ASP畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯3

1、asp.net asp.net 是一個統(tǒng)一的 web 開發(fā)模型，它包括您使用盡可能少的代碼生成企業(yè)級 web 應(yīng)用程序所必需的各種服務(wù)。asp.net 作為 .net framework 的一部分提供。當(dāng)您編寫 asp.net 應(yīng)用程序的代碼時，可以訪問 .net framework 中的類。您可以使用與公共語言運(yùn)行庫 (clr) 兼容的任何語言來編寫應(yīng)用程序的代碼，這些語言包括 microsoft visual basic、c#、jscript .net 和 j#。使用這些語言，可以開發(fā)利用公共語言運(yùn)行庫、類型安全、繼承等方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)的 asp.net 應(yīng)用程序。asp.net 包括： 頁和控

2、件框架 asp.net 編譯器 安全基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) 狀態(tài)管理功能 應(yīng)用程序配置 運(yùn)行狀況監(jiān)視和性能功能 調(diào)試支持 xml web services 框架 可擴(kuò)展的宿主環(huán)境和應(yīng)用程序生命周期管理 可擴(kuò)展的設(shè)計(jì)器環(huán)境asp.net 頁和控件框架是一種編程框架，它在 web 服務(wù)器上運(yùn)行，可以動態(tài)地生成和呈現(xiàn) asp.net 網(wǎng)頁?？梢詮娜魏螢g覽器或客戶端設(shè)備請求 asp.net 網(wǎng)頁，asp.net 會向請求瀏覽器呈現(xiàn)標(biāo)記（例如 html）。通常，您可以對多個瀏覽器使用相同的頁，因?yàn)?asp.net 會為發(fā)出請求的瀏覽器呈現(xiàn)適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)記。但是，您可以針對諸如 microsoft internet expl

3、orer 6 的特定瀏覽器設(shè)計(jì) asp.net 網(wǎng)頁，并利用該瀏覽器的功能。asp.net 支持基于 web 的設(shè)備（如移動電話、手持型計(jì)算機(jī)和個人數(shù)字助理 (pda)）的移動控件。 asp.net 網(wǎng)頁是完全面向?qū)ο蟮摹Ｔ?asp.net 網(wǎng)頁中，可以使用屬性、方法和事件來處理 html 元素。asp.net 頁框架為響應(yīng)在服務(wù)器上運(yùn)行的代碼中的客戶端事件提供統(tǒng)一的模型，從而使您不必考慮基于 web 的應(yīng)用程序中固有的客戶端和服務(wù)器隔離的實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)。該框架還會在頁處理生命周期中自動維護(hù)頁及該頁上控件的狀態(tài)。使用 asp.net 頁和控件框架還可以將常用的 ui 功能封裝成易于使用且可重用的控件

4、?？丶恍杈帉懸淮危纯捎糜谠S多頁并集成到 asp.net 網(wǎng)頁中。這些控件在呈現(xiàn)期間放入 asp.net 網(wǎng)頁中。asp.net 頁和控件框架還提供各種功能，以便可以通過主題和外觀來控制網(wǎng)站的整體外觀和感覺。可以先定義主題和外觀，然后在頁面級或控件級應(yīng)用這些主題和外觀。除了主題外，還可以定義母版頁，以使應(yīng)用程序中的頁具有一致的布局。一個母版頁可以定義您希望應(yīng)用程序中的所有頁（或一組頁）所具有的布局和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)行為。然后可以創(chuàng)建包含要顯示的頁特定內(nèi)容的各個內(nèi)容頁。當(dāng)用戶請求內(nèi)容頁時，這些內(nèi)容頁與母版頁合并，產(chǎn)生將母版頁的布局與內(nèi)容頁中的內(nèi)容組合在一起的輸出。所有 asp.net 代碼都經(jīng)過了編譯，可

5、提供強(qiáng)類型、性能優(yōu)化和早期綁定以及其他優(yōu)點(diǎn)。代碼一經(jīng)編譯，公共語言運(yùn)行庫會進(jìn)一步將 asp.net 編譯為本機(jī)代碼，從而提供增強(qiáng)的性能。asp.net 包括一個編譯器，該編譯器將包括頁和控件在內(nèi)的所有應(yīng)用程序組件編譯成一個程序集，之后 asp.net 宿主環(huán)境可以使用該程序集來處理用戶請求。除了 .net 的安全功能外，asp.net 還提供了高級的安全基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，以便對用戶進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證和授權(quán)，并執(zhí)行其他與安全相關(guān)的功能。您可以使用由 iis 提供的 windows 身份驗(yàn)證對用戶進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證，也可以通過您自己的用戶數(shù)據(jù)庫使用 asp.net forms 身份驗(yàn)證和 asp.net 成員資格來管

