大學(xué)英語四六級(jí)考試語法精要

1、動(dòng)名詞1. 某些動(dòng)詞后要接動(dòng)名詞某些及物動(dòng)詞后能用動(dòng)名詞而不能用不定式作賓語，其中最常用動(dòng)詞的有admit, avoid, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, involve, imagine, cant help, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, resent, risk, resist, suggest等。She suggested spending another

2、 day in the mountain area.Theres no way to escape doing the work.She is considering asking her employer for a rise.Note:來源：考試大的美女編輯們 在need、want、require、deserve等動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于不定式的被動(dòng)式The clock needs/wants repairing. (=The clock needs/wants to be repaired)The disabled deserve respecting. (=The disabled des

3、erve to be respected.) 在like、hate、prefer等動(dòng)詞后,如果表示一般傾向,則用動(dòng)名詞作賓語；如果指具體的某次發(fā)生在將來的行動(dòng)，則要用不定式。I like reading books of this kind, but I dont like to read that book.She prefers walking to cycling.I prefer to stay at home today. 在remember、forget、regret等動(dòng)詞后,如果用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，則表示該賓語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在動(dòng)詞謂語的動(dòng)作之前；如果用不定式作賓語，則表示賓語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在

4、動(dòng)詞謂語的動(dòng)作之后I remembered locking the door. (=I remembered that I had locked the door.)I remembered to lock the door (=I remembered that I was to lock the door.)I regret telling you about it. (=I regret that I told you about it.)I regret to tell you he has fallen ill. (=I regret that I am to tell you he

5、 has fallen ill.)2. 動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語動(dòng)名詞可作介詞的賓語，與介詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作定語、狀語或表語。His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true.She left without saying goodbye to us.動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語常用在某些詞組后面。這類常用的詞組主要有：be accustomed to, believe in, confess to, dream of, feel like, give up, insist on, be interested in, look forwa

6、rd to, object to, have an (no) objection to, pay attention to, put off, be responsible for, succeed in, be tired of, be (get) used to, worry about,等?？荚嚧笳搲疕e is used to living on his own.He has made up his mind to give up smoking.3. 帶邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞可以有邏輯主語，其構(gòu)成形式為“名詞或代詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞”。帶邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞又稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中用作

7、主語,賓語,表語和介詞的賓語。在非正式語體中，如果動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語，也可以賓格來充當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。但考生需注意的是，在各種英語測(cè)試中，專家們?nèi)詧?jiān)持在正式語體中用代詞的所有格來作動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected.I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause of education.Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late.What we felt une

8、asy about was Li Mings having too much confidence in himself.不定式1. 某些動(dòng)詞后要接不定式某些及物動(dòng)詞后只能接不定式作賓語，其中最常用的動(dòng)詞有agree, afford, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, care, choose, continue, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, n

9、eglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seek, tend, try, volunteer, want, wish等。What do you plan to do tomorrow?She hated to move from such a nice village.In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students2. 不定式的被動(dòng)式考試大全國最大教育類網(wǎng)站(wwwE)不定

10、式有被動(dòng)式，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式要用被動(dòng)式，在句中可作主語，賓語，定語，狀語，復(fù)合賓語等。作定語時(shí)，通常表示在謂語動(dòng)作后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently.She preferred to be given more difficult work to do.3. 不定式的完成式當(dāng)不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作賓語，狀語以及構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，復(fù)合謂語。She seemed to have h

11、eard about the news already.He was believed to have been a very rich man.4. 不定式的完成被動(dòng)式考試大全國最大教育類網(wǎng)站(wwwE)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，且不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，不定式要用完成被動(dòng)式，在句中可作主語，賓語或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，復(fù)合謂語。The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night.It is supposed to have been finished without ref

12、erring to any reference books.5. 帶邏輯主語的不定式短語考試大全國最大教育類網(wǎng)站(wwwE)不定式可以有邏輯主語，其構(gòu)成形式為“for +代詞的賓格（或名詞） +不定式”。 帶邏輯主語的不定式短語可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語或狀語等。It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.I think it better for you to see the doctor.What we want is for you to understand the matter clea

13、rly.I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.6. 帶疑問詞的不定式短語采集者退散不定式前可以加某些疑問代詞，如who、what、which,或疑問副詞，如when、where、how、why等，構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語，可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語或狀語等。How to improve English is often discussed among the students.We havent decided when to visit the place.The most difficult thing in

