虛擬語氣精講精練及答案.doc

1、.虛擬語氣總覽1. 英語中的三種語氣英語共有三種語氣，述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。述語氣用來講述事實，有肯定、否定、詢問和感嘆等形式，謂語動詞有人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化；祈使語氣用于提出請求、建議、勸告、命令和警告等，以動詞原形起句，否定式句前加 Dont ；虛擬語氣表示說話人所言容不是事實，而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、建議、請求、命令或猜測，有時只是說話者的主觀愿望，或表達他/ 她的強烈情感，謂語動詞用特殊形式。2. 非真實條件句的虛擬語氣條件從句主句had donewould/should/might/could/ough過去t to have donedid（ be 用 were） would/sh

2、ould/might/could/ough現(xiàn)在t to do1、didwould/should/might/could/ough將來2、should dot to do3、were to do巧計主句中五個虛擬引導(dǎo)詞： MS COW(奶牛女士 ) ：might, should, could, ought to, would2. 1. 與過去事實相反1).IfI had had much money atthat time, I would have bought you whatyou want.2).Ifyou had been more careful,themistakemight ha

3、ve been avoided.3).Ifyou had taken my advice,you wouldnthave madesuch a mistake.4). Wewouldnt have succeededif it had not been for their help.5).Ifyou had been here yesterday,you would have met the filmstar.6). If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helpedthem.7). If you had got up

4、 earlier, you would have caught the train.8). If we had had enough rain last year, we could have gained a goodharvest.9).Ifyou had worked a littleharder, you could have passed thefinalexamination.10). If they had invited her to the party, she would have attendedit.2.2. 與現(xiàn)在事實相反1). If I were you, I wo

5、uld go there at once.2). If my classmates were here, they would help me.3). If I were you, I would accept the job.4). If classes were smaller, children would learn more.5). If I were ten years younger, I would start all over again.6). If I had enough money, I would buy a large house.7). If I had tim

6、e, I would go shopping with you.8). IfI knew allthe answers to allyour questions,I would be a genius.9). If he were here now, we would ask him about it.10). If I had time, I would study French.11). If I knew her number, I could ring her. (可惜我不知道 )12). If there were no gravity, we should not be able

7、to walk. (實際上地球引力始終存在。)13). If I knew the answer, I would tell you. (實際上我確實不知道，所以肯定不能告訴你。 )14). If I had money on me, I would lend you some.15). We would not be able to walk if there were no friction.16). If you were in my position, what would you do?17). If they treated me as a slave, I had to resi

8、gn.18). Ifthere were no examinations,we should have a muchhappiertime.19). If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. (如果幻想能成為馬匹，叫花子們都有了坐騎。)20). Life might be too dull if it had no difficulties in it. (倘若生活中沒了困難，就會過于平淡。)2.3.與將來事實相反1). If it rained / should rain / were to rain tomorrow, we would have

9、 a rest.2). If the sun were to rise from the west, I would marry you.( 注意：對將來虛擬的條件從句中，在實現(xiàn)的可能性方面過去式 did 最大， should do 中等， were to do 最小。如本句太陽沒有可能從西方升起，所以本句用 were to 最恰當。 )3). If I were to meet her tomorrow, I would ask her about it.4). If green plants should disappear some day, there would hardly be

10、any life on the earth.5). If I were to do the work, I would do it in a different way.6).If it should(were to) rain this afternoon, the football match would be put off.7). If you missed the film this evening, you would be sorry for it.( 如果今晚錯過了這場電影，你會遺憾的。實際上，你不會錯過。 ) 8). If I were to see her tomorrow

11、, I would invite her home.9).If you lived there for several months, you would change your mind about the place.10). If things were to be done twice, all would be wise. (如果事情能被做兩次，人人都會變得明智。)2.4.混合型1). If you had followed the doctor s advice, you would be much better now.( 過去現(xiàn)在 )2). If you had worked

12、hard, you would bea college student now.(過去現(xiàn)在 )3).Ifyou had listenedto me, you wouldnt be in such troublenow.( 過去現(xiàn)在 )4).Ifyou had got sixmore votes yesterday,you would be our chairmannow. ( 過去現(xiàn)在 )5). If I had earned much money last summer, I would go on a vacationnext month. (過去將來 )6). If you hesita

13、ted this moment, you might suffer in future. (現(xiàn)在將來 )7).Ifthe doctorhad come sooner lastnight,Tomwould be alivetoday.( 過去現(xiàn)在 )8). If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. (現(xiàn)在過去 )9). If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. (過去現(xiàn)在 )10). If youhadnt lentme some money, Icou