6、理身份驗(yàn)證。此外，可以使用 windows 組或您自己的自定義角色數(shù)據(jù)庫（使用 asp.net 角色）來管理 web 應(yīng)用程序的功能和信息方面的授權(quán)。您可以根據(jù)應(yīng)用程序的需要方便地移除、添加或替換這些方案。asp.net 始終使用特定的 windows 標(biāo)識運(yùn)行，因此，您可以通過使用 windows 功能（例如 ntfs 訪問控制列表 (acl)、數(shù)據(jù)庫權(quán)限等等）來保護(hù)應(yīng)用程序的安全。asp.net 提供了內(nèi)部狀態(tài)管理功能，它使您能夠存儲頁請求期間的信息，例如客戶信息或購物車的內(nèi)容。您可以保存和管理應(yīng)用程序特定、會話特定、頁特定、用戶特定和開發(fā)人員定義的信息。此信息可以獨(dú)立于頁上的任何控件。a

7、sp.net 提供了分布式狀態(tài)功能，使您能夠管理一臺計(jì)算機(jī)或數(shù)臺計(jì)算機(jī)上同一應(yīng)用程序的多個實(shí)例的狀態(tài)信息。通過 asp.net 應(yīng)用程序使用的配置系統(tǒng)，可以定義 web 服務(wù)器、網(wǎng)站或單個應(yīng)用程序的配置設(shè)置。您可以在部署 asp.net 應(yīng)用程序時定義配置設(shè)置，并且可以隨時添加或修訂配置設(shè)置，且對運(yùn)行的 web 應(yīng)用程序和服務(wù)器具有最小的影響。asp.net 配置設(shè)置存儲在基于 xml 的文件中。由于這些 xml 文件是 ascii 文本文件，因此對 web 應(yīng)用程序進(jìn)行配置更改比較簡單。您可以擴(kuò)展配置方案，使其符合自己的要求。asp.net 包括可監(jiān)視 asp.net 應(yīng)用程序的運(yùn)行狀況和性

8、能的功能。使用 asp.net 運(yùn)行狀況監(jiān)視可以報(bào)告關(guān)鍵事件，這些關(guān)鍵事件提供有關(guān)應(yīng)用程序的運(yùn)行狀況和錯誤情況的信息。這些事件顯示診斷和監(jiān)視特征的組合，并在記錄哪些事件以及如何記錄事件等方面提供了高度的靈活性。asp.net 支持兩組可供應(yīng)用程序訪問的性能計(jì)數(shù)器： asp.net 系統(tǒng)性能計(jì)數(shù)器組 asp.net 應(yīng)用程序性能計(jì)數(shù)器組asp.net 利用運(yùn)行庫調(diào)試基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)來提供跨語言和跨計(jì)算機(jī)調(diào)試支持?？梢哉{(diào)試托管和非托管對象，以及公共語言運(yùn)行庫和腳本語言支持的所有語言。此外，asp.net 頁框架提供使您可以將檢測消息插入 asp.net 網(wǎng)頁的跟蹤模式。asp.net 支持 xml web

9、 services。xml web services 是包含業(yè)務(wù)功能的組件，利用該業(yè)務(wù)功能，應(yīng)用程序可以使用 http 和 xml 消息等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)跨越防火墻交換信息。xml web services 不用依靠特定的組件技術(shù)或?qū)ο笳{(diào)用約定。因此，用任何語言編寫、使用任何組件模型并在任何操作系統(tǒng)上運(yùn)行的程序，都可以訪問 xml web services。asp.net 包括一個可擴(kuò)展的宿主環(huán)境，該環(huán)境控制應(yīng)用程序的生命周期，即從用戶首次訪問此應(yīng)用程序中的資源（例如頁）到應(yīng)用程序關(guān)閉這一期間。雖然 asp.net 依賴作為應(yīng)用程序宿主的 web 服務(wù)器 (iis)，但 asp.net 自身也提供了許多宿

