外文翻譯對使用合成酯類潤滑油生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性的影響評估

1、外文資料翻譯及原文1、譯文對使用合成酯類潤滑油生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性的影響評估gudrun maxam, stefan hahn, wolfgang dott and adolf eisentraeger rwth aachen, 衛(wèi)生和環(huán)境醫(yī)學(xué)研究所, pauwelsstr.30 d-52057aachen, 德國,2002年5月28日接受摘要：合成酯潤滑劑需要有關(guān)它們的技術(shù)和生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性優(yōu)化。要確定生態(tài)毒性潛力所需要的試驗(yàn)可以是一個(gè)化學(xué)品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估程序的依據(jù)。目前風(fēng)險(xiǎn)潤滑油的分類進(jìn)行了新的石油液體，通常在水生物測定應(yīng)用前準(zhǔn)備的液體。為了改善一些潤滑油的生態(tài)毒性的特點(diǎn)，制備方法質(zhì)量得到優(yōu)化。由此產(chǎn)生

2、的準(zhǔn)備協(xié)議導(dǎo)致的石油液體水，可以使用生物測定提取物進(jìn)行測試。對化學(xué)成分的使用，以及由添加劑帶來的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)效應(yīng)引起變化的程度需要審議。為了采取這種不同的使用潤滑油，除了新的石油液體測試的原因外，在這項(xiàng)工作中的各種潤滑油樣品進(jìn)行了分析與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與弧菌鯢和惡臭假單胞菌，發(fā)光與v.fischeri，生存與大型水蚤和藻類生長與柵藻subspicatus抑制試驗(yàn)檢測細(xì)菌生長抑制試驗(yàn)檢測。水提物的化學(xué)特性包括ph值測定，電導(dǎo)率，重金屬，溶解有機(jī)碳，無機(jī)陰離子和磷的含量。結(jié)果強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)保的論斷，潤滑油可以接受其在使用生態(tài)毒理學(xué)的潛在變化。認(rèn)為通常添加到基礎(chǔ)油，以提高油品的適用性的一些物質(zhì)可能具有很高的潛在毒性。關(guān)

3、鍵詞：合成酯類潤滑油 生態(tài)毒理學(xué)評價(jià) 生物測定簡介：在1995年的潤滑油消費(fèi)總量超過3600萬噸的全球（巴茨，1998年），它們被應(yīng)用在各領(lǐng)域，如在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或液壓，金屬加工工藝和必須履行的技術(shù)要求。潤滑油包括基礎(chǔ)油和提升性能的添加劑。目前超過90的基礎(chǔ)油是礦物油，一個(gè)復(fù)雜的混合物含有脂肪族，脂環(huán)族和芳香族碳?xì)浠衔锏牟煌糠帧Ｅc此相反，在合成酯基礎(chǔ)油是潤滑油更明確的內(nèi)容。如粘度指數(shù)改進(jìn)劑（egsulfonates，琥珀酸衍生物）腐蝕抑制劑，抗泡沫或抗氧化劑（egphenolic和aminic物質(zhì)）從不同的物質(zhì)群衍生劑大多數(shù)添加劑擁有的潛在毒性。現(xiàn)在潤滑油必須符合生態(tài)以及技術(shù)要求，因?yàn)橄鄬τ诃h(huán)境的

4、感性有所增加。對于這種潤滑油的基礎(chǔ)上優(yōu)化其生態(tài)毒性方面的技術(shù)性能和合成酯是可取的。1997年7月聯(lián)合研究中心的“非污染摩擦學(xué)系統(tǒng)”（sfb442），由德國研究基金會(huì)（dfg）資助經(jīng)費(fèi)成立。為了提高特殊潤滑油摩擦學(xué)職能應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到固體表面工具涂層的手段特點(diǎn)的技術(shù)。通過增加基礎(chǔ)油穩(wěn)定的合成酯的性能有待改進(jìn)。該項(xiàng)目“方法和系統(tǒng)的摩擦學(xué)和借鑒生態(tài)和環(huán)境醫(yī)學(xué)機(jī)床的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估策略”追求的綜合戰(zhàn)略，同時(shí)考慮到兩方面對人類的毒理學(xué)和生態(tài)毒理學(xué)的潤滑油，以優(yōu)化合成酯基潤滑油有關(guān)環(huán)境自然友好以及穩(wěn)定性。為了達(dá)到這些是必不可少的，以確定潛在的生態(tài)毒性和使用造成的改造目標(biāo)。潤滑油的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性是根據(jù)雙方的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量的基礎(chǔ)

