知識(shí)講解-高考總復(fù)習(xí)：句子成分及基本類型

1、高考總復(fù)習(xí)：句子成分及基本類型 真題再現(xiàn)1. We live in an age _ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.A. whyB. whenC. to whomD. on which2. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.A. which B. who C. where D. what3. A

2、s many five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _ suits you best.A whateverB. whichever C. wheneverD. wherever4. It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike.A. how B. which C. that D. what5. There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent, _?A. is thereB. isnt

3、thereC. is heD. isnt he6. Before you quit your job, _how your family would feel about your decision.A. consider B. considering C. to consider D. considered答案與解析：1. B。分析從句成分，“主系表”結(jié)構(gòu)完整，when只能代替先行詞(at) an age在從句中做時(shí)間狀語，修飾先行詞an age（時(shí)代）。此處的when=at which。2. B。在非限制性定語從句中缺主語， 只能用關(guān)系代詞who代替先行詞people在從句中作主語。3.

4、B。所填詞引導(dǎo)的從句做動(dòng)詞choose的賓語，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做主語，意思是“無論哪件”，選B。C、D選項(xiàng)只能在句中作狀語， 題干中已有“five courses”，排除A項(xiàng)。4. D。此處it是形式主語，what引導(dǎo)的是主語從句，作真正的主語。What作do的賓語。句意：總統(tǒng)采取什么行動(dòng)結(jié)束這次罷工一點(diǎn)也不清楚。5. A。根據(jù)前面there be 句里含有否定意義的詞little，所以反意疑問句用肯定形式，其主謂應(yīng)與陳述部分的主謂保持一致，故選A項(xiàng)。6. A。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)來分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，逗號(hào)前為時(shí)間狀語從句，后面實(shí)際上是一個(gè)祈使句，缺少謂語。由此可知，A選項(xiàng)符合題意。知識(shí)講解句子成分的定義構(gòu)成句子

5、的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。主語表示句子所要說明或描述的人或事物，一般由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞組或句子充當(dāng)，置于句首。 Walls have ears. 隔墻有耳。（名詞做主語）He will take you to the hospital. 他會(huì)帶你去醫(yī)院。（代詞做主語）Three plus four is seven. 三加四等于七。（數(shù)詞做主語）To see is to believe. 眼見為實(shí)。（動(dòng)詞不定式做主語）Smoking is not allowed in public p

6、laces. 公共場(chǎng)所不允許吸煙。（動(dòng)名詞做主語）Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 他們來不來取決于天氣。（從句做主語）謂語 說明或描述主語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)或特征，由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語充當(dāng)，位于主語之后。He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.復(fù)合謂語：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。

7、We are students.注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。表語 表示主語的身份、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征，一般由名詞、形容詞、或相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞的詞、短語或句子充當(dāng)，位于連系動(dòng)詞之后，與連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語。 Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours? （代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty-one? （數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定

8、式）His hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）注意：系動(dòng)詞用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。He is a teacher. 持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand.He a

9、lways kept silent at meeting.表像系動(dòng)詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look.He seems (to be) very sad.感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, tasteThis kind of cloth feels very soft. 變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, runThe rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.賓語 賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一

10、般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。 She covered her face with her hands. 她用雙手蒙住臉。（名詞短語作賓語）We havent seen her for a long time. 我們好長時(shí)間沒看到她了。（代詞作賓語）Do you mind opening the window? 打開窗戶你介意嗎？（動(dòng)名詞短語作賓語）Give me four please. 請(qǐng)給我四個(gè)。（數(shù)詞作賓語）He wants to dream a nice dream. 他想做一個(gè)好夢(mèng)。（動(dòng)詞不定式短語作賓語）We need to know what others are doing. 我

11、們需要了解其他人都在干什么。（從句作賓語）I lived in Japan in 1986. 我1986年住在日本。（名詞和數(shù)詞作介詞的賓語） 雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）Lend me your dictionary, please.后接to的有：write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等。He sent the novel to William yesterday.后接for的有：leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get,

12、order, post, save等。She bought a gift for her mother.下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等。下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語：admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish,

13、imagine, mind, practise, suggest等。下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，但意義不同：stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。賓語補(bǔ)足語 用來對(duì)賓語進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充和說明，一般由名詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞、形容詞等充當(dāng)。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：“某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等)+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）”。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語，what從句作賓補(bǔ)相當(dāng)于名詞。 His father named him Dongming. （名詞）They painted their boat white. （形容詞）Let the

14、 fresh air in. （副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短語）We saw her entering the room. （分詞短語）We found everything in the lab in good order. （介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now. （what從句）定語 對(duì)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾、限制或說明，一般由形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞及句子等充當(dāng)，位置可在所修飾的詞之前，也可在所修飾的詞之后。 They

15、 are women workers.（名詞作定語）Toms father didnt write home until yesterday.（所有格名詞作定語）Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.（形容詞作定語）The play has three acts.（數(shù)詞作定語）This is her first trip to Europe.（代詞、數(shù)詞和介詞短語作定語）China is a developing country.（現(xiàn)在分詞作定語）You havent kept your promise to write us often.