10、主功能。通過 asp.net 的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，您可以響應(yīng)應(yīng)用程序事件并創(chuàng)建自定義 http 處理程序和 http 模塊。asp.net 中提供了對創(chuàng)建 web 服務(wù)器控件設(shè)計(jì)器（用于可視化設(shè)計(jì)工具，例如 visual studio）的增強(qiáng)支持。使用設(shè)計(jì)器可以為控件生成設(shè)計(jì)時用戶界面，這樣開發(fā)人員可以在可視化設(shè)計(jì)工具中配置控件的屬性和內(nèi)容。c# 是一種簡潔、類型安全的面向?qū)ο蟮恼Z言，開發(fā)人員可以使用它來構(gòu)建在 .net framework 上運(yùn)行的各種安全、可靠的應(yīng)用程序。使用 c#，您可以創(chuàng)建傳統(tǒng)的 windows 客戶端應(yīng)用程序、xml web services、分布式組件、客戶端 - 服務(wù)器應(yīng)

11、用程序、數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用程序以及很多其他類型的程序。microsoft visual c# 2005 提供高級代碼編輯器、方便的用戶界面設(shè)計(jì)器、集成調(diào)試器和許多其他工具，以在 c# 語言版本 2.0 和 .net framework 的基礎(chǔ)上加快應(yīng)用程序的開發(fā)。c# 語法表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng)，只有不到 90 個關(guān)鍵字，而且簡單易學(xué)。c# 的大括號語法使任何熟悉 c、c+ 或 java 的人都可以立即上手。了解上述任何一種語言的開發(fā)人員通常在很短的時間內(nèi)就可以開始使用 c# 高效地工作。c# 語法簡化了 c+ 的諸多復(fù)雜性，同時提供了很多強(qiáng)大的功能，例如可為空的值類型、枚舉、委托、匿名方法和直接內(nèi)存訪問，這些都是

12、 java 所不具備的。c# 還支持泛型方法和類型，從而提供了更出色的類型安全和性能。c# 還提供了迭代器，允許集合類的實(shí)現(xiàn)者定義自定義的迭代行為，簡化了客戶端代碼對它的使用。作為一種面向?qū)ο蟮恼Z言，c# 支持封裝、繼承和多態(tài)性概念。所有的變量和方法，包括 main 方法（應(yīng)用程序的入口點(diǎn)），都封裝在類定義中。類可能直接從一個父類繼承，但它可以實(shí)現(xiàn)任意數(shù)量的接口。重寫父類中的虛方法的各種方法要求 override 關(guān)鍵字作為一種避免意外重定義的方式。在 c# 中，結(jié)構(gòu)類似于一個輕量類；它是一種堆棧分配的類型，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)接口，但不支持繼承。除了這些基本的面向?qū)ο蟮脑恚琧# 還通過幾種創(chuàng)新的語言結(jié)

13、構(gòu)加快了軟件組件的開發(fā)，其中包括： 封裝的方法簽名（稱為委托），它實(shí)現(xiàn)了類型安全的事件通知。 屬性 (property)，充當(dāng)私有成員變量的訪問器。 屬性 (attribute)，提供關(guān)于運(yùn)行時類型的聲明性元數(shù)據(jù)。 內(nèi)聯(lián) xml 文檔注釋。在 c# 中，如果需要與其他 windows 軟件（如 com 對象或本機(jī) win32 dll）交互，可以通過一個稱為“interop”的過程來實(shí)現(xiàn)?；ゲ僮魇?c# 程序能夠完成本機(jī) c+ 應(yīng)用程序可以完成的幾乎任何任務(wù)。在直接內(nèi)存訪問必不可少的情況下，c# 甚至支持指針和“不安全”代碼的概念。c# 的生成過程比 c 和 c+ 簡單，比 java 更為靈活。

14、沒有單獨(dú)的頭文件，也不要求按照特定順序聲明方法和類型。c# 源文件可以定義任意數(shù)量的類、結(jié)構(gòu)、接口和事件。c# 程序在 .net framework 上運(yùn)行，它是 windows 的一個必要組件，包括一個稱為公共語言運(yùn)行時 (clr) 的虛擬執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)和一組統(tǒng)一的類庫。clr 是 microsoft 的公共語言基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) (cli) 的一個商業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)。cli 是一種國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是用于創(chuàng)建語言和庫在其中無縫協(xié)同工作的執(zhí)行和開發(fā)環(huán)境的基礎(chǔ)。用 c# 編寫的源代碼被編譯為一種符合 cli 規(guī)范的中間語言 (il)。il 代碼與資源（如位圖和字符串）一起作為一種稱為程序集的可執(zhí)行文件存儲在磁盤上，通常具有的擴(kuò)