5、油和種類和數(shù)量的添加劑使用（由主要參數(shù)溫度，時(shí)間和材料的應(yīng)用為特征）的組成，從而可能會(huì)影響潤滑油的生態(tài)毒性。重金屬被吸收到潤滑油的磨損。有機(jī)化合物是改變了高壓和高溫。工具機(jī)械含有的潤滑油有助于新的液體污染。試驗(yàn)完成，該合成酯基礎(chǔ)環(huán)保的潤滑劑。為了檢測不同的潤滑油可變性，以及由使用引起的變化，為100 g/l的水提取量高的潤滑油。在這項(xiàng)工作的結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)，這是經(jīng)過優(yōu)化的制備方法申請獲得。該添加劑和使用過程中的化學(xué)成分變化的影響進(jìn)行審查。方法：制備水提取液油水的油樣進(jìn)行萃取是根據(jù)在圖1介紹的過程。阿石油液體和milliporetm水（比例1+9）混合攪拌開銷24 h在黑暗durantm玻璃瓶（肖特，美

6、因茨，德國）的水提取物是用玻璃纖維過濾器（過濾孔徑1微米; gelman科學(xué)美國密歇根州）過夜后階段的分離。 ph值和電導(dǎo)率測量。油性階段被駁回。生態(tài)毒理學(xué)測試是在14日內(nèi)與水提取雙稀釋系列。樣品儲(chǔ)存于4黑暗durantm玻璃瓶c，以便避免光化學(xué)反應(yīng)。與惡臭假單胞菌和弧菌鯢生長抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)都是用微孔板光度計(jì)和孵化器（iems閱讀器，labsystems，芬蘭），最終檢驗(yàn)量為200l/孔。相對于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試程序（din38412 l37，1999; iso10712,1995）的v.fischeri和p.putida細(xì)胞冷保存文化用于接種（施密茨等人，1998年）的微孔板光度計(jì)放置在柜（multitro

7、n，infors，瑞士）進(jìn)行冷卻。該項(xiàng)測試是在20（v.fischeri）和21（p.putida）分別按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)程序。iems讀者的執(zhí)行為1毫米，1000 rpm震動(dòng)頻率振幅軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)。與此相反的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)議的光密度測量在20分鐘的時(shí)間間隔為450納米。該區(qū)間被劃分為2分10期。該板塊動(dòng)搖約30秒/周期，以防止細(xì)胞造粒（施密茨等人，1998年），每個(gè)水提取物，生長控制和空白稀釋在三個(gè)測試重復(fù)。急性發(fā)光與v.fischeri，藻類生長與柵藻subspicatus抑制試驗(yàn)和大型蚤的生存抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)測試按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行程序（dw en iso11348-1，-2，-3,1999; en28692,1993; iso6

8、341,1996）的潤滑劑樣品，控制和空白的水提取物有兩種測試重復(fù)。對測試結(jié)果表示為lid值。lid值是最低的無效稀釋。lid表示最高濃度測試樣品在該批次為急性發(fā)光與v.fischeri，藻類生長與s.subspicatus抑制試驗(yàn)抑制試驗(yàn)抑制小于20，與v.fischeri生長抑制試驗(yàn)和p.putida和10的d.magna生存考驗(yàn)分別已被觀察到。物理化學(xué)特性的水提物：ph值和電導(dǎo)率測量電化學(xué)。重金屬分析原子吸收光譜（din38406 t1,6,7,8,10,11,19;19811993），與石墨爐（銅）和阻燃技術(shù)（鋅）鐵含量估計(jì)光度。溶解有機(jī)碳（doc）檢測到了toc分析儀（參數(shù)及c型墊5