16、（動(dòng)詞不定式短語作定語）My cat has a good nose for milk.（介詞短語作定語）Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.（從句作定語） 狀語 用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、短語或整個(gè)句子等，一般由副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞短語或句子充當(dāng)。These products are selling quickly. （副詞作狀語）He is knee deep in snow.（名詞作狀語）The best fish swim near the bottom.（介詞短語作地點(diǎn)狀語）She sat th

17、ere doing nothing.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語）Well send a car over to fetch you.（動(dòng)詞不定式短語作目的狀語）She was slow to make up her mind.（動(dòng)詞不定式短語作狀語）Strike while the iron is hot.（從句作時(shí)間狀語） 位置：修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常放在所修飾的動(dòng)詞之后或句末。The girls are singing happily.He runs fast.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)可放句首。Over the river there is a new bridge.When I came, they were

18、doing their homework.In front of the building, there is a big tree.Sometimes, often, always, usually, ever）, already, also, even, almost, never，hardly, seldom . 一般放在助動(dòng)詞(am, is, are, was, were; do, does, did; have, has; shall, will; should, would)及他們的否定式、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，其他動(dòng)詞之前。He is often late for class.He ha

19、s never been there.He doesnt always finish his homework.He also knows the answer.He even wants to do it himself.同位語若兩個(gè)語法單位指同一個(gè)人或事物，并且，句法功能也一樣，那么，后一項(xiàng)稱為前一項(xiàng)的同位語。This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.插入語與句子其他成分沒有通常的語法關(guān)系，如插入語、感嘆語、呼語等，一般用逗號(hào)將它與句子隔開。Hes a nice person, to be sure.To be frank, I dont quite agree w

20、ith you.基本句型一、 主謂 此類句型中句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。主語謂語TimeWe allEverybodyITheyHeHe They flies.eat and drink.laughed.woke.talked for half an hour.walked yesterday.is playinghave gone. 基本句型二、 主系表 句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be, look, fee

21、l, smell, taste, sound等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn, go等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義：stay, prove, remain, stand. 主語系動(dòng)詞表語 This The dinnerHe EverythingHe The book The weather His face is smells(聞)fell looks is is becameturned an English dictionary. good. happy. different. tall a

22、nd strong. interesting.warmer. red. 基本句型三、主謂賓句中謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。主語 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 賓語 1. Who 2. She 3. He 8. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 4. He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. donuts.to have a cup of

23、 tea. Good morning. 基本句型四、主謂間賓直賓 此句型中謂語動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。通常這一間接承受者用一個(gè)介詞來連接，當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承受者之前時(shí)，介詞往往被省略。主語及物動(dòng)詞間接賓語（多指人）直接賓語（多指物）SheShe He He I I I He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed himher husband you her him him mea new dress. a delicious meal.

24、a dictionary. nothing. my pictures. a hand. how to run the machine. that the bus was late. 基本句型五、主謂賓賓補(bǔ) 本句型中動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。主語及物賓語賓補(bǔ)We TheyThey TheyWhat We He I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean.

25、green. dinner. dirty. sad? out. to come back soon. getting on the bus. There be 句型There be 結(jié)構(gòu)是英語中陳述事物客觀存的常用句型，表示“有”，其確切含義是“存在”there 作為引導(dǎo)詞，本身沒有意義，用動(dòng)詞be的某些形式作為謂語動(dòng)詞，它的主語是用一些表示泛指或不定特指的名詞詞組，動(dòng)詞be和 主語的數(shù)必須一致。句子最后通常為表示地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間的狀語。因此要表達(dá)“某個(gè)地方或某個(gè)時(shí)間存在什么事物或人”的時(shí)候常用“There be + 名詞+ 地點(diǎn)（時(shí)間）這一句型。There is a great Italian d

26、eli across the street. There are some students in the dormitory. 1. 主謂一致：若there be只有一個(gè)主語，謂語的數(shù)則取決于該主語的數(shù)；若有幾個(gè)主語并列，則通常是與靠近的主語保持一致。There is a bus stop close to the school. There is a pen and some books on the desk. 2. 時(shí)態(tài)問題：there be結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)由其中的謂語動(dòng)詞be來體現(xiàn)，它可以有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)以及過去完成時(shí)等多種時(shí)態(tài)形式。There has be

27、en no rain this week. There will be something you can enjoy. 3. 連用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：there be結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，此時(shí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)放在there與be之間。There might still be hope. 4. there be的變體：有時(shí)根據(jù)句子的需要，我們也可將there be中的動(dòng)詞be 換為 live, remain, seem, appear, exist, stand, lie, come等。 There comes a bus. There remained just thirty pounds. Ther

28、e seems to be something wrong here. At the top of the hill there stands an old temple. there be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語形式有兩種，即there being和there to be。1. there being結(jié)構(gòu)：在句子中主要用作狀語。There being nothing to do, I went to bed. 這類結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可與狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)換，也可作如下改寫：As there was nothing to do, I went to bed.另外，there being結(jié)構(gòu)還可用作介詞賓語。Whats the chance of there being an election thi