語言學(xué) 超音段特征

1、語言學(xué) 超音段特征語言學(xué) 超音段特征Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.語言學(xué) 超音段特征語音單位在語流中有前后的順序, 它們的組合呈線形的, 稱線性組合。據(jù)線性組合的先后順序切分出來的語音單位, 各占一定的時(shí)間段落, 所以也稱音段。 語流中最小的音段是音位, 因此音位也稱音段音位( segmental phonemes ), 即元音(vowels)和輔音(consonants)。 但是在實(shí)際語流中, 語音成素還有一種非線性的共時(shí)組合。當(dāng)

2、音位前后連綴組合成較大的音段時(shí), 往往具有原來所沒有的某種語音成素作為它的特征及組成部分。這種較大音段所具有的語音成素超越了原來的較小音段的線性組合, 因而具有超音段的性質(zhì)。因此我們?cè)谶@里要研究超音段特征。 語言學(xué) 超音段特征For exampleinstinct instikt(本能) television teli,vin （電視）語言學(xué) 超音段特征2.5.1 The Syllable Structure monosyllable: with one syllable, like cat and dogPolysyllable: with more than one syllable, l

3、ike transplant or festival 語言學(xué) 超音段特征A syllable must have a nucleus or peak Usually, a vowel plays the part of a nucleusSometimes, a consonant plays the part of a nucleusTable teibl /tei/ /bl/m,n bottom btm cotton ktn 語言學(xué) 超音段特征Syllable (cracked)O(nset)R(hyme)N(ucleus)Co(da)kr ktSyllable structure語言學(xué)

4、超音段特征A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable A syllable with coda is a closed syllableOpen syllable and closed syllable 語言學(xué) 超音段特征In English, the onset position may be empty or filled by a cluster of as many as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled by as many as four

5、consonants. aim eim spread spred sixthssikss English (C)C)C)V(C)C)C)C)Chinese (C)v(C)語言學(xué) 超音段特征Maximal onset principleWhen there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.National nnl 語言學(xué) 超音段特征2.5.2 stress Stress refers to the degree of force used in

6、producing a syllable.lIn transcription, a raised vertical line ( ) is often used before the syllable it relates to.語言學(xué) 超音段特征Stress relative notionstressed syllables vs unstressed syllablesuAt the word leveluAt the sentence level語言學(xué) 超音段特征At the word level, it only applies to the words with at least t

7、wo syllables. For long words, there are often two stressed syllables primary stressed and secondary stressed syllables.eg. communication k,mju:nikein epiphenomenal ,epifnminl 語言學(xué) 超音段特征At the sentence level In general situation, notional words are normally stressed while structural words are unstress

8、ed. eg. I was thinking of you all the time. In principle, stress may fall on any word or any syllable to express emphasis, surprise ect. eg. John bought a red bicycle.語言學(xué) 超音段特征John bought a red bicycle.John bought a red bicycle.John bought a red bicycle.John bought a red bicycle.語言學(xué) 超音段特征2.5.3 Inton

9、ation * Intonation refers to the total pattern of pitch changes ,i.e., the rising and falling of the voice when a person is speaking, within an utterance.l Types of intonation patterns:rising, falling and falling-rising語言學(xué) 超音段特征The rising tone at the end is often used for asking yes-no questions and

10、 showing politeness or surprise.e.g.u Are you sure?u Excuse me?語言學(xué) 超音段特征The falling tone is often used for complete sentence.l I am very pleased with it.( 陳述句)l What are you reading?（特殊疑問句）l Hands up, please.（祈使句）l Do you want a cup of coffee or tea?（選擇疑問句） But the falling tone sometimes leads to rudeness and abruptness.語言學(xué) 超音段特征The fall-rise tone in English typically involves the meaning of a contrast within a limited set of items stated explicitly or implicitly.e.g. She is beautiful. -isnt her name Mary? -No, Jenny.語言學(xué) 超音段特征2.5.4 Tone Ch