2021年最新TED英語演講：你該如何面對(duì)艱難的選擇

1、資料來源：來自本人網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理！祝您工作順利！2021年最新ted英語演講：你該如何面對(duì)艱難的選擇 人生的選擇無處不在，有的選擇很簡潔，有的選擇那么很困難。而困難的選擇并不都是大的選擇，甚至中午吃什么也會(huì)變得很困難。所以面對(duì)困難選擇，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)如何選擇?本期ted演講者ruth chang將告知我們，面對(duì)困難選擇，我們一開頭的方向就錯(cuò)了。下面是我為大家搜集關(guān)于ted英語演講：你該如何面對(duì)困難的選擇，歡送借鑒參考。 面對(duì)困難的選擇，我們一開頭就錯(cuò)了 演講者：ruth chang think of a hard choice youll face in the near future. it might

2、 be between two careers-artist and accountant-or places to live-the city or the country-or even between two people to marry-you could marry betty or you could marry lolita. or it might be a choice about whether to have children, to have an ailing parent move in with you, to raise your child in a rel

3、igion that your partner lives by but leaves you cold. or whether to donate your life savings to charity. 設(shè)想在不久的將來，你將面對(duì)一個(gè)困難的打算。這或許是在兩份職業(yè)中做出一個(gè)選擇，藝術(shù)家還是會(huì)計(jì)師;或許是選擇居住的地方，城市還是鄉(xiāng)村;或許是在兩個(gè)人中選擇和誰結(jié)婚，betty 或者是lolita;抑或思索是否要孩子;是否讓年老體衰的父母跟你一起住;是否讓你的孩子信奉你配偶信仰的宗教，即便你會(huì)因自身不信奉而被冷落;又或者說，是否將畢生積儲(chǔ)捐贈(zèng)給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。 chances are, the ha

4、rd choice you thought of was something big, something momentous, something that matters to you. hard choices seem to be occasions for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth. but i think weve misunderstood hard choices and the role they play in our lives. understanding hard choicesuncovers a

5、 hidden power each of us possesses. 有可能，你所思索的這些困難選擇都非常浩大，非常重要你也非常重視。每當(dāng)困難的選擇出現(xiàn)，他都會(huì)讓你感到苦痛、無望，讓你咬牙切齒。但我認(rèn)為我們誤會(huì)了困難選擇的定義，更誤會(huì)了其在我們生活中扮演的角色。如果能理解這些困難打算，我們每個(gè)人便會(huì)開掘出 一種隱藏的潛力。 what makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate. in any easy choice, one alternative is better than the other. in a hard cho

6、ice, one alternative is better in some ways, the other alternative is better in other ways, and neither is better than the other overall. you agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country, because staying is better in some w

7、ays,moving is better in others, and neither is better than the other overall. 一個(gè)選擇之所以難是由于選項(xiàng)之間互相關(guān)聯(lián)。任何簡潔的選擇中，總有一種選擇比另一種要好。可在困難選擇中，一種選擇在某些方面較好，另一種選擇在其他方面較好，二者各有千秋讓人無法定奪。你苦痛地糾結(jié)于應(yīng)當(dāng)連續(xù)呆在這座城市里干這份工作，還是轉(zhuǎn)變一下你的生活方式到鄉(xiāng)村去承受更具挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，因?yàn)榱粝掠辛粝碌暮锰?，分開也有好處，兩種選擇各有千秋難以定奪。 we shouldnt think that all hard choices are big. le

8、ts say youre deciding what to have for breakfast. you could have high fiber bran cereal or a chocolate donut. suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness. the cereal is better for you, the donut tastes way better, but neither is better than the other overall, a hard choice. 我們不

9、應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)為全部的困難選擇都很浩大。打個(gè)比方，你正打算吃什么早餐。你可以吃高纖維全谷干麥片，或者吃巧克力甜甜圈。假設(shè)在此選擇中的打算性因素是美味程度和安康程度。麥片對(duì)你身體好，甜甜圈卻好吃許多，但兩者都有自身優(yōu)勢(shì)，這就是一個(gè)困難選擇。 realizing that small choices can also be hard, may make big hard choices seem less intractable. after all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast, so maybe we can figure ou