14、 learning English is how to speak the language well.You havent answered my question where to get these books.7. 某些動(dòng)詞后的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，不定式不帶to，這些動(dòng)詞是feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, see, watch等。Suddenly I felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.I often hear them sing this song.分詞1. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分

15、詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在時(shí)間和語態(tài)上?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作并表示主動(dòng)的意義，而過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作并表示被動(dòng)的意義。比較：a changing world（一個(gè)變化著的世界）；a changed world（ 一個(gè)已經(jīng)起變化的世界）surprising news（令人驚訝的消息）；surprised people（感到驚訝的人們）2. 分詞作狀語考試大全國最大教育類網(wǎng)站(wwwE)作狀語時(shí)，表示時(shí)間、原因、方式、結(jié)果、條件、讓步和伴隨情況等。另外，作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子的主語一致。Hearing the news, he heaved a sigh o

16、f relief.Given another chance, Ill do it much better.3. 分詞作定語分詞常用來修飾名詞或代詞作定語。單個(gè)的分詞作定語時(shí)，通常放在被修飾詞之前；分詞短語作定語時(shí)，通常放在被修飾詞之后。但有些單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語時(shí)，也可放在被修飾詞之后。Hes a spoilt child.The man standing over there is our new English teacher.Where are we to get the material needed?4. 分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語分詞可在感覺動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。常用的感覺動(dòng)詞主要有

17、：see, hear, notice, watch, find, observe, smell等。常用的使役動(dòng)詞主要有：get, have, keep, leave, set, make, let等。此外，分詞還可在want, like, wish, order等表示希望、要求、命令等意義的動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。She watched her baby sleeping.I got my hair cut.I dont want you worrying about me.5. 分詞與連詞的連用分詞可與各種連詞（如：when, while, once, until, if, unless, th

18、ough, although, even if, as, as if, as though等）連用。連詞+分詞（短語）的結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于狀語從句。Shell get nervous when speaking in public.He went on talking, though continually interrupted.6. 分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語與句子的主語應(yīng)該一致；否則，分詞應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)一般位于句首，作伴隨狀語以及在科技文章中表示附加說明時(shí)，它常位于句末。分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞、代詞+分詞構(gòu)成，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方

19、式或伴隨情況等。Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.Her son having been sent to school, she began to do some shopping.He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.There were two parties yesterday evening, each attended by some studen

20、ts.時(shí)態(tài)1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)以及將來完成時(shí)之間的區(qū)別1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：來源：考試大的美女編輯們 構(gòu)成：have / has +過去分詞 語法意義及要點(diǎn)：A. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去開始的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去，常同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如so far, up to now, since, for a long time等。-He has worked as a teacher for many years.-Up till now, nothing has gone wrong.B. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作或事件。常與不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連

21、用，如yet, just, before, recently等；也同表示頻度時(shí)間狀語連用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, several times等；還可同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用，如now, today, this morning等。但不能同特定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用(last year , in 1997等)。-I have never learned Japanese before.-We have been quite busy lately (recently).C. 在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，當(dāng)表示將來完成時(shí)的意義時(shí)，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來代替將來完成時(shí)

22、。-Well start at 5 oclock if it has stopped raining by then.-I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.Note: 行為不能持續(xù)的瞬間動(dòng)詞(Instantaneous Verb), 如arrive, begin, come, go, start, leave, die, join等通常不能用于這一語法意義，即該類動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。-He has joined the army for five years. （誤）-He has been

23、in the army for five years. （正）2) 過去完成時(shí)： 構(gòu)成：had +過去分詞 語法意義及要點(diǎn)：過去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻之前并持續(xù)到該時(shí)刻。-David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.-They had got everything ready before the party began.Note: 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)截然不同的是過去完成時(shí)可以與表示具體過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。-He said that he had seen her the d

24、ay before yesterday.3) 將來完成時(shí)： 構(gòu)成：shall / will + have +過去分詞 語法意義及要點(diǎn)：將來完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作在將來某一時(shí)刻或?qū)砟骋粍?dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或發(fā)生。-He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.-The shop will have closed already before you get there.2. 哪些動(dòng)詞不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)1) 表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如be, seem, appear, become, get等。He is being a used-