15、展名為 .exe 或 .dll。程序集包含清單，它提供關(guān)于程序集的類型、版本、區(qū)域性和安全要求等信息。執(zhí)行 c# 程序時，程序集將加載到 clr 中，這可能會根據(jù)清單中的信息執(zhí)行不同的操作。然后，如果符合安全要求，clr 執(zhí)行實(shí)時 (jit) 編譯以將 il 代碼轉(zhuǎn)換為本機(jī)機(jī)器指令。clr 還提供與自動垃圾回收、異常處理和資源管理有關(guān)的其他服務(wù)。由 clr 執(zhí)行的代碼有時稱為“托管代碼”，它與編譯為面向特定系統(tǒng)的本機(jī)機(jī)器語言的“非托管代碼”相對應(yīng)。下圖演示了 c# 源代碼文件、基類庫、程序集和 clr 的編譯時與運(yùn)行時的關(guān)系。語言互操作性是 .net framework 的一個關(guān)鍵功能。因?yàn)橛?/p>

16、 c# 編譯器生成的 il 代碼符合公共類型規(guī)范 (cts)，因此從 c# 生成的 il 代碼可以與從 visual basic、visual c+、visual j# 的 .net 版本或者其他 20 多種符合 cts 的語言中的任何一種生成的代碼進(jìn)行交互。單一程序集可能包含用不同 .net 語言編寫的多個模塊，并且類型可以相互引用，就像它們是用同一種語言編寫的。除了運(yùn)行時服務(wù)，.net framework 還包含一個由 4000 多個類組成的內(nèi)容詳盡的庫，這些類被組織為命名空間，為從文件輸入和輸出到字符串操作、到 xml 分析、到 windows 窗體控件的所有內(nèi)容提供多種有用的功能。典型

17、的 c# 應(yīng)用程序使用 .net framework 類庫廣泛地處理常見的“日?！比蝿?wù)。asp.netasp.net is a unified web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class web applications with a minimum of coding. asp.net is part of the .net framework, and when coding asp.net applications you have access

18、to classes in the .net framework. you can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (clr), including microsoft visual basic, c#, jscript.net, and j#. these languages enable you to develop asp.net applications that benefit from the common language runtime, typ

19、e safety, inheritance, and so on.asp.net includes: a page and controls framework the asp.net compiler security infrastructure state-management facilities application configuration health monitoring and performance features debugging support an xml web services framework extensible hosting environmen

20、t and application life cycle management an extensible designer environmentthe asp.net page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a web server to dynamically produce and render asp.net web pages. asp.net web pages can be requested from any browser or client device, and asp.ne

21、t renders markup (such as html) to the requesting browser. as a rule, you can use the same page for multiple browsers, because asp.net renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request. however, you can design your asp.net web page to target a specific browser, such as microsoft inte

22、rnet explorer 6, and take advantage of the features of that browser. asp.net supports mobile controls for web-enabled devices such as cellular phones, handheld computers, and personal digital assistants (pdas). asp.net web pages are completely object-oriented. within asp.net web pages you can work w

23、ith html elements using properties, methods, and events. the asp.net page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. the framewor

24、k also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle. the asp.net page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common ui functionality in easy-to-use, reusable controls. controls are written once, can be used in many pa

25、ges, and are integrated into the asp.net web page that they are placed in during rendering.the asp.net page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your web site via themes and skins. you can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page level or

26、 at a control level. in addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. a single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages) in your application. you can then

27、create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display. when users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page. all asp.net code is compiled, which

28、enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles asp.net code to native code, providing improved performance.asp.net includes a compiler that will compile all your application comp

29、onents including pages and controls into an assembly that the asp.net hosting environment can then use to service user requests. in addition to the security features of .net, asp.net provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing oth

30、er security-related tasks. you can authenticate users using windows authentication supplied by iis, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using asp.net forms authentication and asp.net membership. additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and informat

31、ion of your web application using windows groups or your own custom role database using asp.net roles. you can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application. asp.net always runs with a particular windows identity so you can secure your application using

32、 windows capabilities such as ntfs access control lists (acls), database permissions, and so on. for more information on the identity of asp.net,asp.net provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to store information between page requests, such as customer information or the

33、contents of a shopping cart. you can save and manage application-specific, session-specific, page-specific, user-specific, and developer-defined information. this information can be independent of any controls on the page.asp.net offers distributed state facilities, which enable you to manage state

