高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法精講Word版

1、第一部分：中考語(yǔ)法一本通很多同學(xué)看了很多語(yǔ)法書, 可是覺(jué)得自己做題的時(shí)候, 對(duì)語(yǔ)法掌握得還不是很好. 當(dāng)然原因很多. 其一就是很多同學(xué)在研究語(yǔ)法(這是語(yǔ)法學(xué)家做的事情), 比如哪些詞可以做主語(yǔ), 背得很熟, 可是做題時(shí)卻用不上. 其二就是基本的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則沒(méi)有掌握。我們現(xiàn)在分別講解一下。緒論 句子成分、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句 一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。 （二）主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，也就是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)

2、句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。一句話語(yǔ)法: 主語(yǔ)由名詞性的詞來(lái)充當(dāng). 例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） We often speak English in class.（代詞） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞） To swim in the river is a great p

3、leasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞） The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語(yǔ)從句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式） （三）謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。一句話語(yǔ)法: 謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng). 有很多同學(xué)在寫作的

4、時(shí)候容易犯的錯(cuò)誤就是要么亂用be動(dòng)詞,要么句子沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞. 謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。注意:這里面的動(dòng)詞原形非常重要. 如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：We are students. （四）表語(yǔ)：表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, gr

5、ow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。一句話語(yǔ)法: 表語(yǔ)使用形容詞,不用副詞! 例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞） Is it yours?（代詞） The weather has turned cold.（形容詞） The speech is exciting.（分詞） Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（愛(ài)好）is play

6、ing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語(yǔ)） Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）注意: 副詞可以做表語(yǔ)的只有幾個(gè),非常簡(jiǎn)單,考試不考,所以上面說(shuō):表語(yǔ)使用形容詞,不用副詞! 我們所復(fù)習(xí)的語(yǔ)法直接針對(duì)中考,不是搞語(yǔ)法研究,這點(diǎn)請(qǐng)大家一定要記住. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）（五）賓語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。一句話語(yǔ)法:賓語(yǔ)由名詞性的詞充當(dāng),賓語(yǔ)分為動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ),分別構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)

7、構(gòu),這點(diǎn)非常重要,務(wù)必要牢記.例如：They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）1 / 79 They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語(yǔ)） I enjoy listening

8、 to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語(yǔ)從句） 賓語(yǔ)種類：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.如果同學(xué)搞不清楚什么是雙賓語(yǔ),記下下面這個(gè)句子: give me a book.一人一物做賓語(yǔ)就是雙賓語(yǔ).說(shuō)得白一點(diǎn),雙就是兩個(gè)的意思.（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有

9、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。一句話語(yǔ)法: 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)使用形容詞,不用副詞.例如： His father named him Dongming.（名詞） They painted their boat white.（形容詞） Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語(yǔ)） We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in t

10、he lab in good order.（介詞短語(yǔ)） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句） （七）定語(yǔ)：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。一句話語(yǔ)法:定語(yǔ)使用形容詞 定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞） His rapid prog

11、ress in English made us surprised.（代詞） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)） （八）狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子(這個(gè)就叫狀語(yǔ),一句話語(yǔ)法: 狀語(yǔ)用副詞,不用形容詞)，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)。可由以下形式表示： L

12、ight travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語(yǔ)） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語(yǔ)） He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語(yǔ)） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語(yǔ)從句） 狀語(yǔ)種類如下： How about meeting again at

13、 six?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）(表示時(shí)間就是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),那表示原因的呢? 對(duì)嘍,就是原因狀語(yǔ)) Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語(yǔ)） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語(yǔ)）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語(yǔ)） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）

14、In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語(yǔ)） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)） She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語(yǔ)） I am taller than he is.（比較狀語(yǔ)）練習(xí)：用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的主語(yǔ)（）、謂語(yǔ)（）、賓語(yǔ)（）： I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summ

15、er vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north

16、where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have t

17、o water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.特點(diǎn): 用句號(hào)結(jié)束一個(gè)句子2）疑問(wèn)句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he

18、? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 疑問(wèn)句就是問(wèn)句3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class祈使句: 表示命令或者請(qǐng)求. 和有沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)沒(méi)有關(guān)系 4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!還有一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是用 what. how 后面加上的是形容詞副詞.what后面加上的是名詞.2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and

19、Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。要注意喲,逗號(hào)是不可以連接句子的,這一點(diǎn)和漢語(yǔ)不同.e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓

20、語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。有主句和從句構(gòu)成,在一個(gè)句子前面加上連詞(當(dāng)然不是and,but,or了),這個(gè)句子就是從句了.e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型1、主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)：e.g. He is a student.2、主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞：e.g. We work.3、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)）： e.g

21、. My father bought me a car.5、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。這是非常重要的,不需要理解,背下來(lái)吧（三）并列句的分類1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g.