9、500，stroehlein）的無機(jī)陰離子均采用離子色譜法（din38405 t19，1988），磷含量的檢測按icp / oes方法。結(jié)果：在這項(xiàng)工作中的結(jié)果僅代表在聯(lián)合研究中心“sfb442”過程中收集數(shù)據(jù)的一小部分的新型液壓生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性和新的齒輪油，結(jié)果如圖2所示。這兩種潤滑油是基于合成酯和無污染的分類。兩種不同提取物的制備，不同的潤滑油和milliporetm水部分。顯然，水提取物，那是只有100毫克/升milliporetm分別顯示沒有水或溫和的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)效應(yīng)。該提取物d.magna生存考驗(yàn)lid值沒有記錄（與),明顯，因?yàn)樵摐y試機(jī)體抑制高于10，為確定本次測試另一個(gè)水提物的蓋子價(jià)

10、值少于100毫克/升，必須準(zhǔn)備和測試。與此相反，用100 g / l的milliporetm水準(zhǔn)備的提取物具有抑制在s.subspicatus測試，d.magna生存考驗(yàn)和與v.fischeri發(fā)光抑制試驗(yàn)高毒性的潛力。圖3展示了環(huán)保的切削油的使用和不使用添加劑以及它的變化，由于使用生態(tài)毒理學(xué)效應(yīng)。在新的切削油基礎(chǔ)油僅顯示溫和的d.magna毒性作用，而且不會(huì)對測試的其他生物的影響。使用后（鉆孔和切割好幾個(gè)小時(shí)）的蓋子值在藻類試驗(yàn)和測試的d.magna顯著增加已被觀察到的樣本內(nèi)u1。此外對添加劑的影響顯示在圖3，各種物質(zhì)除了導(dǎo)致了樣品的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)的潛在增加權(quán)的一部分。在u2后填充到機(jī)床和樣品u

11、3的潤滑劑采取樣本是30小時(shí)后直接鉆孔和切割（圖3），而使用后的切削油的毒性是與v.fischeri發(fā)光的抑制試驗(yàn)異常高，從64降低到32。該藻類測試部分不評估的，因?yàn)樵谂c藻類熒光干擾的水提取物目前熒光成分。重金屬和磷的切削油的水提取物含量列于圖4。水提取磷含量下降，從669到346毫克/克在使用過程中同時(shí)，有一種如銅，鋅，鎳重金屬含量顯著的攝入量。此外，并沒有與各種潤滑油的物理化學(xué)特性見表1。該添加劑均對檢查參數(shù)決定性的影響。ph值降低，導(dǎo)電性以及對doc的內(nèi)容已乘幾次。結(jié)論一個(gè)新的準(zhǔn)備過程已經(jīng)提出，導(dǎo)致一個(gè)具有水溶性物質(zhì)的高濃度，同時(shí)沒有像油滴不溶顆粒水提取物。它允許的，即使所謂的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

12、的合成潤滑油脂毒性作用敏感的決心。此外，它還可以區(qū)分影響的基礎(chǔ)油和添加劑的毒性分別。通過使用所造成的毒性變化是有據(jù)可查的。對重金屬的明顯上升是由于機(jī)床污染（見樣本u2，圖4），并在使用過程中的金屬摩擦的發(fā)生。然而，重金屬含量不似乎內(nèi)，特別是與v.fischeri發(fā)光抑制法（施密茨等人，1999年）的測試系統(tǒng)所顯示的高毒性負(fù)責(zé)，它更有可能，即由于改建潤滑油氧化過程，高溫和高壓是觀測到的影響負(fù)責(zé)。另一方面對新的潤滑劑高水提取物在使用過程中磷含量下降了一半。這可以歸因于對添加劑濃度的變化。生物測試系統(tǒng)已建立了各種物質(zhì)和環(huán)境樣品（布萊斯，1998;多特等，1999; eisentraeger等，199

13、7; eisentraeger和洪特，2000; keddy等，1995）的微型生物測試系統(tǒng)在這項(xiàng)研究中所使用的油流體之間的微小變化檢測合適。由于測試生物體的特定敏感，不同的測試系統(tǒng)透露具體的回應(yīng)的成分和油樣分別。與s.subspicatus生長抑制試驗(yàn)似乎是為對合成酯基潤滑劑生態(tài)毒理學(xué)電位檢查合適。該潤滑油在這個(gè)測試生物體的影響需要進(jìn)一步研究，以發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的機(jī)制。進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了生物測定與像油成分對照品是必要的。很明顯，有可能轉(zhuǎn)移到水相流體油毒理學(xué)相關(guān)的物質(zhì)，以模擬與制備方法提出了最壞的情況。生物利用度和潛在毒性的樣品是由水提取成分。而復(fù)雜的混合物的水溶性，通常受到限制。另一方面單個(gè)組件的不同溶解