10、t whether to stay in the city or uproot for the new job in the country. 假如意識(shí)到小的選擇也可能會(huì)變得困難，那面對(duì)大的困難選擇時(shí)我們可能就不會(huì)覺得那么麻煩了。到底，我們總能打算早餐吃什么，所以我們或許可以想明白，畢竟要留在市區(qū)，還是到鄉(xiāng)下接手新的工作。 we also shouldnt think that hard choices are hard because we are stupid. when i graduated from college, i couldnt decide between two care

11、ers, philosophy and law. i really loved philosophy. there are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher, and all from the comfort of an armchair. but i came from a modest immigrant family where my idea of luxury was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich in my school lunchbox, so the thought of

12、 spending my whole life sitting around in armchairs just thinking . well, that struck me as the height of extravagance and frivolity. 同時(shí)，我們也不應(yīng)當(dāng)覺得，選擇之所以難是因?yàn)樽约汉苡薮?。在我剛大學(xué)畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，我無法從兩種職業(yè)中選擇，哲學(xué)還是法律。我真心喜愛哲學(xué)，假設(shè)能成為哲學(xué)家，便能學(xué)到許多詫異的東西，而且舒舒適服地坐在椅子上就好?？晌页錾砸粋€(gè)樸實(shí)簡素的移民家庭，我對(duì)浪費(fèi)的概念，就是能在上學(xué)的午餐盒里找到一塊豬舌和一份果凍三明治。所以這種一輩子僅坐在椅子上思

13、索的想法，其實(shí)，對(duì)我來說只是一種浪費(fèi)和輕浮的假象罷了。 so i got out my yellow pad, i drew a line down the middle, and i tried my best to think of the reasons for and against each alternative. i remember thinking to myself, if only i knew what my life in each career would be like. if only god or netflix would send me a dvd of

14、my two possible future careers, id be set. id compare them side by side, id see that one was better, and the choice would be easy. 所以我拿出自己黃色筆記本，在中間劃了一條線，然后竭盡所能地寫出每種選擇的利與弊。當(dāng)時(shí)我就想：假如能知道選擇某種職業(yè)后我的人生會(huì)變成怎樣就好了。假如上帝或者網(wǎng)飛公司能送我一張dvd來向我描繪這兩種布滿可能性的職業(yè)生涯，那我就能做出選擇了。我就能一一比照，看看哪種更好，這樣一來選擇就簡潔多了。 but i got no dvd, and b

15、ecause i couldnt figure out which was better, i did what many of us do in hard choices: i took the safest option. fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer, and as i discovered, lawyering didnt quite fit. it wasnt who i was. 但我沒有收到這種dvd，而且由于我實(shí)在想不出哪一種更優(yōu)，我就和大多數(shù)人一樣：選擇了最平安的一項(xiàng)。成為失

16、業(yè)哲學(xué)家的恐懼，驅(qū)使我成了一名律師?？珊髞砦野l(fā)覺，當(dāng)律師不大合適我，這不是真正的我。 so now im a philosopher, and i study hard choices, and i can tell you, that fear of the unknown, while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices, rests on a misconception of them. 所以我如今是名哲學(xué)家，我鉆研困難選擇，我可以告知大家，對(duì)未知產(chǎn)生恐懼是在進(jìn)展困難選擇時(shí)的自然反響，而這種恐懼來源于對(duì)困難

17、選擇的誤會(huì)。 its a mistake to think that in hard choices, one alternative really is better than the other, but were too stupid to know which, and since we dont know which, we might as well take the least risky option. even taking two alternatives side by side with full information, a choice can still be h

18、ard. hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance; theyre hard because there is no best option. 我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)為，在困難選擇中某種選擇總會(huì)會(huì)比另一種好，可我們自身太愚蠢，所以無法區(qū)分，那既然我們無法定奪，倒不如選風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小的那項(xiàng)。就算你完全理解了兩種選項(xiàng)并將其一一對(duì)比，你仍舊很難打算。選擇之所以難，不是因?yàn)槲覀儫o知;難的緣由在于沒有最優(yōu)選項(xiàng)。 now, if theres no best option, if the scales dont tip in favor of one