22、Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every d

23、ay I work from dawn until dark.這里大家記住這些連詞就夠用了.如果一下子記不住這么多,就記一個(gè)兩個(gè),記住有的時(shí)候不要和自己較勁（四）中考考點(diǎn)探討1、簡(jiǎn)單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時(shí)需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書面表達(dá)中，沒(méi)有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語(yǔ)句子來(lái)表達(dá)清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問(wèn)句和感嘆句是中考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。有時(shí)把祈使句與反意疑問(wèn)句結(jié)合于一體來(lái)考查。一個(gè)題目，幾個(gè)考點(diǎn)，是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。3、中考對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對(duì)連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and, bu

24、t, or, while，以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起，以賓語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句最為明顯，時(shí)間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般式表將來(lái)，這一點(diǎn)在中考中經(jīng)?？疾?。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。學(xué)法指津：句子分析是學(xué)好語(yǔ)法的最基礎(chǔ)的東西，希望大家要注意。句子分析首先要知道怎么判斷一個(gè)句子是單句還是復(fù)句，判斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是1、要看句子中有無(wú)連詞。2、要看句子中有幾個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。缺一不可！大家判斷一下下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句。I hope yo

25、u are very well（ ）. I'm fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the l

26、ights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he employs more men for the harvest（ ）. My brother takes ca

27、re of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest

28、time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. It's great（ ）! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the ti

29、me in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please give my best regards to your parents（ ）. 第一章

30、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是中考的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。動(dòng)詞為什么有時(shí)態(tài)呢？這涉及到一個(gè)動(dòng)作所做的時(shí)間和進(jìn)行的程度問(wèn)題。這樣綜合起來(lái)就成了時(shí)態(tài)，所謂的時(shí)態(tài)就是時(shí)間加狀態(tài)。所以在做關(guān)于動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的問(wèn)題時(shí)，同學(xué)們要分為兩步走，第一步確定動(dòng)作進(jìn)行的時(shí)間，第二步確定動(dòng)作所處的狀態(tài)。關(guān)于動(dòng)作的時(shí)間可以根據(jù)語(yǔ)境推理。（比如說(shuō)句中出現(xiàn)的另外一個(gè)動(dòng)詞用了過(guò)去時(shí)，那你就應(yīng)該首先想到用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去的某種形式），至于狀態(tài)這個(gè)大家要好好體會(huì)了。學(xué)法指津：現(xiàn)在重點(diǎn)考察時(shí)態(tài)的情景運(yùn)用，不象80、90年代考的是死語(yǔ)法 在這里我介紹大家一種比較好的時(shí)態(tài)的解題方法：參考時(shí)態(tài)法解決動(dòng)詞的問(wèn)題應(yīng)從三個(gè)方面著手：首先考慮動(dòng)作的時(shí)間，再考慮狀態(tài)

31、，最后還有語(yǔ)氣！下面我就來(lái)詳細(xì)說(shuō)明一下1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)基本概念: 指經(jīng)常性的行為或強(qiáng)調(diào)東西的特性，而忽略時(shí)間概念?！咎厥庥梅ā?主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（如強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）。例句1 Ill tell him when he comes back. 2 Well go out if we are free tomorrow. 3 Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 4. Please tell me as soon as you have finished it. (注意：主句是祈使句時(shí)，動(dòng)作還沒(méi)有發(fā)生，因此看成一

32、般將來(lái)時(shí)。) 表示主語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在的特征或性格等。例如：The bottle holds a quarter of a pound of ink. All over the world men and women, boys and girls, enjoy sports. 表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理。例如：Light travels faster than sound. In time of danger mans mind works fast. 表示按規(guī)定預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（常只限于動(dòng)詞：go, come, leave, start, begin, return等）。例如：School begins

