PracticalWriting

1、Practical WritingDeliang Chen1. Application Letter 9 Nelson Close London NW3 7BT 5th January 2000The Personnel ManagerHarley and Johnson7 Norwood ParadeLondonNW6 5RFDear SirRe: Advertisement for Directors Secretary The Times 4th JanuaryI am replying to your advertisement in yesterdays Times and wish

2、 to apply for the post of Directors Secretary.For the past three years I have been employed by Messrs Z & K Rossfield as a secretary to one of the Branch Managers. My duties have included confidential secretarial work, book-keeping and supervising the clerks in the post room. As well as having good

3、word-processing skills and being accustomed to audio typing, I am responsible for answering most of the routine correspondence myself.Yours faithfully,M. Styles(1) Mode Text 1)申請信的篇幅最好是一頁，一目了然，必要時可以分成幾個段落。 2)開頭直接寫明目的，也可以寫獲悉消息的途徑。若有專長，可以點明,寫兩點即止，以引起對方的關(guān)注。 3)主體部分介紹自己的背景情況，包括受教育程度和丁作經(jīng)歷。另外，有關(guān)個人的健康情況，興趣愛

4、好等也可以適當(dāng)?shù)慕榻B。如果隨附簡歷，則主體部分可以寫得簡單些。 4)結(jié)尾部分通常表達(dá)自己的愿望，如希望獲得面試的機(jī)會或請求對方提供有關(guān)的材料，如入學(xué)（入會）申請的表格等。結(jié)尾應(yīng)寫得自信樂觀，不要猶豫不定。 5)要直截了當(dāng)，開門見山，言之有物。盡量使用主動語態(tài)，因為主動語態(tài)表達(dá)有力。 6)寫申請信要做到：語法正確，語句通順，用詞得當(dāng)，拼寫無誤，打印整潔。(2) Main Points(3) Useful Expressions be attached/enclosed 函內(nèi)附寄 consider sb. for sth. 考慮讓某人干某事 at ones convenience 在某人方便的時候

5、 respond to 答復(fù) major in 以為專業(yè) inquire about 詢問 Id like to apply for， 我申請 Im writing to recommend myself for. 我寫信毛遂自薦 m rather keen on 我對頗有興趣 An early reply would be appreciated. 如蒙早日賜復(fù)，不勝感激。2Business LetterMorrison and French Ltd.Waverley MillsSheffieldS Yorkshire Sl0 5DX10th February 2000Our ref: JV

6、/CfGT Baxter Esq.,13 Weymouth Terrace,Catford, SE6 9PCDear Mr. Baxter,This is to introduce Mr. O. D. Oliver, B. Sc. , who is a representative of Partridge, Nash Ltd.Mr. Oliver intends to visit south London in the near future to interview a number of firms, and I have suggested that he make the first

7、 call on you because l feel sure you can give him some useful information on the district.You will find Mr. Oliver a very pleasant young man. I know I can rely on you togive him all the help you can. With best wishes. Yours sincerely, James P. C. French(1) Model Text(2) Main Points1)敘述要完整。商務(wù)信函應(yīng)是一封信寫

8、一件事，不宜幾件事合并在一封信內(nèi)。然而，更應(yīng)避免的是一封信未能將一件事說清楚。2)用詞、語法、商業(yè)術(shù)語必須正確；信的構(gòu)成及其在信中的位置、標(biāo)點符號和字母的大小寫等都必須正確。3)內(nèi)容清楚，目的明確。選詞不模糊，不生僻，一句一意，句子和段落不可太長，時刻為讀者著想，設(shè)法使你的信被對方所理解。4)文章要簡潔。讀者不愿用太多時間去讀冗長的信。5)語氣要婉轉(zhuǎn)有禮。禮貌是商場上的銳利武器之一，寫信而不注意禮貌，就如打仗時沒有子彈。表示客氣可采用復(fù)合句、被動語態(tài)、肯定句以及用you代替we。6)表達(dá)要誠懇。讓對方感到你是一個誠實可信的（商）人。7) Our ref: JV/CF 表示參考編號(Refere