19、 alternative over another, then surely the alternatives must be equally good. so maybe the right thing to say in hard choices is that theyre between equally good options. but that cant be right. if alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them, and it seems a mistake to thi

20、nk, heres how you should decide between careers, places to live, people to marry: flip a coin. 那么，假如沒有最正確項(xiàng)，假如衡量的天秤不會(huì)傾向于 任何一方，那么任何選項(xiàng)都肯定是好的。所以面對(duì)困難選擇，可能正確的思維方式，就是認(rèn)為選項(xiàng)雙方一樣好。這種想法確定不對(duì)。假如選項(xiàng)都一樣好，那還不如挺直拋硬幣算了，這樣就會(huì)產(chǎn)生思想誤區(qū)，讓你認(rèn)為自己選擇事業(yè)、住處、婚嫁時(shí)都拋硬幣選擇就好了。 theres another reason for thinking that hard choices arent cho

21、ices between equally good options. suppose you have a choice between two jobs: you could be an investment banker or a graphic artist. there are a variety of things that matter in such a choice, like the excitement of the work, achieving financial security,having time to raise a family, and so on. 還有

22、另外一個(gè)緣由，使困難選擇并非是在同等好的選項(xiàng)中選擇。 假設(shè)你要在兩份工作中選擇： 你可以做投資銀行家，或做平面設(shè)計(jì)師。在這個(gè)選擇當(dāng)中有頗多打算性因素，譬如工作帶來的興奮程度、能獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)保障、顧家時(shí)間等等。 maybe the artists career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of pictorial expression. maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of financial manipulation. 或許藝術(shù)家這個(gè)職業(yè)能

23、讓你接觸最前沿的圖像表達(dá)技術(shù)?；蛟S當(dāng)銀行家你就能接觸最前端的金融操縱手段。你可以想象任何兩種你喜愛的職業(yè)，但兩者都不會(huì)比另一方好的。 imagine the two jobs however you like, so that neither is better than the other.now suppose we improve one of them, a bit. suppose the bank, wooing you, adds 500 dollars a month to your salary. does the extra money now make the banki

24、ng job better than the artist one? not necessarily. a higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before, but it might not be enough to make being a banker better than being an artist. 如今，假設(shè)我們能略微改良其中的一方。假設(shè)一間銀行嘗試討好你，在你的月薪里增加500美元。這一筆額外的金錢會(huì)不會(huì)讓這份銀行家的工作優(yōu)于當(dāng)藝術(shù)家呢?說不準(zhǔn)。更高的薪酬讓銀行家的工作優(yōu)于以前，但額外薪水不肯定足夠讓

25、成為銀行家變得比成為藝術(shù)家好。 but if an improvement in one of the jobs doesnt make it better than the other, then the two original jobs could not have been equally good. if you start with two things that are equally good, and you improve one of them, it now must be better than the other. thats not the case with o

26、ptions in hard choices. 可假如對(duì)其中一種職業(yè)進(jìn)展改良后結(jié)果并沒有讓一方優(yōu)于另一方，那么兩種選擇本身就不行能是一樣好。假如兩件事一開頭都同等的好 ，當(dāng)你改良了其中一件，那它就肯定會(huì)優(yōu)于另一個(gè)。在困難選擇中并非如此。 so now weve got a puzzle. weve got two jobs. neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.so how are we supposed to choose? something seems to have gone wrong here. m

27、aybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible. but that cant be right. its not like were trying to choose between two things that cant be compared. were weighing the merits of two jobs, after all, not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs. a comparison of the

28、overall merits of two jobs is something we can make, and one we often do make. 那么如今我們就有一個(gè)懷疑了。這兩份工作，沒有一方能完勝另一方，但又不是同等的好。畢竟該怎么選擇呢? 貌似有些事情出錯(cuò)了。可能選項(xiàng)的本身就存在問題，導(dǎo)致我們無法比擬。但這也不對(duì)啊。我們并不是要在兩種不能被比照的事物間選擇。我們說究竟是在衡量兩份工作的利弊，不是比照數(shù)字9和 一盤煎雞蛋的好處。比照兩份工作的總體優(yōu)勢(shì)是我們能做到的，也是我們常常做的事。 i think the puzzle arises because of an unrefl

29、ective assumption we make about value. we unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness, are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight. take any comparative question not involving value, such as which of two suitcases is heavier. there are only three possibilities.