34、information across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers. asp.net applications use a configuration system that enables you to define configuration settings for your web server, for a web site, or for individual applications. you can make configuration set

35、tings at the time your asp.net applications are deployed and can add or revise configuration settings at any time with minimal impact on operational web applications and servers. asp.net configuration settings are stored in xml-based files. because these xml files are ascii text files, it is simple

36、to make configuration changes to your web applications. you can extend the configuration scheme to suit your requirements. asp.net includes features that enable you to monitor health and performance of your asp.net application. asp.net health monitoring enables reporting of key events that provide i

37、nformation about the health of an application and about error conditions. these events show a combination of diagnostics and monitoring characteristics and offer a high degree of flexibility in terms of what is logged and how it is logged. 待添加的隱藏文字內(nèi)容3asp.net supports two groups of performance counte

38、rs accessible to your applications: the asp.net system performance counter group the asp.net application performance counter groupasp.net takes advantage of the run-time debugging infrastructure to provide cross-language and cross-computer debugging support. you can debug both managed and unmanaged

39、objects, as well as all languages supported by the common language runtime and script languages. in addition, the asp.net page framework provides a trace mode that enables you to insert instrumentation messages into your asp.net web pages. asp.net supports xml web services. an xml web service is a c

40、omponent containing business functionality that enables applications to exchange information across firewalls using standards like http and xml messaging. xml web services are not tied to a particular component technology or object-calling convention. as a result, programs written in any language, u

41、sing any component model, and running on any operating system can access xml web services. asp.net includes an extensible hosting environment that controls the life cycle of an application from when a user first accesses a resource (such as a page) in the application to the point at which the applic

42、ation is shut down. while asp.net relies on a web server (iis) as an application host, asp.net provides much of the hosting functionality itself. the architecture of asp.net enables you to respond to application events and create custom http handlers and http modules. asp.net includes enhanced suppo

43、rt for creating designers for web server controls for use with a visual design tool such as visual studio. designers enable you to build a design-time user interface for a control, so that developers can configure your controls properties and content in the visual design tool. introduction to the c#

44、 language and the .net framework c# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on the .net framework. you can use c# to create traditional windows client applications, xml web services, distributed com

45、ponents, client-server applications, database applications, and much, much more. microsoft visual c# 2005 provides an advanced code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to facilitate rapid application development based on version 2.0 of the c# langua

46、ge and the .net framework.note the visual c# documentation assumes that you have an understanding of basic programming concepts. if you are a complete beginner, you might want to explore visual c# express edition, which is available on the web. you can also take advantage of any of several excellent

47、 books and web resources on c# to learn practical programming skills.c# syntax is highly expressive, yet with less than 90 keywords, it is also simple and easy to learn. the curly-brace syntax of c# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with c, c+ or java. developers who know any of thes

48、e languages are typically able to begin working productively in c# within a very short time. c# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of c+ while providing powerful features such as nullable value types, enumerations, delegates, anonymous methods and direct memory access, which are not found in

49、 java. c# also supports generic methods and types, which provide increased type safety and performance, and iterators, which enable implementers of collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to use by client code.as an object-oriented language, c# supports the concepts o

50、f encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. all variables and methods, including the main method, the applications entry point, are encapsulated within class definitions. a class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. methods that override virtu

51、al methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way to avoid accidental redefinition. in c#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it is a stack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not support inheritance.in addition to these basic object-oriented principles, c# faci

52、litates the development of software components through several innovative language constructs, including: encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safe event notifications. properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables. attributes, which provide declarat

53、ive metadata about types at run time. inline xml documentation comments.if you need to interact with other windows software such as com objects or native win32 dlls, you can do this in c# through a process called interop. interop enables c# programs to do just about anything that a native c+ applica

54、tion can do. c# even supports pointers and the concept of unsafe code for those cases in which direct memory access is absolutely critical.the c# build process is simple compared to c and c+ and more flexible than in java. there are no separate header files, and no requirement that methods and types

55、 be declared in a particular order. a c# source file may define any number of classes, structs, interfaces, and events.c# programs run on the .net framework, an integral component of windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (clr) and a unified set of class

56、libraries. the clr is microsofts commercial implementation of the common language infrastructure (cli), an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly.source code written in c# is compiled into an intermediate language (il) that conforms to the cli specification. the il code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an execut