14、ldn t have boughtthenew house and most likely I wouldnt be still living in the dangeroushouse now. ( 過去過去現(xiàn)在 )2. 5. if 的省略與條件句的倒裝1). Were I you, I would have accepted the job.2). Were she here, she would support us.3).Were you to go fishingwith me, you would have a much happiertime.4). Were men angel

15、s, no government would be necessary. (如果人人都是天使，政府就沒有必要了。)5). Were she my daughter, Iwouldnt allowher to study abroad.6). Had you come earlier, you would have met my girlfriend.7). Had I time, I would come. (本句中 had 是實意動詞，而非主動詞。)8).Had I been informed earlier,I could have done something to preventit

16、from happening.9).Many persons in the worls would have succeeded had they not wastedtheir valuable time.10). Should it be fine tomorrow, we would go outing.11). Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.12). We would gone to your birthday party had you invited us.13. I would go should it b

17、e necessary.14). What would have happened had Bob walked farther, as far as the river bank?15). Had it not been for you, I would have lost my way.16). Were it not for water, no plant could grow.(注：例句 8、9 知識點見“二 6Ba”。)17).Be they commonpeople or high-rankingofficials,they stand equalbefore the law. (

18、Whether they be )18). Be the weather what it may, I will leave tomorrow. (Whether theweather be what it may, )(注：例句 13、14 知識點見“八 5”。)注意： 在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，若條件句為否定句， not 應(yīng)被放在主語之后，而不能縮寫成 werent, shouldn t或 hadnt而置于居首。如例 15，16。2.6.含蓄型：A. with：“要是有，如果有”，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。1).With your help, we would have worked out the

19、problem.( 要是有你的幫助， 我們早就解出這道題了。 實際上你沒有幫助我們， 我們也沒有解出這道題。 )2).With a little asssistance, Alexander would have succeeded.3).With better equipment, we could have done it better.B. a. without / but for / if it were not for(were it not for) / ifit hadn t been for(had it not been for) / in the absence of +

20、Sb. /Sth.b. but that +句子；注意 : a.b.都表示“要不是，若非，如果沒有 , 如果不是” , 表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。1).Withoutyour help, Iwouldnt have madesuch rapid progress.2).Withoutthe programmer( 程序編制人員 ), the computer would beuseless.3).Withoutsunshine, nothing could grow on earth.4).Withoutwater or air, nothing could live.5).Withoutco

21、ntradiction nothing could exist. (沒有矛盾，就沒有世界)6).Without him, we would have failed.7).Without the difficulieswe would not know greatmens toughness.( 如果沒有困難，我們就不會了解偉人的堅韌性格。)8). I would never make itwithoutthe havits of order and diligence.( 假如沒有按部就班和勤奮的習慣，我就不會成功。)9).Without challenges, Obama would nev

22、er have been President of theUnited States.10).Without steel, there would be no modern industry. (沒有鋼，就.沒有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。 )11).But forthe rain, we should have had a pleasant journey.12).But foryour timely rescue, the boy would have drowned.13).But forfriction, people could neither walk, nor even stand up.(注：以

23、上例句 1-13without, but for都可互換，并可替換為in theabsence of;若是對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼奶摂M，可用If it were not for替換；若是對過去的虛擬則可用 If it had not been for來替換。 )14).But thathe saw it, he could not have believed it.15). The little girl would have fallen into the riverbut thatthePLA man caught her.16).But thatyoudidn t letme take that

24、cup of tea I would havebeen posioned to death.17). She would have come to see you that daybut thatshe was ill.(=But for her illness)18).But thatitsnowed heavily,theycouldhave arrivedthere earlier.(=But for the heavy snow, )19). She would have bought the bookbut thatshe had no money then.20).If it we

25、rent formy job, I would come with you.21).If it were not forhis wifes money he would never be a mayor.22).If ithadnt been forthedoctor s care,I shouldnot be speakingto you now.23).If ithad not been foryou,Icould not have worked out the problem.C. or, or else, otherwise；1). Ididn t catchthe bus,other

26、wise Iwouldnt have missedthefilm.2). I got up too late,otherwiseIwouldnt have beenlate for themeeting.3). She wasnt feelingvery well.Otherwiseshe wouldnt have leftthe meeting so early.4). I was ill that day.OtherwiseI would have taken part in theparade( 游行 ).5). I am busy now.Otherwise , I would hel

