Anglo-Saxon_to_the_Vikings_Britain

1、Anglo-Saxon Britain Saxon Invasion - 5th Century nThe Roman army left Britain about AD 410. When they had gone there was no strong army to defend Britain, and tribes called the Angle, Saxon, and Jute (the Anglo-Saxons) invaded. nThey left their homelands in northern Germany, Denmark and northern Hol

2、land and rowed across the North Sea in wooden boats. nThe Anglo-Saxons ruled most of Britain but never conquered Cornwall in the south-west, Wales in the west, or Scotland in the north.nThe Anglo-Saxons divided England into several kingdoms.Saxonsn450 AD Saxons Hengist and Horsa settle in Kent.n460

3、AD St Patrick returns to convert Irelandn516 AD The Battle of Mount Badon: Britons under an unknown leader defeat the Angles and SaxonsSaxonsn597AD St Augustine brings Christianity to England from Rome King thelberht of Kent gave him land in Canterbury to build a church. thelberht became the first A

4、nglo-Saxon king to turn his back on paganism and become Christian.n600 AD thelberht is now one of the most powerful kings in Englandn617 AD North-Umbria becomes the Supreme KingdomQuestionsnWho were the Anglo Saxons?nWhere did the Anglo Saxons settle in Britain?Saxonsn627 AD Edwin of Northumbria bec

5、omes the first Christian king in the north of Englandn779 AD Mercia becomes the Supreme Kingdom and King Offa builds a Dyke along the Welsh BorderThe Saxons language is one of the main roots of the EnglishnThe English language begins with the Anglo-Saxons. nThe commonest Saxon place names are those

6、ending in -ton or -ham. Tun, meaning fenced area or enclosure, and Ham, meaning village, estate or home (could also mean meadow field) nOften these were joined with the name of the person who founded the settlement, or an important person who lived there, such as Ceattas Ham (Chatham) - the home of

7、Ceatta nFor Example there Cheltenham (Home of Chathen) and West Ham |(The West Estate of Meadow) in London nJust out of interest. In GaelicGlasgow means meadow of the cows Other Words still in usenOf the hundred or so key words which make up about half of our everyday speech, most are Old English. S

8、ome are even spelt the same way such as and, for, of, in, to, under, on ; others have changed their spelling a little. Like fter (after), beforan (before), behindan (behind), bi (by), eall (all), hwt (what), hwy (why), ofer (over), uppan (up), t (at), g (egg), socc (sock), scoh(shoe), scyrte (shirt)

9、, htt (hat), mete (meat), butere (butter), milc (milk), hunig (honey), cese (cheese) and many more beside. All our words for the close family come from Old English -faeder, moder, sunu, dohtor, sweoster, brothor as do many of our swear words! The Vikings Where Did the Vikings Come From?The VikingsnV

10、ikings were also known as the Norsemen.nNorsemen means people from the NorthnThey were great travelers and sailed to other parts of Europe, where they traded, raided, and often settled.First ArrivednThe Vikings first invaded Britain in AD 793 and last invaded in 1066 when William the Conqueror becam

11、e King of England after the Battle of Hastings.nThe first place the Vikings raided in Britain was the monastery at Lindisfarne, a small holy island located off the northeast coast of England. Some of the monks were drowned in the sea, others killed or taken away as slaves along with many treasures o

12、f the church.The raid on Lindisfarne marks the start of the Viking migration from Scandinavia in 793 Why Did the ComenBetter LandnMore LandnTreasures CorkDublinLondonLiverpoolPlace Names nPlace names ending in by eg. Derby, Rugby, Whitby, Selby, Grimsbyby meant farm or homestead (village). These pla

13、ces mark the earliest Viking settlements. nPlace names ending in thorpe (or -thorp, -throp or trop) eg. Scunthorpe and Grimethorpe-thorpe meant farms. nPlace names ending in toft or-tofts. A -toft referred to the site of a house or a plot of land. Langtoft, East Riding of YorkshireViking Wordsnhus =

14、 householm = islet; dry place in a marshy areaorm = Serpent or Dragonnangernberserk, a word probably from Icelandic which means a frenzied fury or fighting mad. Now says Oxford English Dictionary, usu. as adj., frenzied, furiously or madly violent; esp. in phr. to go berserk.nDanegeld, the tax raise

15、d to pay the ransom demanded by the Vikings.noutlaw, a person declared to be outside the protection of the law, is derived from Old Scandinavian, through Icelandic.nslaughter (pronounced SLAW-ter), both noun and verb. In ON, slaughter meant the killing of farm animals for food, or the start of a but

16、chers work.The meaning of killing humans is not recorded in Oxford English Dictionary till the fourteenth century; and the meaning of killing humans in large numbers, as in battle, does not appear till the end of that time. So much for the image of Vikings!Viking WordsnFell in the sense of a hillsid

17、e, or rolling hilltop, is a Norse word that is only current in the north of England, and in some place-names. Moor (or muir in Scots) is an OE near-equivalent. In the south, another OE word is down, a strange name for an upland. (It is cognate with dune, usually a mound of drifted sand.)nhappy, happ

18、en and perhaps are all derived from ON hap, meaning chance. (In the case of the first of these, it is good chance.)nAlthough wife is OE, husband is from the Norse bndi, a peasant; specifically. a hus bondi is a peasant with a house - and therefore marriageable. The Old English terms were lord ( guar

19、dian of the loaf) and lady ( loaf-kneader).nsister, where the ON form has survived where the Old English forms swuster and swoster have not.nsky, whose original denotation was literally cloud. The Old English word was heofon (= heaven), using the same link of senses as still exists in German (himmel

20、) - a much clearer picture of what we can see above our heads.nkirk. Though a good Scots word, kirk still survives in the north of England, mostly as an element in place-names. Means a churchThe three most important Viking Gods nOdin - the leader of the gods - god of magic, poetry and war. His wife

21、was FriggnThor (Tor in Scandinavian languages) was the god of thunder. Thor had iron gloves, a magic belt and a hammer. He was also god of protection. He provided protection from cold hunger, giants and other dangers.nThe giants were (Jotun; Swedish pronunciation): the Rimturs - giants of the cold w

22、orld; (rim = rime, thurs = thirst; Swedish) the Bergresar - giants of the mountains; (berg = mountain, res = giant; Swedish)nFreyr (or Frej in Swedish) - god of agriculture and fertility. Frey was worshipped on a regular basis all through-out the year for future prosperity. He was the twin of Freyja (goddess of love and fertility). Freyj wept golden tears when she was unhappy