25、car dealer.（誤）He is a used-car dealer.（正）She is seeming always about to smile.（誤）She seems always about to smile.（正）2) 表示感官感覺的動(dòng)詞，如see（看見）, hear（聽見）,feel（感覺出）, taste（嘗出）,smell（聞到）等。The medicine is tasting bitter. （誤）The medicine tastes bitter. （正）I was seeing a car passing by our house. （誤）I saw a ca

26、r passing by our house. （正）3) 表示擁有的動(dòng)詞，如have, own, possess, belong, contain, hold等。He is owning a luxurious car. （誤）He owns a luxurious car. （正）The book is belonging to her. （誤）The book belongs to her.（正）4) 表示思想狀況、態(tài)度的動(dòng)詞，如believe, think, know, understand, agree, approve, consider, expect, forget, gues

27、s, hesitate, hope, imagine, mean, realize, remember, suppose, trust, want, wish等。Im thinking that he is right. （誤）I think that he is right. （正）Im understanding your feelings. （誤）I understand your feelings. （正）5) 表示情感、愿望的動(dòng)詞，如admire, appreciate, care, enjoy, like, love, hate, detest, regret等。He is lov

28、ing his daughter very much. （誤）He loves his daughter very much. （正）Im regretting to say we cannot come. （誤）I regret to say we cannot come. （正）3. 時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)又稱時(shí)態(tài)一致(Sequence of Tenses)，指的是某些從句里的動(dòng)詞謂語時(shí)態(tài)必須和主句里的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。如果主句里的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)（過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)），那么從句的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)也相應(yīng)地要用過去時(shí)。時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)主要發(fā)生在間接引語和賓語從句中，但其他從句有時(shí)也存在時(shí)態(tài)一致的問題。來源

29、：考試大-He explained that he had learned Chinese for many years.（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)）-He said he had been collecting materials on that subject for a long time.（過去進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）-He told me that they would have completed that project by the end of the year.（將來完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去將來完成時(shí)）雖然主句用了過去時(shí)等，如果從句表示的是科學(xué)真理、客觀事實(shí)或某人（物）的經(jīng)常性特點(diǎn)

30、時(shí)，其時(shí)態(tài)可以不必遵守時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的規(guī)則而仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。-Galileo proved that the earth revolves round the sun.-The teacher told the students that knowledge is power.如果從句中有一個(gè)表示絕對(duì)過去時(shí)間的狀語，就不必把一般過去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)。-He said that he joined the Red Army in 1933.虛擬語氣1. 表示現(xiàn)在/過去/將來情況的虛擬條件句虛擬條件句主要有三種結(jié)構(gòu)：1)表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反：主句謂語用“would / could / might +動(dòng)詞原

31、形”，從句謂語用“動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)”（動(dòng)詞be的過去式一律用were）。If I were you, I would not accept his offer.If I had time, I would certainly go to the cinema with you.2) 表示與過去情況相反：主句謂語用“would / could / might + have +過去分詞”，從句謂語用過去完成時(shí)。If I had got up a little earlier, I wouldnt have missed the train.If I had been more careful, I

32、 might have passed that exam.3) 表示與將來情況相反：主句謂語用“would / could / might +動(dòng)詞原形”，從句謂語用“were +動(dòng)詞不定式”或“should +動(dòng)詞原形”。If I were to do the job, I would not be able to have enough time to study.If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go out with you.2. 虛擬條件句連接詞if的省略考試大論壇如果虛擬條件句的從句中含有were, had, should, could等

33、詞時(shí)，可以省略連接詞if，但這時(shí)必須把were, had, should, could等詞移到主語前面，形成倒裝。這種句型主要用于書面形式。Were I to do the job, I would finish doing it within two weeks.Had it not been for his help, we couldnt have arrived there on time.Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.3. wish后賓語從句中的謂語構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的或不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，其賓語從句中的

34、謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣，有以下三種構(gòu)成形式。1) 表示現(xiàn)在不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)。（be的過去式為were）。I wish I had enough money to buy a car.I wish I were as young and energetic as you.2) 表示過去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)（had +過去分詞）或“would / could + have +過去分詞 ”。I wish I hadnt made such a mistake.I wish I could have done it better.3) 表示將

