優(yōu)質(zhì)自考外語教學法課后答案

1、第一章1-What are the function and result of the two controversiesin ancient Greece? 古希臘兩個著名論 爭的功能和結(jié)果？One controversy was between the naturalists and the conventionalists. The naturalists argued that the form of words reflected the nature of objects. The conventionalists thought that language was conven

2、tional and there was no logic connection between form and meaning of words. The other controversy was between the analogiata and the anomalists on the regularities of language. The analogists claimed language was regular and there were rules for people to follow. The anomalists maintained there were

3、 no rules . Their debate roused people s interest in language and led them to the detailed study of Greek. The direct result was the appearance of a book of Greek grammar.2 What are the main features of traditional linguistics? 傳統(tǒng)語言學的主要特征Traditional Linguistics was practical in nature. People made a

4、 study of language in order to read classic works. Traditional linguists believed that the written form of language was superior to spoken form. They tried to set up principles and standards for people to use language correctly.3- What are the contributions made by Franz Boas, Edward Sapir and Leona

5、rd Bloomfield to the development of American structuralism?Franz Boas,Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield 對美國結(jié)構(gòu)主 義發(fā)展的貢獻Franz Boas and Edward Sapir were forerunners of American structuralism. Boas studied the American Indians languages and found that the traditional grammatical model could not be use

6、d to analyse the structure of those languages. He had to describe those language as they were used. This started American structuralism. Leonard Bloomfield accepted the theories and principles of Franz Boas. He argued that linguists should describe instead of prescribing what people say and should t

7、ake an inductive approach in analyzing data.In 1933, he published the book Language. It soon became the bible of American structuralism.4- What is the influence of behaviorism over American structuralism? 行為主義對美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義 的影響In 1933, the American psychologist John Watson published an article entitled Psy

8、chology as Behaviorist Views It . This was the formal introduction behaviorism. Watson believed we had no direct way to observe the animal msind. We could only observe the animal s behavior and the external environmental conditions. Behaviorists studied the relation between stimuli and responses. Th

9、ey divided learning process into two kinds. One kind is now called classic conditioning. The other is called operant conditioning. Behaviorism helped the development of structuralism.5- - What is Chomsky s explanation of the first language acquisition process? 喬姆斯基對母語獲得 的解釋Chomsky assumes that child

10、ren are born with a language acquisition device (LAD). This LAD is made up of a set of general principles called universal grammar. When the child is born, the particular language environment will trigger the LAD. Children lasnguage acquisition process completes when the universal grammar is success

11、fully transformed into the grammar of a particular language.6- What is the difference between linguisticcompetence and linguistic performance?語言能力禾口語言應用的不同Linguistic competence refers to the internalized knowledge of the language that a native speaker of that language possesses. Linguistic performan

12、ce refers to the actural utterance produced by the native speakers.7- How does transformational generative linguistics differ in research methods? 在研究方法上轉(zhuǎn)換生成 語言學有什么不同？Transformational generative linguistics opposes the structuralist method of taking linguistic performance as the goal. It also attack

13、s the inductive approach. It believes that linguistics should study the linguistic competence,not the performance, of the native speaker and try to set up a system of rules that will generate an infinite number of grammatical sentences.8- -What is the main feature of functional linguistics? 功能語言學的特征

14、Functional linguistics, founded by Malinowski and developed by Firth, believes “the meaning of any single word is to a high degree dependent on its context ”It introduced the phrase “ context of situation ”. The theor is based on the notion of function in context. Its point of view is that linguisti

15、c events should be accounted for at three primary levels: substance,form and context. The theory also divides a particular situation type into three dimensions.9- -What is the basic theory of Gestalt psychology?格式塔心理學的主要理論Gestalt psychology appeared in the 1920s. Its research was focused on the area

16、 of perception, aiming at the exploration of the relationship between parts and wholein people pserceptional experience. It claimed that people received objects and scenes as organized wholes before they noticed their component parts. The word Gestalt means “ organizedshape ”or “ wholeform ”in Engli