27、p you.6).He canthave writtento me, otherwiseI would have got hisletterby now.7). He told me of your arrival,or I would have known nothing aboutit.8). The soldier fled away,or he would have been killed.9).I didn tknowthathe was a liar,or else Iwouldnthave believedhim.D. 通過上下文推斷，沒有引導(dǎo)詞，真正的含蓄。.1). Born

28、in better times, he would have been a scholar(學者 ).2). I would do so in your position.3). Given more time, we would do it better.4). Unless you had done it earlier, you would have failed.2.7. suppose(that), supposing(that); provided (that); assuming (that);on condition that; given that1). Suppose/su

29、pposing that there were no gravity, objects would notfall to ground when dropped.=If there were no gravity, objects would not fall to ground whendropped.2). Supposing youcouldn t write, what would you do?3).Childrenwere permittedintothe hallforthe filmprovided(that)they did not make any trouble.4).

30、The guards allow the tourists to go into the woods on conditionthat they (should)do no harm to the animals.(on condition that = only if,它所引導(dǎo)從句的謂語動詞的語氣可述，可虛擬，但均表示一個真實條件。)5). Given that hedoesnt agreeto do it, we shall do it alone.(given that表示一個真實條件，其從句謂語動詞用述語氣。)3. 賓語從句的虛擬語氣3.1. wishwish thathad done

31、 表示對過去已發(fā)事情的虛擬wish thatdid/were 表示對現(xiàn)在正發(fā)事情的虛擬wish thatwere to/should/could/might/would do 表示對將來要發(fā)事情的虛擬1). I wish I were a bird.2). The ugly girl wishes she were better looking.3).Sometimes I wish I were livingin a differenttime and a differentplace.4).HowI wish every familyhad a largehouse with a beau

32、tifulgarden!5). I have never been to New York, but how I wish I had.6). I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day.7). How we wish we could have a rest tomorrow!8).I wish I could stand on a busy streetcorner,hat in hand, and begpeople to throw me all their wasted hours.(我希望自己站在熙熙攘攘的大街上，手里

33、拿著帽子，乞求人們把廢棄的時光扔給我。 )9). I wish I had never met him.10). I wish youhadnt spentso much money.3.2. would rather (that).本結(jié)構(gòu)從句是一般過去時時， 表示一個對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?是過去完成時時，表示對過去已發(fā)事件的一種妄想，表明說話者寧愿某人做或沒有做某事，實際上卻恰恰相反。具有相同用法的結(jié)構(gòu)還有 would sooner, would as soon,would just as soon，它們可替換would rather。1). I would rather you were

34、home now.2). Id sooner youpainted the wall green next time.3). I would rather you had been there with me. (實際上不是你，是別人)4). Id rather youhad more health than wealth.5).I d rather you hadnt donethat. (實際上已做 )6). I would rather that I had stayed at home yesterday. (實際上并沒有)7). I would just as soon that J

35、ohnhadnt spokenrudely to me.8). Id rather youhad told me the truth.9). Id rather everyting hadnt happ ened between us.試比較：1) 、would rather 后接動詞原形，表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)砟撤N行為的一種主觀愿望或選擇，為述語氣。1). I would rather stay at home than go to the cinema.2).The brave soldiers would tather die than surrender to the enemy.3). I

36、 d rather not go to the cinema tonight.2) 、would rather 后接不定式完成時表示對已發(fā)生事件的后悔。4). Id rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip.5).The filmwas terrible.I d rathernot have gone to the cinemalast night.6).-Didyou blame him forhis mistakes? -Yes, but I d rathernot have done it.3.3.表示愿望、建議、請求

37、、命令等含義的動詞3.3.1.這類動詞的賓語從句的謂語形式為should +動詞原形， should 可以省略，但引導(dǎo)詞 that通常不省略。常用的這類動詞有：advise忠告，建議ask要求command命令decide 決定demand要求desire希望，可望determine決定insist堅持order命令prefer寧愿promise允諾propose 提議recommend 推薦，勸告request要求require要求suggest 建議3.3.2.巧記賓從用虛擬語氣的動詞方法一、一堅二命四要.一堅持 insist二命令order,command議 suggest, advis

38、e, recommend require, request, demand, desire四要求方法二、 DISCO （迪斯科）D demandI insistS suggestC commandO order方法三、 I drop caps.IinsistDdemand/desireRrequire/request/recommendOorderPproposeCcommandAadvisePpreferSsuggest3.3.3.例句1).The driverdemandedthatallthe passengers show theirticketsto him.2). The offi