35、來不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用“would / should (could, might) +動(dòng)詞原形”。I wish I would not get old.I wish I could travel around the world one day.4. 某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣在一些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣。這時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形或should +動(dòng)詞原形。這類動(dòng)詞一般表示命令，要求，決定，建議，主張等概念，主要有：advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, direct, insist,

36、move, order, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest,等。The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 per cent.The teacher decided that you do the experiment first.5. 某些名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣在一些名詞后面的表語從句和同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣。這時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形或should +動(dòng)詞原形。這類名詞一般表示命令，要求，決定，建議，主張等概念，主

37、要有：advice, idea, instruction, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion,等。My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately.He gave the order that they (should) do the experiment again.6. 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致的.如從句是對(duì)過去情況的假設(shè)，而主句可能是對(duì)現(xiàn)在

38、正在進(jìn)行情況的假設(shè)。 這種句子稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句.If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.7. 某些主語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣某些表示命令，要求，決定，建議，主張以及“重要性”和“緊迫性”等概念的主語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣。這時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形或should +動(dòng)詞原形。這類主語從句一般由 “It is (was) + 形容詞過去分詞 + that引導(dǎo)的從句”構(gòu)成。該結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用的形容詞主要有：advisable, appropriate, desirable

39、, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, proper, urgent, vital等；常用的過去分詞主要有：arranged, decided, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, suggested等。采集者退散It is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily.It is arranged that you (should) enter for this comp

40、etition.8. as if / though引起的從句當(dāng)as if / though引起的從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容完全與實(shí)際情況相反或者純粹是一種假設(shè)時(shí)，通常要用虛擬語氣。如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)；如果從句表示與過去的事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)；如果從句表示與將來的事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用would (might, could) + 動(dòng)詞原形；They talked as if they had been friends for years.I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.It looks a

41、s if it might rain.Note: 如果as if / though引起的從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容被看作是事實(shí)或者有可能是真實(shí)的，則要用陳述語氣。It seems as if it is going to rain.The meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.9. lest, for fear that和 in case引起的從句當(dāng)lest, for fear that和 in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等時(shí)，在它們引起的從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞常用should + 動(dòng)詞原形。He ran away lest he should be

42、seen.Hes working hard for fear that he should fall behind.He left early in case he should miss the last train.10. If only引出的從句If only引出的從句用以表達(dá)感嘆性的愿望，常譯為“要是就好了”。If only從句經(jīng)常省略結(jié)果主句，且主要用在虛擬語氣中，即從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)聿豢赡軐?shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，或用過去完成時(shí)表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。If only the rain would stop.If only Id listened to my parents.

43、Note: if only引出的句子偶爾也可使用陳述語氣，但考生須注意的是，在各類測(cè)試中一般都以用虛擬語氣為正確答案。11. would rather（that）引出的從句would rather意為“寧愿”，接從句時(shí)常省略關(guān)系代詞that。would rather后的從句要用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?，用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望。Id rather you told me the truth.I would rather you came tomorrow than today.Id rather you hadnt told me about it.

44、12. It is (about/high) time (that) 句型該句型表示“（早）該做”，其后的定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣表示。在測(cè)試中從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)。It is time that we went to bed.It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.13. 表示猜測(cè)的幾種不同的方法及意義一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞的完成式連用能夠表示對(duì)過去情況的猜測(cè)或者未實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性。1) could have + 過去分詞A. 表示對(duì)過去可能發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，意為，“可能做了某事”。He couldnt h

45、ave seen her yesterday.They could have lost their way.B. 表示某事在過去本有可能發(fā)生，但事實(shí)上并未發(fā)生，意為，“本可以做某事”。We could have started a little earlier.I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape.2) may (might) have + 過去分詞A. 表示對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè)，意為，“可能已做某事”。He may have heard the news.I might have come to a wrong conclusion.B.

46、 表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性，即本可以做某事，而實(shí)際上并沒有做，有時(shí)含有抱怨的口吻。It was a narrow escape. You might have killed yourself.A lot of men died who might have been saved.3) must have + 過去分詞表示邏輯上的必然性，即按照某些現(xiàn)象推斷過去肯定發(fā)生過的某事。She must have made a big mistake.The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.4) neednt have + 過去分詞表示過去不必做某事，但已經(jīng)做了，即本可不必做某事。You neednt have woken me up. I dont have to go to work today.He neednt have watered