9、nce Number)。參考編號是發(fā)信人為了便于歸檔分類而編的號。(3) Useful Expressions 特此奉告We are pleased to inform you that .*Please allow us to call your attention to 專此奉告The purpose of this letter is to inform you about (or of) The object of the present is to report to you about . 惠請告知Kindly inform me that (or of)I should be o

10、bliged if you would inform me that (or of) 敬悉貴公司5月10日來函We are pleased to acknowledge receipt of your favor of the 10th May 敬謝貴公司5月10日之函詢We thank you very much for your inquiry of the 10th May 謹(jǐn)此同函附上，請查收Enclosed please findWe enclose herewith(3) Useful Expressions關(guān)于詳情，將于下回奉告I will write you particula

11、rs in my next詳述于下As stated below 深盼貴公司及早賜復(fù)。We hope to receive your reply at an early date.盼望以電報答復(fù)。We await your reply by telegraph.承蒙貴公司重視，感謝之至。Please accept our thanks for your usual kind attention.回函遲誤請見諒。Please excuse my late reply to your letter.我們將隨時為你服務(wù)。We assure you of our best services at al

12、l times.為貴公司帶來不便，特此致歉，并請原諒。We regret the trouble we are causing you.懇祈貴公司支持惠顧。We solicit a continuance of your valued favor.若有機(jī)會本公司亦愿作類似服務(wù)。It would give us a great pleasure to render you a similar service should an opportunity occur.3. Invitation CardMr. and Mrs. John BlackRequest the pleasure of th

13、e company ofMr. Paul CottonAt DinnerOn Monday, 6 May, 2000, at 7:00 p.m.45 Park AvenuePlease reply Tel: X X X X X X(1) Model Text(2) Main Points 1)為了對被邀請人表示尊重和禮貌，請柬在用詞和字句排列方面都有比較固定的格式。 2)正式請柬一律使用第三人稱，這是正式語言的一個標(biāo)志。賓主的姓名一般都用全稱，不用縮寫。 3)請柬中常用的套語，如：“request the pleasure of your company at dinner”（謹(jǐn)訂于舉行宴會，

14、敬請光臨），比普通說法顯得隆重而正式。 4)在請柬上需注明活動場合。這是一項重要內(nèi)容，一般大寫。 5)正式請柬中的時間不但要包括年、月、日，時間，還要注明星期幾。 6)如果邀請人要求及時得到答復(fù)，或?qū)⒓踊顒尤说姆b有所要求時，則應(yīng)在請柬左下角或右下角加上附注。 7)正式請柬的內(nèi)容包括：賓主的姓名、邀請?zhí)渍Z、活動內(nèi)容、時間、地點、說明或附注。(3) Useful Expressions 1) (in) contact (with) 與聯(lián)系 2) in honor of 為向表示敬意；為慶祝；為紀(jì)念 3) reception 招待會；宴會 4) function 盛大的宴會；集合 5) buff

15、et 冷餐會 6) welcome (return, farewell) banquet 歡迎（答謝，告別）宴會 7) on the occasion (of) 在的時候 8) regrets only不能赴約時請答復(fù)（寫在請柬的左下角或右下角，同時注明電話號碼） 9)a masked ball 化裝舞會 10) honorable( Hon.) 尊敬的（國會議員及高級官員名字前用的尊稱） 11) take pleasure in inviting 榮幸地邀請4ResumeDAVID B. EDWARDS6819 Locustview DriveTopeka, Kansas 66614(913

16、)233 -1552EMPLOYMENT OBJECTIVEEntry-level programmer or data communications technician, leading to systems analysis and management positions.EDUCATIONFairview Community College, Topeka, KansasAssociate Degree, Computer Science, June 19Deans Honor List Award - six quartersRELEVANT COURSE WORKProgramm

17、ing in COBOL and FORTRAN ComputerOperating Systems Design GraphicsData Base Management Data StructuresIntroduction to Cybernetics Technical WritingEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCECOMPUTER CONSULTANT - Fairview Community College Computer Center:Advised and trained novice computer users; wrote and maintained UNI

18、X operatingsystem documentation.January - June 19 -TUTOR - Fairview Community College: Worked with remedial students in mathematics and computer programming.January - June 19 -SPECIAL SKILLS AND ACTIVITIESUNIX OPERATING SYSTEM: Thorough knowledge of its word processing, text-editing, and file-format

