(jié)果ultimate cause終極原因the ultimate ends of the world天涯海角ultimate pr

15、inciples基本原則 the strict rules against a prize being awarded to more than three people at once is also a cause of controversy. where a prize is awarded to recognize an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, inevitably one or more will miss out. 因為，如果某個團隊有三個以的上合作者，其中的一人或多人就肯定不能獲獎。10.

16、where used when comparing two people, things, actions ect. showing how they are differentl where others might have been satisfied, dawson had higher ambitions.其他人可能就滿足了，而道森有更高的目標(biāo)。for example, in 2002, a nobel prize was awarded to koichi tanaka田中耕一 and john fenn for the development of mass spectromet

17、ry in protein chemistry, an award that failed to recognize the achievement of franz hillenkamp弗倫茲西倫坎普 and michael karas 米夏埃爾?？ɡ筼f the institute for physical and theoretical chemistry at the university of frankfurt. mass spectrometryspektrmitri質(zhì)譜學(xué);質(zhì)譜測量,質(zhì)譜分析another well known miss was the nobel prize

18、 in physics of 1965 that was awarded to richard p. feynman, julian s. schwinger and sin-itiro tomonaga, but failed to recognize the contribution of freeman j. dyson that demonstrated the equivalence of the formulations of quantum electrodynamics of the other three scientists. 卻沒能表彰為證明這三位科學(xué)家量子電動力學(xué)公式的

19、等價性做出杰出貢獻的弗里曼c戴森11. contribution: the part played by a person or thing in bringing about a result or helping something to advance促成作用；貢獻this is chekhovs contribution to russian literature. 這是契訶夫?qū)Χ砹_斯文學(xué)的貢獻。12. demonstrate: clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by giving proof or evidence證

20、明，證實all of those demonstrated the correctness of his analysis這一切都證明了他分析的正確性。give a practical exhibition and explanation of (how a machine, skill, or craft works or is performed) 演示she demonstrated how to cook fish. 她演示如何做魚the salesman demonstrated (how to use) the washing-machine. 售貨員表演了如何使用這種洗衣機。sh

21、ow or express (a feeling or quality) by ones actions顯示，表露（感情）；表現(xiàn)（品質(zhì)）she began to demonstrate a new-found confidence她開始表現(xiàn)出新近確立起來的自信。the fireman demonstrated great courage in saving the child.那位消防隊員在搶救孩子的過程中, 表現(xiàn)了極大的勇氣。take part in a public demonstration參加（公眾示威）游行（或集會）large crowd demonstrated outside t

22、he british embassy很多群眾在英國大使館外面示威。13 equivalence： equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc（價值、數(shù)量、功能、意義等）相等的，相同的，等同的】14. quantum: kwntm a discrete quantity of energy proportional in magnitude to the frequency of the radiation it represents量子15. electrodynamics.ilektrudainmiks電動力學(xué)4similarly, the

23、prohibition of awards after death fails to recognize achievements by a collaborator who happens to die before the prize is awarded. 15. prohibition: the action of forbidding something, especially by law（尤指法律）禁止prohibition against對的禁止/ of禁止 prohibition against sales to under-18s of alcohol 禁止向未滿18歲的人

24、售酒的法令a treaty for the prohibition of nuclear tests禁止核試驗的條約rosalind franklin, who was key in the discovery of the structure of dna in 1953, died of cancer in 1958, four years before francis crick, james d. watson and maurice wilkins (one of franklin s collaborators) were awarded the prize for medicin

25、e or physiology in 1962. franklins significant and relevant contribution was only briefly mentioned in crick and watsons now-famous paper: significant：sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy重要的；顯著a significant increase in sales銷售明顯上升this is a significant contribution to

26、 knowledge這是對知識的重大貢獻briefly：concise in expression; using few words簡單地說；簡潔地；簡短地he described briefly what happened他簡要地描述了事情的經(jīng)過?！皐e have also been stimulated by a knowledge of the general nature of the unpublished experimental results and ideas of dr. m. h. f. wilkins, dr. r. e. franklin, and coworkers

27、” we have also been inspired by the unpublished experimental results and ideas of dr. m.h.f. wilkins, dr. r.e. franklin, and co-workers我們還從mhf威爾金斯博士，re富蘭克林博士及其合作者們尚未發(fā)表的實驗結(jié)果和思想中所闡述的有關(guān)一般性特征的知識里得到過啟發(fā)” stimulate： encourage interest or activity in (a person or animal) 激發(fā)（人的）興趣；激勵；刺激（動物the art course stim

28、ulated me. 藝術(shù)課激發(fā)了我的靈感。encourage development of or increased activity in (a state or process) 促使，促進，激勵they stimulated me to make greater efforts. 他們鼓勵我要做出更大的努力tax changes designed to stimulate economic growth旨在刺激經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的稅收改革lack of a nobel prize in mathematicsthere is no nobel prize in mathematics, whic