17、sh.10- -What is the basic theory of psychoanalysis?心里分析的主要理論The basic theory of psychoanalysis is put forward by Freud. The theory divided the mind into conscious and unconscious mind. The conscious mind is only a very small part of the whole mind while the rest remains unconscious. Psychoanalysis a

18、ims to analyse the irrational behavor of patients.11- -What are the principles of behaviorism? 行為主義的原則The principles of behaviorism are as follow: Psychologists should study what could be observed publicly and objectively instead of con sidering animal mental events because these things could not be

19、 seen.Behaviorism believes that the study should be focused on learning and the relation between stimuli and responses.12- -What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? 經(jīng)典性和操 作性條件反射的區(qū)別Classical conditioning means the stimulus that does not elicit a response comes t

20、o elicit a response after it is paired several times with a stimulus that already elicited a response.Operant conditioning means the occurrence of a response will be determined by the consequence of the response.13- - What are the three factors that have helped to setup the cognitive psychology?認知心理

21、學發(fā)展的三個前提條件The three factors are the development of computer technology, Jean Piagets wreosrekaorcnhthe reasoningabilities of children, and the work of the American linguist Chomsky.14- -How does the cognitive psychologyexplain the acquisition of knowledge? 認知心理學如何解釋知識 獲得The term cognitive means know

22、ledge and cognitive psychology can be defined as the study of people s ability to acquire, organize, remember and use knowledge to guide their behaviour. As for the acquisition of knowledge, cognitive psychology believes that there are two principal types of cognitive structures which are called sch

23、emas and concepts. The schemas refer to sets of rules that define categories of behaviour and concepts are rules that describe properties of events and their relations with one another. Children acquire schemas and concepts by interacting with their environment with the help of two processes assimil

24、ation and accommodation.15- -How does the habit-formation theory explain thesecond language acquisition process ?習慣養(yǎng)成論女口何解釋二語獲得過程Habit-formation theory was put forward by a group of behaviorists. According to their theory, learning a second language means the formation of a new set of linguistic hab

25、its. Imitation and practice play n important role in the process of habit-formation. Imitation will help learners identify the association between stimuli and responses while practice will reinforce the association and help learners to form the new linguistic habit.16- -how does the hypothesisof lin

26、guistic universalsexplain the secondlanguage acquisition process?語言共性說The hypothesis says there exist certain linguistic properties which are true to all natural languages into core grammar and peripheral grammar. Human beings are born with a language acquisition device (LAD). The second language le

27、arners usually acquire the core grammar of the target language and then the peripheral grammar. The core grammar of the learner msother tongue will help the learners to learn the target language.17- -How does the acculturation theory explain the second language acquisition? 文化傳遞說 Acculturation means

28、 individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge and behavior in order to do well in another culture. It believes that second language acquisition is just one aspect of acculturation and the degree of acculturation will control the degree of second l

29、anguage acquisition.18- -How does the discourse theory explain the second language acquisition process? 話 語 情 境 說 The discourse theory argues that there is little difference between the first language acquisition process and the process of the sec ond Ian guage acquisitionly through communication di

30、scourse can the learner acquire the second language.19- -What are the five hypothesis of the monitor theory?They are the acquisition -tearning hypothesis, the monitor hypothesis, the natural order hypothesis, the input hypothesis, and the affective filter hypothesis.20- -How does the cognitive theor

31、y explain the second language acquisition process?The cognitive theory claims that second language learning should be regarded as the acquisition of a complex cognitive skill. The process of second language acquisition is a process in which the internal representations are being restructured constan

32、tly. The acquisition involves two process- automaticity and restructuring. Language learning at the beginning stage involves none of the process of restructuring.21- What are the principles and consequencesof the Reform Movement?The principles of the Reform Movement were the primacy of speech, the c

33、entrality of the connected text as the kernel of the language teaching process, and the absolute priority of an oral method in the classroom. The consequenceswere great. Many people took part in the reform and movement. A lot of book were published. An applied linguistic approach to language teaching began to take shape.22- -What sthe contribution made by Daniel Jones and Harold Palmer to the development of Daniel Jones teaching?Daniel Jones was the first one that helpe