30、我認(rèn)為懷疑產(chǎn)生的緣由源于一種我們對(duì)價(jià)值的草率設(shè)想。我們不知不覺地認(rèn)為，諸如正義、漂亮、和善的價(jià)值觀都與一些科學(xué)度量類似，都能被量度，譬如長度、質(zhì)量、重量。試想一個(gè)與價(jià)值觀毫不相關(guān)的比擬，例如兩個(gè)行李箱中哪個(gè)更重。僅有三種可能性。 the weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other. properties like weight can be represented by real numbers - one, two, three and so on - and there are only thre

31、e possible comparisons between any two real numbers. one number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.not so with values. 其中一個(gè)的重量大于、小于 或等于另一個(gè)。像重量這樣的性質(zhì)可以用真實(shí)的數(shù)字來表達(dá)1,2,3 而且在兩個(gè)數(shù)字間的比擬中只有三種可能。一個(gè)數(shù)字大于、小于或等于另一個(gè)數(shù)字價(jià)值觀卻不是如此。 as post-enlightenment creatures, we tend to assume that scientific thinking holds t

32、he key to everything of importance in our world, but the world of value is different from the world of science. the stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers. the stuff of the other world cant. we shouldnt assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights, has the same structure as

33、the world of ought, of what we should do. 作為后啟蒙時(shí)期的生物，我們總是設(shè)想科學(xué)思維可以解決世界上一切重要的問題，但價(jià)值觀的世界不同于科學(xué)的世界。科學(xué)界中， 一切事物可被數(shù)字度量?？蓛r(jià)值觀的世界中卻不能。我們不能認(rèn)為充滿著是否、長度和重量的數(shù)字世界與該不該和該做什么的價(jià)值世界有著同樣的架構(gòu)。 so if what matters to us - a childs delight, the love you have for your partner cant be represented by real numbers, then theres no

34、reason to believe that in choice, there are only three possibilities - that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other. we need to introduce a new, fourth relation beyond being better, worse or equal, that describes whats going on in hard choices. i like to say that the alternatives are

35、on a par. 所以，假如我們覺得重要的東西，如：孩子的美好、對(duì)另一半的愛，不能用數(shù)字來表示， 那么我們就沒有理由信任， 在選擇過程中只有三種可能性： 其中一選項(xiàng)總會(huì)優(yōu)于、劣于或等于另一項(xiàng)。我們需要一種全新的思索維度，第四種關(guān)系除了優(yōu)于、劣于和等于之外，第四種關(guān)系能描繪困難選擇的運(yùn)行形式。我偏好把各選項(xiàng)看做 等價(jià)。 when alternatives are on a par, it may matter very much which you choose, but one alternative isnt better than the other. rather, the alter

36、natives are in the same neighborhood of value, in the same league of value, while at the same time being very different in kind of value. thats why the choice is hard. 當(dāng)全部選項(xiàng)等價(jià)時(shí)，你的選擇就變得極為重要，但選項(xiàng)本身卻沒有哪個(gè)比其他的好。反之，全部的選擇項(xiàng)都有類似的價(jià)值，都處于同一種價(jià)值范疇當(dāng)中，但同時(shí)他們又具有不同的價(jià)值。這正是讓選擇變得困難的緣由。 understanding hard choices in this w

37、ay uncovers something about ourselves we didnt know. each of us has the power to create reasons. imagine a world in which every choice you face is an easy choice, that is, theres always a best alternative. if theres a best alternative, then thats the one you should choose,because part of being ratio