29、h has led to considerable speculation about why alfred nobel omitted it. 諾貝爾獎獨缺數(shù)學(xué)獎一直引發(fā)人們對阿爾弗萊德。諾貝爾為何忽略數(shù)學(xué)的大量猜測。considerable：notably large in size, amount, or extent相當(dāng)大的；相當(dāng)多的；相當(dāng)重要的a position of considerable influence相當(dāng)有影響力的職位it is a considerable sum of money那是一筆數(shù)量可觀的錢。he has done considerable for me他為

30、我做了不少事。of a person) having merit or distinction（人）顯要的，著名的；值得尊敬的paul is a considerable person in his town保羅是鎮(zhèn)上的一位重要人物。speculation： form a theory or conjecture about a subject without firm evidence推測your speculations were all quite close to the truth. 你的揣測都很接近于事實whether or not he will get the job is m

31、ere speculation他到底能否得到這份工作只是推測而已omit：常作 be omitted)leave out or exclude (someone or something), either intentionally or forgetfully省略；刪除；排除in writing this report i have omitted all unnecessary details在寫這份報告時, 我把一切不必要的細(xì)節(jié)全都刪除了fail or neglect to do (something); leave undone忽略；遺漏she omitted telling the

32、teacher about it. 她忘了把那件事告訴老師some recipients of nobel prize in other fields also have notable achievements in or have made outstanding contributions to mathematics; notable：worthy of attention or notice; remarkable值得注意的；顯著的his achievement is very notable他的成就是非常顯著的for example, bertrand russell was aw

33、arded the nobel prize in literature (1950) and max born and walther bothe shared the nobel prize in physics(1954). some other with advanced achievements in mathematics and / or who are known primarily as mathematicians have been awarded the bank of sweden prize in economic science in memory of alfre

34、d nobel: kenneth arrow (1972), leonid kantorovich(1975), john forbes nash(1994), clive w.j. granger(2003), robert j. aumann (who shared the 2005 prize with thomas c. schelling), and roger myerson and eric maskin. there is also no nobel prize in computer science, which, as a discipline, historically

35、grew out of mathematics. emphasis on discoveries over inventionsalfred nobel left a fortune to finance annual prizes to be awarded “to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics”.emphasis: special importance, value, or prominence given to som

36、ething重視，強調(diào)put/ place / lay emphasis on注重, 著重于, 強調(diào), 加強(語氣), 重讀they placed great emphasis on the individuals freedom他們特別強調(diào)個人自由。morality was the emphasis of his speech道德是他講話的重點。v. emphasize fortune：luck, especially good luck運氣；好運a large amount of money or assets大筆的錢；大量財產(chǎn)make a (或 ones) fortune:acquire

37、 great wealth by ones own efforts發(fā)財，發(fā)跡finance: the management of large amounts of money, especially by governments or large companies財務(wù)管理；財政；金融the minister of f-財政部部長provide funding for (a person or enterprise) 為（個人，企業(yè)）供給資金the new roads will be financed privately這些新公路將由私人出資修建the bank helped to finan

38、ce our business銀行供給我們生意所需的資金。nobel did not specifically emphasize discoveries, but they have historically been held in higher respect by the nobel prize committee than inventions: 77% of nobel prize in physics have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23% to inventions. specific: clearly de

39、fined or identified確切的；具體的precise and clear in making statements or issuing instructions聲明或作指示）清楚的；明確的；具體的specifically: 特有地, 特定地, 具體地the book was written specifically for children這本書是特地為兒童編寫的明確地i told you specifically not to do that. 我明確地告訴你不要那樣做說明確些, 亦即, 就是several people, specifically tom, mike and

40、 joan have agreed有幾個人, 即湯姆、邁克和瓊已經(jīng)同意了christoph bartneck and matthias rauterberg in papers published in nature and technoetic arts, have argued that this emphasis on discoveries has moved the nobel prize away form its original intention of awarding the greatest contribution to society in the preceding

41、 year.original: used or produced at the creation or earliest stage of something起初的；原來的the original settlers are the indians最早在這里定居的是印第安人。not dependent on other peoples ideas； inventive and unusual創(chuàng)新的；獨創(chuàng)的your designs are highly original你的設(shè)計很獨特extremely, highly, startlingly, very非常新穎的；很有創(chuàng)意的；大膽創(chuàng)新的: she

42、 has a highly original mind她是一個非常有創(chuàng)新精神的人preceding: 時間或地點上)在先的, 在前的, 前面的the preceding night前一晚in the preceding chapter在前章an award to peace activists or to statesmen? many of those who have been awarded the nobel peace prize since 1901 have been statesmen, politicians with the power to make both peace

43、 and war. for example, the first statesman to receive the prize was u.s. president theodore roosevelt, whose mediation between japan and russia was primary motivation for those who nominated him in 1906. mediate: intervene between people in a dispute in order to bring about an agreement or reconcili

44、ation調(diào)停；斡旋bring about (an agreement or solution) by intervening in a dispute經(jīng)調(diào)解而達成（解決方案等unless management accepts mediation, the strike will never be resolved除非資方接受調(diào)解，否則罷工不會停止mediationmotivation: the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way動力，誘因the motivation for the decision is the desire to improve our service to our customers. 做這決定的原因是為了改善我們對顧客的服務(wù)the stronger the motivation, the more qui