33、on February 5. The plane takes off at 15:00. 例句1 - Youre drinking too much. - Only at home. No one _ me but you. A. is seeing B. has seen C. sees D. saw 正確選項(xiàng)為C, 說(shuō)話人此時(shí)指目前一個(gè)經(jīng)常性的行為。例句2 I bought a radio here yesterday, but it _ work. A. didnt B. doesnt C. wont D. cant 正確選項(xiàng)為B, 說(shuō)話人此時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的不是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，而是東西的性質(zhì)，即

34、收音機(jī)的質(zhì)量不好。2. 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 基本形式: A. will (shall) do B. be going to do 兩種形式有時(shí)可以互換，但：A 更強(qiáng)調(diào)純粹的將來(lái)（有時(shí)也表意愿）；例如：- Youve left the light on. - Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off.Tomorrow will be Toms birthday.He will help you.B更強(qiáng)調(diào)計(jì)劃安排(有時(shí)表示，根據(jù)現(xiàn)有跡象表明將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài))。 Are you going to visit the Science Museum this aft

35、ernoon?The moon is going to rise in a minute.He is going to be fat.【其它可表將來(lái)時(shí)的形式】 1) 位移動(dòng)詞 ( come; go; leave; arrive, ) 的進(jìn)行時(shí)- 表計(jì)劃或安排 * Hes arriving tomorrow. 2) be to do - 表計(jì)劃或安排 * We are to meet at the station at six tonight. 3) be about to do - “ 馬上就要” * The train is about to leave. be about to do wh

36、en - “ 正要 突然” * He was about to leave when the telephone rang. (此句為過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。)3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 以上兩種時(shí)態(tài)是時(shí)態(tài)部分難點(diǎn)，首先，為什么要將這兩種時(shí)態(tài)放在一起討論？例句：1. Who put forward the suggestion? 2. When did he leave? 3. She often came to help us. （他過(guò)去常來(lái)幫我們。） 4. I didnt know you were so busy. （我沒(méi)想到你這么忙。） 以上各句中用的都是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，顯然，說(shuō)話的人是強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某時(shí)

37、發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。 5. How many pages have you covered today? 6. I havent seen him for many days. 7. Ive always walked to work. 8. The students have already left. 9. The city has taken on a new look. 10. Thank you. Ive had my supper. 以上各句用的都是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，可以看出，與一般過(guò)去時(shí)一樣，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作也是發(fā)生在過(guò)去（說(shuō)話以前），但它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是： 1）動(dòng)作從過(guò)去持續(xù)到說(shuō)話這一時(shí)

38、刻（例5-7） 2）過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)狀有某種影響（例8-10），說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在如何。注意：在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第一種用法中，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用for; since短語(yǔ)（從句） 如：We havent seen each other for many years./ since he left 10 years ago. 此時(shí)（主句）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如： * He has left home for many years.（錯(cuò)誤） * He has been away from home for many years. (正確) * He has died since 1990. （錯(cuò)誤） *

39、 He has been dead since 1990.(正確)4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) Ive been sitting here all afternoon. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,而且目前還在進(jìn)行。這里需要注意兩點(diǎn)： 1）有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞（如：work, study, live, teach等）用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的意思是無(wú)大的區(qū)別的， 如： * They have lived / have been living here all their lives. * She has worked / has been working here for eight

40、 years. 在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)久時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更多些, 如：2）大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)， * Ive been writing an article. (還在寫) * Ive written an article. (已完成)練習(xí)：1. - Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “- I am tired. I _ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 2. - Have you ha

41、d any letters from him? - No, I havent, but my wife _ him regularly . A. has heard from B. has been hearing from C. had heard from D. hearsKey: 1. C (強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù)，而非動(dòng)作的結(jié)果) 2. B ( 非強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，A錯(cuò)；不是指目前一般的情況，D錯(cuò)；是指從過(guò)去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況，故B對(duì)。) 5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)基本概念: 指目前(一點(diǎn)或一段時(shí)間) / 過(guò)去(一點(diǎn)或一段時(shí)間)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.例句 1. I dont really wor

42、k here. I _ until the new secretary _. A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come (正確選項(xiàng) C, 指目前一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, until 引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).) 2. - When shall we leave? - As soon as I _ what I _. A. will finish; do B. have finish