38、nal is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing, choosing what you have most reason to choose. 如此理解困難選擇，我們就會(huì)在自己身上發(fā)覺一些意料之外的東西。我們每個(gè)人都有力量去制造理由。想象一下假設(shè)在某個(gè)世界中你只需面對(duì)簡潔選擇，那么，永久都有最正確項(xiàng)。假設(shè)有最正確項(xiàng)，你就應(yīng)當(dāng)選它，因?yàn)楸３掷碇蔷鸵馕吨x好的不選壞的，選最合理的。 in such a world, wed have most reason to wear black socks instead of pink so

39、cks,to eat cereal instead of donuts, to live in the city rather than the country, to marry betty instead of lolita. a world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons. 在這樣的世界里，我們有充分的理由去穿黑襪子而不穿粉色襪子，去吃干麥片不吃甜甜圈，去留在城市里不轉(zhuǎn)向鄉(xiāng)區(qū)，去娶betty而不娶lolita。布滿簡潔選擇的世界，會(huì)讓我們成為原由的奴隸。 when you think about it,its n

40、uts to believe that the reasons given to you dictated that you had most reason to pursue the exact hobbies you do, to live in the exact house you do, to work at the exact job you do. instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par - hard choices - and you made reasons for yourself to choose that

41、hobby, that house and that job. 當(dāng)你這樣想，你會(huì)發(fā)覺自己肯定是瘋了才會(huì)信任 擺在你面前的選擇會(huì)打算你追尋各種事物的理由，會(huì)打算你的愛好，讓你住如今的房子，讓你選如今的工作。事實(shí)上，當(dāng)你面對(duì)的是多個(gè)選擇，多個(gè)等價(jià)的選擇，困難的選擇，你會(huì)為自己制造理由來選擇這項(xiàng)愛好、這所房子和這份工作。 when alternatives are on a par, the reasons given to us, the ones that determine whether were making a mistake, are silent as to what to do.

42、its here, in the space of hard choices, that we get to exercise our normative power - the power to create reasons for yourself, to make yourself into the kind of person for whom country living is preferable to the urban life. 當(dāng)各選項(xiàng)等價(jià)時(shí)， 我們面前的各種理性原由， 這些讓我們分清對(duì)錯(cuò)的原由， 都無法賜予我們一個(gè)答案。 唯有在這個(gè)有困難選擇的世界里， 我們才能熬煉自己的

43、 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性力氣，以制造自我的原由， 讓自己變成 心中想成為的人， 一種更寵愛鄉(xiāng)村生活而不是城市生活的人。 when we choose between options that are on a par, we can do something really rather remarkable. we can put our very selves behind an option. heres where i stand. heres who i am, i am for banking. i am for chocolate donuts. 當(dāng)我們需要在等價(jià)選項(xiàng)間選擇時(shí)，我們能做出一些非常了

44、不得的事。我們能把自身放在一個(gè)選項(xiàng)之后。(說道)這就是我的選擇，這就是我。我選銀行業(yè)。我選巧克力甜甜圈。 this response in hard choices is a rational response, but its not dictated by reasons given to us. rather, its supported by reasons created by us. when we create reasons for ourselves to become this kind of person rather than that, we wholehearted

45、ly become the people that we are. you might say that we become the authors of our own lives. 在困難選擇中，這種反響是一種理性反響，但卻不是由我們面前的各種原由所打算的。反而，這是由我們自己制造的理由所支撐起來的。當(dāng)我們?yōu)樽晕抑圃煸扇コ蔀檫@種人而非那種人時(shí)，我們就打心底里完完全全地成就了真正的自己。你可以說，我們成了譜寫自我人生篇章的。 so when we face hard choices, we shouldnt beat our head against a wall trying to fi

46、gure out which alternative is better. there is no best alternative. instead of looking for reasons out there, we should be looking for reasons in here: who am i to be? you might decide to be a pink sock-wearing, cereal-loving, country-living banker, and i might decide to be a black sock-wearing, urb