19、ting programs.WRITING AND EDITING SKILLS: Experience in documenting computer pro-grams for beginning programmers and users.FAIRVIEW COMMUNITY MICROCOMPUTER USERS GROUP: Cofounder andeditor of Groups monthly newsletter.FURTHER INFORMATIONReferences, college transcripts, a portfolio of computer progra

20、ms, and writing sam-ples are available upon request.(2) Main Points1)美國用resume 表示“簡歷”，英國用curriculum vitae(C.V)。2) Present Address and Telephone Number 項可分別寫為School Address和 Home Address，并附電話號碼，以便聯(lián)系。3) Sex或Sexual Distinction 均表示性別，填寫Male或Female。個人情況方面還可包括Height，Weight，Health 等資料。4) Employment Objecti

21、ve (or Career Objective)說明對工作的愿望和要求，既要有近期的考慮，又要有長久的打算。5) Marital Status 項填寫Single, Married, Divorced, Separated或Unmarried 等，有時還須注明Spouse的姓名等。6) Specialty也可用復(fù)數(shù) Specialties，如果具有同所申請工作相關(guān)的特長更要寫明。此也可作HobbiesInterests。7) References一般寫明Available upon request 即可。如果要寫證明人或擔(dān)保人的姓名和聯(lián)系地址，須先征得他們的同意。8)關(guān)于年齡、性別、婚姻、民族

22、和宗教情況有利則寫。因為許多國家和地區(qū)明文規(guī)定，在尋找工作和申請學(xué)習(xí)時，不得在這方面對申請人進(jìn)行歧視。關(guān)于年齡，寫出生日為宜。9)受教育和工作兩種經(jīng)歷，可以把較強(qiáng)一項放在前面。每項時間順序由最近開始往回寫，寫到中學(xué)即可。反之亦然。10)不要涉及工資的事。11)簡歷一般為1-2 頁，最好是一頁。12)少用人稱代詞”I”。如，將“I was promoted to Chairman in June”改為“Promoted to Chairman in June”。(3) Useful Expressions employment objective (or career objective) 求職

23、目標(biāo) promoted to - - - 被提升為 as above 同上 to be published soon 即將發(fā)表 available upon request 若需即供(3) Useful Expressions 1) (in) contact (with) 與聯(lián)系 2) in honor of 為向表示敬意；為慶祝；為紀(jì)念 3) reception 招待會；宴會 4) function 盛大的宴會；集合 5) buffet 冷餐會 6) welcome (return, farewell) banquet 歡迎（答謝，告別）宴會 7) on the occasion (of)

24、在的時候 8) regrets only不能赴約時請答復(fù)（寫在請柬的左下角或右下角，同時注明電話號碼） 9)a masked ball 化裝舞會 10) honorable ( Hon.) 尊敬的（國會議員及高級官員名字前用的尊稱） 11) take pleasure in inviting 榮幸地邀請(4) Practice Prepare a resume of your own according to the following items. name; address; telephone number; objective; education;employment qualifi

25、cation;position and responsibilities; specialal skills and activity; interests; research work;publications; awards; references (BrE. Referees).5. Laboratory ReportEFFECTS OF SURFACE TREATMENT OF CARBON NANOFIBERSON POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITE PROPERTIESINTRODUCTIONCarbon nanofibers (CNF) are vapor grown

26、 carbon fibers grown catalytically from gase-ous hydrocarbons using metallic catalyst particle1. Good adhesion between these fibersand matrix resins is essential for the performance of any composite material, so the me-chanical properties of composites are strongly influenced by fiber surface morpho

27、logyand chemistry2. This presentation examines the fiber-matrix adhesion problem as in-fluenced by fiber surface area and energy.EXPERIMENTALThe fibers used in this study were produced at Applied Sciences, Inc. They were approx-imately 200 mm in diameter with an aspect ratio exceeding 100. They were

28、 formed byiron-based catalyst particles in a methane atmosphere 3. The following fiber designa-tions refer to differing reactor gas mixtures used in production and a variety of fiberpostproduction treatments.RESULTS AND DISCUSS10NThe tensile strength of a fiber-reinforced composite is a reflection o