14、度可能導(dǎo)致部分到一個(gè)在水相中微量成分的積累。這可能導(dǎo)致在曖昧的稀釋率（steinhaeuser等，1989; steinhaeuser，1992; steinhaeuser和阿曼，1992年）的依賴毒性反應(yīng)，作為一般規(guī)則的制定潤滑劑，在水中安置部分主要材料可能是添加劑（貝內(nèi)特等人，1990年）的攝入量和毒理學(xué)相關(guān)組件配制后的濃度會(huì)勉強(qiáng)有助于原始樣本，但它代表的水提取生態(tài)毒性的潛力。目前沒有對原油的飽和水油，潤滑油和sparely可溶性物質(zhì)溶于組分制備的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)程序確實(shí)存在（eismann等，1991; girling，1989），通常的潤滑劑生態(tài)毒理學(xué)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估的基礎(chǔ)上的法律與未使用的油進(jìn)行了。所提

15、出的方法可以使用，以提高潤滑油的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性。在建議的制備方法有可能檢測的潤滑油在使用過程中成分的改變。該添加劑對生態(tài)毒性的影響可以證明。對于一個(gè)基于合成酯為基礎(chǔ)的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)潤滑油優(yōu)化的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量增加的物質(zhì)都必須考慮。在基礎(chǔ)油化學(xué)變化，應(yīng)對基礎(chǔ)油以轉(zhuǎn)讓成添加劑的特點(diǎn)。2、譯文對應(yīng)的外文assessment of the influence of use on ecotoxicological characteristics of synthetic ester lubricantsgudrun maxam, stefan hahn, wolfgang dott and adolf eisent

16、raeger rwth aachen, institute of hygiene and environmental medicine, pauwelsstr.30 d-52057aachen, germany,accepted 28 may 2002abstract. synthetic ester lubricants need optimisation about their technical and their ecotoxicological characteristics. to determine the ecotoxicological potential the requi

17、red examinations can be based on the procedure for a risk assessment of chemicals. at present risk classification of lubricant oils is carried out with new oil fluids that are normally prepared before application in aqueous bioassays. in order to improve the ecotoxicological characteristics of some

18、lubricant oils, the quality of the preparation method has been optimised. the resulting preparation protocol leads to aqueous extracts of the oil fluids that can be tested using biological assays. the extent of the changes of the chemical composition caused by the use as well as the ecotoxicological

19、 effects caused by additives have to be taken into consideration.for this reason various used lubricants are tested in addition to new oil fluids. in this work various lubricant samples were examined with standardised bacterial growth assays with vibrio fischeri and pseudomonas putida, luminescence

20、inhibition assay with v.fischeri, survival assay with daphnia magna and algal growth inhibition assay with scenedesmus subspicatus. the chemical characterisation of the aqueous extracts included the determination of ph, conductivity, heavy metals, the content of dissolved organic carbon, inorganic a

21、nions and the content of phosphorus. the results emphasize the thesis that environmentally acceptable lubricants can undergo a change of their ecotoxicological potential during the use. some of the substances that are normally added to base fluids in order to enhance the applicability of the oils ma

22、y possess a high toxicological potential.keywords: synthetic ester lubricants; ecotoxicological assessment; bioassaysintroductionthe total consumption of lubricants in 1995 exceeded 36 million tons worldwide(bartz,1998).they are used for various applications, like in engines or hydraulic and metal w

23、orking processes and have to fulfil the technical requirements. lubricants consist of a base oil and performance-enhancing additives. at present more than 90% of the base oils are mineral oils, a complex mixture containing varying portions of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. in c

24、ontrast to this, lubricant oils based on synthetic esters are more defined in content. most additives like viscosity index improvers, corrosion inhibitors (e.g.sulfonates, succinic acid derivates), anti-foaming or anti-oxidant (e.g.phenolic and aminic substances) agents derived from different substa

25、nce groups possess a toxic potential. nowadays lubricants have to fulfil ecological as well as technical requirements, since the sensibility with respect to the environment has increased. for this the optimisation of lubricants based on synthetic esters with regard to their ecotoxicological and tech