43、ed, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do (正確選項(xiàng)B, as soon as 從句前省略了主句, 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)將來(lái)的結(jié)果用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí); what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.) 3. At that time he _ in the library. A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work (正確選項(xiàng)C, was working 指 at that time 正在發(fā)生的行為.) 4. The students _ busily when Miss Brown

44、 went to get a book she_in the office. A. were working; had left B. worked; left C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave (正確選項(xiàng)A, 句中went 是說(shuō)話人給定的時(shí)間, work 和leave發(fā)生的時(shí)間都要看它們與went 的時(shí)間關(guān)系, work 與went動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生, 強(qiáng)調(diào)正在做,用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí); leave 在went之前發(fā)生, 應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí).) 5. - Hey, look where you are going! - Oh, Im terrib

45、ly sorry. _. A. Im not noticing. B. I wasnt noticing. C. I havent noticed. D. I dont notice. E. I didnt notice. F. I wont notice. (正確選項(xiàng)B, 對(duì)話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對(duì)方時(shí)正在做的事情.)6. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 比較下列句子： * I wrote a letter yesterday. （信寫完了）* I was writing a letter yesterday. （一直在寫信，但不一定寫完了）* I was writing a lette

46、r when he came in. (他進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我正在寫) 從以上例句可以看出，一般過(guò)去時(shí)常常用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的一個(gè)有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作，而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1）強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生2）動(dòng)作在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在發(fā)生，無(wú)論哪一種情況都不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。再如：*He _ a book about China last year, but I dont know if he _ it.A. wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finishedC. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish正確選項(xiàng)為B. 從I do

47、nt know if he has finished it. 推斷，他去年正在寫。* Tom _ into the house when no one _. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 正確選項(xiàng)為A. slip和notice 為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此B、C為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，slipped指過(guò)去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作（他溜進(jìn)去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒(méi)有人注意）。 * As she _

48、the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell正確選項(xiàng)為B(道理同上)。* The last time I _ Jane she _ cotton in the fields. A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking正確選項(xiàng)為D(道理同上)。7. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)基本概念: A) 表過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前有

49、結(jié)果的行為 * She said she had seen the film. 這里需要注意的是，had seen 一定是發(fā)生在said之前的行為，而不是之后。再如： * The old man _ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 正確選項(xiàng)為A, 因?yàn)閐ied是發(fā)生在had been sent to hospital之后而不是之前的行為；died 是站在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間角度看過(guò)去，是強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生了的事情，而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在如何，因此D錯(cuò)，B錯(cuò)（過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)是站在

50、過(guò)去的時(shí)間角度看過(guò)去的將來(lái)）。 * Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon _ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 正確選項(xiàng)為A(道理同上)。 B) 表延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的行為 * She said she had been a doctor for 20 years. C) 表過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算 * I _ my son _ a doctor, but he wasnt good enough at sc

51、ience. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become正確選項(xiàng)為B。 * I _ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped正確選項(xiàng)為C。8. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 基本概念: 表過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之后將要發(fā)生的行為（過(guò)去的將來(lái)）。 * We were all surprised when

52、he made it clear that he _ office soon. A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left 正確選項(xiàng)為B。* She said she _(leave) the next morning. 答案可以是：A. would leave B. was leaving C. was going to leave由此可以看出, 我們?cè)谝话銓?lái)時(shí)中討論的將來(lái)時(shí)的多種形式均可靈活地運(yùn)用于過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)中。9. 將來(lái)完成時(shí) 基本概念: 在討論了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)之后，我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到：完成時(shí)的概念其實(shí)就是兩條1）表結(jié)果 2）表延續(xù) ，

53、站在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間角度看，就是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；時(shí)間移到過(guò)去就是過(guò)去完成是；時(shí)間移至將來(lái)就是將來(lái)完成時(shí)，因此，將來(lái)完成時(shí) A) 表到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間前要完成的行為* By the end of 2000 they will have built the factory.* We will have finished the work before she arrives tonight.B) 表延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間的行為 * I will have been a teacher for 20 years by the end of next year.以上的基本概念在解題時(shí)不需要生搬硬套，一定要靈活運(yùn)用！動(dòng)詞的

54、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) - 基本概念檢測(cè)1. They _ friends since they met in Shanghai. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he _. A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving3. We all know that ice _. A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold4. -This cloth _ well and _ long. - OK. Ill take it. A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting5. -Is this raincoat yours? - No, mine _ there behind the door. A. is hanging B. hangs C. has been