29、f the adhesive forcesbetween the fiber and matrix resin. Tensile strength increases as the strength of the in,terfacial bond increases and the strength of this bond is strongly influenced by the wetta-bility of the fiber by the matrix resin. Fiber wettability is, in turn, related to the surfaceenerg

30、y of the fiber and the available surface area. The surface areas and surface energies.CONCLUSIONSOptimal fiber surface areas and energies for providing significant reinforcement in PP composites were identified.Fiber matrix adhesion can be improved by appropriate fiber surface modification tech-niqu

31、es.A continuous fiber production technique was developed for obtaining fiber with theoptimum surface properties.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWe would like to thank the NIST ATP who supported this work under CooperativeAgreement Award No. 70NANB5H1173, Vapor.Grown Carbon Fiber Composites forAutomotive Applications

32、.REFERENCES1. G. G. TibbeUs, “ Vapor-Grown Carbon Fibers”, Carbon Fibers, FflaHtents and Composites. Kluwer Academic Pub. , 1990, p 73.(1) Model Text(2) Main Points 1)科學(xué)報告一般按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的程式，包括標(biāo)題、目的、理論、方法、討論、結(jié)論、附錄、原始材料等。 2)報告的第一段是關(guān)于實驗?zāi)康?，即為什么做這項實驗？欲發(fā)現(xiàn)什么？ 3)將材料及其用量列一個清單，以便別人效仿實驗。 4)逐一寫清楚每個實驗步驟，按時間先后安排，也可采用圖示方法

33、。 5)在結(jié)論段里將實驗?zāi)康呐c觀察結(jié)合起來。如果結(jié)論與目的一致或不一致，均需說明為什么。如果不知道為什么，可以提出修改及下一步實驗的實施方法。6. Title and Key Words Model One:Paying Attention to the “Output” in English Teaching Model Two:Some Problems of Chinese Education as Seen Through the Eyes of a Foreigner1題名1)題名是以最恰當(dāng)、最簡明的詞語反映報告和論文中最重要的特定內(nèi)容的邏輯組合。2)題名所用每一詞語必須考慮到有助于

34、選定關(guān)鍵詞和編制題錄、索引等二次文獻(xiàn)可以提供線索的特定信息。3)題名應(yīng)該避免使用不常見的縮略語、首字母縮寫詞、字符、代號和公式等。4)報告和論文用于國際交流，應(yīng)有外文（多用英文）題名。外文題名一般不宜超過10個實詞。漢語題名一般不宜超過20 字。5)題名在整篇報告和論文中不同地方出現(xiàn)時，應(yīng)完全相同。6)題名屬特種文體，有時可省略冠詞。一般避免使用句子、介詞短語和不定式動詞短語。必要時可使用動名詞或具有動詞性質(zhì)的名詞。2關(guān)鍵詞1)關(guān)鍵詞是為了文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)引工作從報告、論文中選取出來用以表示全文主題內(nèi)容信息的單詞或術(shù)語。2)通常選取3-8個詞作為關(guān)鍵詞，以顯著的字符另起一行，排在摘要的左下方。3)如有可

35、能，漢語盡量用漢語主題詞表等詞表提供的規(guī)范詞。7. Abstract(1) Model TextAbstract: This paper presents some schemes for using multi-access channels by userpopulation. The faults and advantages are discussed and possibilities of application incomputer communication networks are indicated.(2)Main Points1)摘要往往由三部分組成：研究目的，研究方法，研究的結(jié)果與結(jié)論。2)不宜采用I，we, you這樣的第一、二人稱代詞。3)行文簡潔，動詞與主語不要太離散。首先對中文摘要刪繁就簡，然后再翻譯。4)具有獨立完整的結(jié)構(gòu)，盡可能不用（或少用）圖、表、表達(dá)式等非文字性資料。5)時態(tài)保持一致。通常用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。6)首句首詞不要用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，常常直接使用相關(guān)動詞。7)盡量不重復(fù)標(biāo)題。8)英文摘要單詞均不移行。9)文章寫完之后再寫摘要，以便準(zhǔn)確地反映原文,(3) Revise the following abstract.Method of Testing the High