26、nical properties is desirable. in july 1997 the joint research centre“non-polluting tribological systems”(sfb 442),financed by a grant of the german research foundation(dfg)was established. to improve the technical characteristics special tribological functions of the lubricants should be transferre

27、d to the solid surface of the tools by means of coating. by increasing the stability of the base oil the properties of the synthetic ester should be improved. the project“methods and strategies for the risk assessment of tribological systems and machine tools referring to ecology and environmental m

28、edicine”pursues an integrated strategy, taking both human toxicology and ecotoxicology of the lubricants into consideration in order to optimise the synthetic ester based lubricant oils concerning the environmental good-naturedness as well as the stability. to reach these aims it is indispensable to

29、 determine the ecotoxicological potential and the alteration caused by usage. ecotoxicological properties of lubricants are depending both on the quality and quantity of the base oil and on the kind and quantity of the additives. the use(characterised by the main parameters temperature, duration and

30、 the applied material)may influence composition and thereby ecotoxicity of the lubricant oils. heavy metals are absorbed to the lubricants by abrasion. the organic compounds are changed by high pressure and high temperatures. tool machines containing used lubricants contribute to the contamination o

31、f the new fluids. the examinations are done with environmentally acceptable lubricants on the basis of synthetic esters. in order to detect the variability of the different lubricants as well as the changes caused by usage, a high amount of lubricants of 100 g/l water is extracted.in this work resul

32、ts are presented, that were obtained after application of an optimised preparation method. the influence of the additives and the changes of the chemical composition during the use should be examined.methodspreparation of aqueous extracts of oil fluidswater extractions of the oil samples are perform

33、ed according to the procedure presented in fig.1. a mixture of oil fluid and milliporetm water(ratio 1+9)is agitated overhead for 24 h in dark durantm glass bottles(schott, mainz, germany).the aqueous extract is filtered with a glassfiber filter(pore size 1 m; gelman sciences, michigan, usa)after se

34、paration of phases over night. ph and conductivity are measured. the oily phase is dismissed. ecotoxicological testing is performed within 14 days with a dual dilution series of the water extract. the samples are stored at 4c in dark durantm glass bottles in order to avoid photochemical reactions.gr

35、owth-inhibition assays with pseudomonas putida and vibrio fischeri are performed using microplate photometers and incubators (iems-readers, labsystems, finland).the final test volume is 200 l/well. contrary to the standard test procedures(din 38412 l37,1999;iso 10712,1995)cold-stored cultures of v.f

36、ischeri and p.putida cells are used for inoculation(schmitz et al.,1998).the microplate photometers are placed in cabinets(multitron, infors, switzerland)for cooling. the tests are performed at 20(v.fischeri) and 21(p.putida) respectively, according to the standard procedures. the iems readers perfo

37、rm an orbital shaking movement with an amplitude of 1 mm and a frequency of 1000 rpm. in contrast to the standard protocol optical density is measured in 20 min intervals at 450 nm. the intervals are divided in 10 periods of 2 min. the plates are shaken about 30 s/period to prevent cell pelletizatio

38、n (schmitz et al.,1998).each dilution of the water extract, the growth controls, and the blanks are tested in three replicates.acute luminescence inhibition assays with v.fischeri, algal growth inhibition tests with scenedesmus subspicatus, and daphnia magna survival tests are performed according to

39、 standard procedures (dw en iso 11348-1,-2,-3,1999;en 28692,1993;iso 6341,1996).the water extracts of the lubricant samples, the controls and the blanks are tested in two replicates.the results of the tests are expressed as lid-values. the lid-value is the lowest ineffective dilution. the lid expres

40、ses the test batch with the highest sample concentration at which an inhibition of less than 20%for the acute luminescence inhibition assay with v.fischeri, the algal growth inhibition test with s.subspicatus, and the growth inhibition tests with v.fischeri and p.putida and 10%for the d.magna surviv

41、al test respectively has been observed.physico-chemical characterisation of the aqueous extractsph and conductivity are measured electrochemically. heavy metals are analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy(din 38406 t 1,6,7,8,10,11,19;19811993)with graphite furnace(cu)and flame techniques(zn).iron