39、cerordered that his troops move on to the front.3). The commandercommandedthat we attack at once.4). In the past men generallypreferredthat their wives work in thehome.5). Ipreferthat you not eat that much.6). Ipropose that Mr. Li be the chairman.7). Irecommendedthat you should reduce your expenditu

40、re.8). Heasks that he be given an opportunity to try this method.9). I asked that I be allowed to see her.10). Heinsistedthat a doctor be sent for at once.11). Our teacher insisted that we not play computer games at school.12). Who do yousuggest be sent to work there?13). Wesuggest that he give less

41、 money to his child.14). Mr. Wang suggested that I take enough sleep before the finalexamination.15). Hedetermined that she set off at once.16). Sheadvised that we keep the door locked.17). Theyrequirethat visitors not smoke in the workshop.18). Mr. Wangrequiredthat all the students be polite to oth

42、ers.注：以上各例句賓語從句中謂語動詞前統(tǒng)統(tǒng)省略了should 。3.3.4 、suggest 與 insist之例外suggest 作“建議”解時用虛擬語氣，作“表明”解時用述語氣；insist作“堅持”解時用虛擬語氣，作“堅持認為，堅持說”解時用述語氣。1). The smile on my mothers face suggestedthat she was delightedwith my examination result. (非虛擬 ).2). His yawns suggested that he was sleepy.（非虛擬）3). All these factssugg

43、est that he is innocent.（非虛擬）4). Janes pale facesuggested that she was ill, and his parentssuggested that she have a medical examination. (前實后虛 )5). Heinsistedthat he had done right.（非虛擬）6). Heinsistedthat he was not involved in the case.（非虛擬）7). Heinsistedthat he had not been late that morning.（非虛擬

44、）8). Heinsistedthat what he said was true and weinsisted that hego and have a look. (前實后虛 )9). The aged man insisted that he wasntill and shouldn t be sent to the hospital.4. 主語從句的虛擬語氣基本結(jié)構(gòu)：It be /seem + ( 表示愿望、建議、命令、要求、意志、驚訝、不滿、遺憾等意義的 )形容詞 / 過去分詞 / 名詞 +that +主語 + （should ）+動詞原形 .在本結(jié)構(gòu)中 it是形式主語，真正的主語是

45、后面的 that 從句， 從句中謂語動詞的形式為 should do, should可以省略。4.1. It is + adj. + that +(should) do常用的此類形容詞有：advisable明智的amazing令人吃驚的disappointing令人失望的embarrassing令人尷尬的essential重要 的important重要的incredible令人難以置信的natural自 然 的necessary必需的 , 不可缺少的1).strange 奇怪的surprising令人驚訝的Itisvital至關(guān)重要的naturaurgent緊急的astonishing令人驚訝

46、的lthatimperative 勢在必行的heobject to a plan like that.2). It isnecessarythat we tell him the truth at once.3). It isnot necessary that everyone be a scientist.4). It isessentialthat every child be given the same educationalopportunities.5). It isurgent that a doctor should be sent for immediately.6). I

47、t isadvisablethat everyone have a map.7). It is vitalthatthe headmaster receive this letter this evening.8). It isimportantthat you should thank those who supported you.through the disappointments.( 重要的是 ,你應(yīng)該感那些在你失意時給予你支持的人。 )9). It isreally strangethat the girl be married so early. (真奇怪，那小姑娘 竟然這么早就

48、出嫁了！ )10). It isamazing that he should have learnt so much in such a shorttime.11). It isstrangethat he have left without saying good-bye.12). It issurprisingthat he should be so foolish as to believe herlie13). It wasastonishingthat she have kept the secret from him allthrough their lifetime.14).It

49、seems incrediblethathe have finishedthe work so soon. (他竟然這么快就完成了工作，這似乎令人難以置信。)注意：a.在Itisamazing/surprising/astonishing/strange/incrediable/apity/a shame that .結(jié)構(gòu)中， that虛擬從句表示說話人的驚訝、懊悔、失望等強烈的情感， 含有“竟然 , 居然”的意思，表明所發(fā)生的事情非常出人意料。如上面例句 9-14 。再如：15). Its a pitythat he should miss the lecture.（真遺憾，他竟然錯過了這次演講。）16). Its a pitythat he should turn down my offer. (真遺憾，他竟然拒絕了我的提議。 )17). It isa shame that she should behave like that. (她竟然表現(xiàn)的那么差勁，真丟人。 )b. 本結(jié)構(gòu)還可形變?yōu)?It is + of + 上述形容詞相對應(yīng)的名詞形式 + that (should) do 。如：18). It isof utmost importancethat you be here