47、an, donut-loving artist. what we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us. 所以當(dāng)面對(duì)困難選擇，不應(yīng)當(dāng)拿腦袋撞墻絞盡腦汁地去想哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)更優(yōu)。最正確項(xiàng)并不存在。與其在外界薄命查找理由，我們?cè)撏睦镎遥?我想成為什么樣的人?你可能會(huì)打算成為一個(gè)穿粉色襪子、愛好干麥片，還住在鄉(xiāng)村的銀行家。而我可能會(huì)打算成為一個(gè)穿黑襪子，住在城市里，喜愛吃甜甜圈的藝術(shù)家。面臨困難選擇時(shí)的反響很大程度上 取決于我們自己每個(gè)人。 now, people who dont exercise their normative powers

48、 in hard choices are drifters. we all know people like that. i drifted into being a lawyer. i didnt put my agency behind lawyering. i wasnt for lawyering. drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives. they let mechanisms of reward and punishment - pats on the head, fear, the easiness o

49、f an option - to determine what they do. so the lesson of hard choices: reflect on what you can put your agency behind, on what you can be for, and through hard choices, become that person. 那些不熬煉自己標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性力氣的人會(huì)成為漂流者。我們都認(rèn)識(shí)那樣的人。我(被理性原由限定)漂流成了律師。我并沒有全身心投入到律師業(yè)務(wù)當(dāng)中。我不合適當(dāng)律師。漂流者允許這個(gè)世界譜寫他們的生命篇章(被拖著走)。他們讓獎(jiǎng)罰機(jī)制 鼓舞、畏

50、懼、選擇的簡潔性來打算自己的道路。所以困難選擇教會(huì)我們要審視自己能把身心與精力放到何處，自己畢竟追求什么，并通過困難選擇來成為那種人。 far from being sources of agony and dread, hard choices are precious opportunities for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition, that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrectsometimes run out, and

51、 it is here, in the space of hard choices, that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves to become the distinctive people that we are. and thats why hard choices are not a curse but a godsend. 困難選擇不是苦痛和恐懼的來源，而是難得的機(jī)遇讓我們慶幸人類有如此特別的選擇權(quán)利，慶幸有時(shí)候區(qū)分選擇正誤的理性原由會(huì)用完，而且，慶幸有在這個(gè)具有困難選擇的世界里，我們有力量去為自己制造理由，去成為別

52、出心裁的自己。這就是為什么，困難選擇不是一種詛咒，而是天賜之物。 thank you.(applause) 感謝(掌聲) 你該如何面對(duì)困難的選擇觀后感 演講臺(tái)上，當(dāng)別人激情澎湃、出口成章的時(shí)候，你是不是想過：我什么時(shí)候能成為這樣的人? 生活中，當(dāng)聽到別人在議論某某考上了哪所名牌高校，做的什么工作，年薪多少的時(shí)候，你是不是想過：我什么時(shí)候能成為這樣的人? 當(dāng)你為此深夜輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)、不能入眠的時(shí)候，有沒有反問過自己：我怎么樣才能成為那樣的人呢? 如何才能成為一個(gè)很厲害的人呢? 選擇自己情愿選擇的，即刻行動(dòng)，從工作核心區(qū)開頭。 選擇自己情愿選擇的 做重大選擇時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)從終極問題動(dòng)身，以人生最高目的作為第一原那么。ted上有個(gè)視頻叫：how to make hard choices，演講者是 ruth chang，她在里面提到做出選擇時(shí)，就是找出勸說自己的理由，想想自己想成為怎樣的人，比擬外界的因素，的確更為有效。有許多時(shí)候，選擇之所以困難，就是因?yàn)槲覀儧]有想清晰自己究竟想要的是什么，從自身找緣由去做出選擇更有效。 借用哲學(xué)家朱莉安的一句話：只有敬重你放棄的選項(xiàng)，才能讓你選擇的選項(xiàng)變得更有價(jià)值。做選擇時(shí)就是進(jìn)展價(jià)值觀的衡量，應(yīng)當(dāng)完全遵從自