42、 content is estimated photometrically. the dissolved organic carbon (doc) is detected with a toc-analyser(modell c-mat 5500,stroehlein).the anorganic anions are measured using ion chromatography(din 38405 t19,1988).the phosphorus content is detected according the icp/oes method.resultsthe results sh

43、own in this work represent only a small part of the data gathered in the course of the joint research centre“sfb 442”.the results of the ecotoxicological characterisation of a new hydraulic and a new gear oil are shown in fig.2.both lubricants are based on synthetic esters and classified as non-poll

44、uting. two different extracts were prepared, varying the portion of lubricant oil and milliporetm water.obviously, the aqueous extracts, that were prepared with only 100 mg/l milliporetm water show no or a moderate ecotoxicological effect, respectively. the lid-value of the d.magna survival test of

45、the extracts was not recorded(marked with“”),because the inhibition of the test organism was higher than 10%.to determine the lid-value for this test another aqueous extract with less than 100 mg/l has to be prepared and tested.in contrast to this, the extracts prepared with 100 g/l milliporetm wate

46、r possess a high toxicological potential in the s.subspicatus inhibition test, the d.magna survival test and the luminescence inhibition test with v.fischeri.figure 3 demonstrates the ecotoxicological effects of an environmentally acceptable cutting oil with and without additives as well as its chan

47、ges due to usage.the new base fluid of the cutting oil shows only a moderate toxic effect on d.magna and no effect on the other organisms tested. after usage(drilling and cutting for several hours)a significant increase of the lid-values in the algal assay and the d.magna test has been observed with

48、in the sample u1.furthermore the influence of the additives is shown on the right part of fig.3.the addition of various substances leads to an increase of the ecotoxicological potential of the samples. the sample u2 was taken after filling the lubricant into the machine tool and sample u3 was taken

49、directly after 30 h drilling and cutting (fig.3).the toxicity of the cutting oil after usage is higher with exception of the luminescence inhibition test with v.fischeri, which decreases from 64 to 32.the algal tests are partly not evaluable because of fluorescent ingredients present in the aqueous

50、extracts interfering with the fluorescence of the algae.the heavy metal and phosphorus contents of the water extracts of the cutting oil are given in fig.4.the water extractable content of phosphorus decreases during usage from 669 to 346 mg/g. at the same time there is a significant intake of heavy

51、 metals like copper, zinc and nickel.the physico-chemical characteristics of various lubricant oils with and without addition are shown in table 1.the additives have a decisive influence on the examined parameters. the ph decreases and the conductivity as well as the content of doc has been multipli

52、ed several times.discussiona new preparation procedure has been proposed that leads to an aqueous extract with a high concentration of water soluble substances and simultaneously no undissolved particles like oil drops. it allows a sensitive determination of toxic effects of even the so called envir

53、onmentally acceptable synthetic ester lubricants. additionally, it is possible to distinguish between the influence on the toxicity of the base oil and the additives, respectively. the change of toxicity caused by usage is well documented. the observed increase of heavy metals is attributed to the m

54、achine tool pollution (see sample u2,fig.4)and to the metal friction occurring during usage. however the heavy metal content does not seem to be responsible for the higher toxicity shown within the test systems particularly with the v.fischeri luminescence inhibition assay (schmitz et al.,1999).it i

55、s more likely, that alteration of the lubricants due to oxidative processes, high temperature and high pressure are responsible for the effects observed. on the other hand the high phosphorus content of the water extract of the new lubricant decreases by half during usage. this can be attributed to

56、the changes in concentration of the additives.biological test systems have been established for various substances and environmental samples (blaise,1998;dott et al.,1999;eisentraeger et al.,1997;eisentraeger and hund,2000;keddy et al.,1995).the miniaturised biological test systems used in this stud

57、y are suitable for the detection of small variations between the oil fluids. due to the specific sensitivities of the test-organisms, the different test systems revealed specific responses to the ingredients and the oil samples, respectively. the growth inhibition test with s.subspicatus seems to be

58、 suitable for the examination of the ecotoxicological potential of lubricants based on synthetic esters. the influence of the lubricants on this test organism needs further research, in order to discover the underlying mechanism. further validation of the bioassays with reference substances like oil components is necessary.obviously, it is possible to transfer toxicologically relevant substances of the fluid oils into the aqueous phase in order to simulate a worst case scenario with the presented prepara