Sensor-technology傳感器技術(shù)大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯及原文

1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯文獻(xiàn)、資料中文題目：傳感器技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)、資料英文題目：sensor-technology文獻(xiàn)、資料來(lái)源： 文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：院（部）：專 業(yè)： 班 級(jí)：姓 名：學(xué) 號(hào)：指導(dǎo)教師: 翻譯日期:2017. 02. 14sensor technologya sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property，such as position，force，torque，pressure，temperature， humidity

2、，speed，acceleration，or vibration .traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have been used to set limits on the performance of machines .common examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements，(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features，

3、and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . sensor technology has become an important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .it is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring，communication，and computer control of machines and systems .because they

4、convert one quantity to another，sensors often are referred to as transducers .analog sensors produce a signal，such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly .analog-to-coverter(adc) is ava

5、ilable for interfacing analog sensors with computers .classifications of sensorssensors that are of interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as follows:machanical sensors measure such as quantities as positions ,shape .velocity ,force ,torque，pressure，vibration，strain，and mass .electric

6、al sensors measure voltage，current，charge，and conductivity .magnetic sensors measure magnetic field，flux，and permeablity .thermal sensors measure temperature，flux .conductivity , and special heat.other types are acoustic，ultrasonic，chemical，optical，radiation，laser，and fiber-optic .depending on its a

7、pplication，a sensor may consist of metallic，nonmetallic， organic，or inorganic materials，as well as fluids，gases ,plasmas , or semiconductors .using the special characteristics of these materials，sensors covert the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. the operation of an ordinar

8、y mercury thermometer , for example，is based on the difference between the thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass.similarly , a machine part，a physical obstruction，or barrier in a space can be detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell. a proximity sensor ( wh

9、ich senses and measures the distance between it and an object or a moving member of a machine ) can be based on acoustics，magnetism，capacitance， or optics . other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by electromechanical means ). sensors are essential to the conduct of

10、intelligent robots， and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart sensors，see the following ).this is america，the development of such a surgery lin bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator，through the reali

11、zation of the right abdominal surgery a few years ago our country theexhibition, the united states has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. this robot has in the area, caused a great sensation， but also, aesop.s surgical robot，in fact，it through some

12、equipment to some of the lesions inspections，through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation also including remotely operated manipulator，and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery robot doctor to include doctors with pliers， tweezers or a knife to repla

13、ce the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctors movements linked, the doctor hands off，lighting went off，this is very good, a doctors assistant.tactile sensing is the continuous of variable contact forces，commonly by an array of sensors . such a system is capable of performing within an a

14、rbitrary three-dimensional space .has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries，we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry，however，the services sector including cleaning，refueling, rescue，rescue，relief，etc. these belong to

15、 the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot，it is a very important difference. it is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic rangi

16、ng sensors，etc. its surrounding environment for the conduct of identification，to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robots one of the basic characteristicsin visual sensing (machine vision，computer vision )，cameral optically sense the presence and shape of the object. a mi

17、croprocessor then processes the image (usually in less than one second )，the image is measured，and the measurements are digitized (image recognition ) .machine vision is suitable particularly for inaccessible parts，in hostile manufacturing environments，for measuring a large number of small features，

18、and in situations where physics contact with the part may cause damage .small sensors have the capability to perform a logic function，to conduct two-way communication，and to make a decisions and take appropriate actions . the necessary input and the knowledge required to make a decision can be built

19、 into a smart sensor . for example，a computer chip with sensors can be programmed to turn a machine tool off when a cutting tool fails likewise，a smart sensor can stop a mobile robot or a robot arm from accidentally coming in contact with an object or people by using quantities such as distance，heat

20、，and noise .sensor fusion . sensor fusion basically involves the integration of multiple sensors in such a manner where the individual data from each of the sensors ( such as force，vibration，temperature，and dimensions ) are combined to provide a higher level of information and reliability . a common

21、 application of sensor fusion occurs when someone drinks a cup of hot coffee . although we take such a quotidian event for granted，it readily can be seen that this process involves data input from the persons eyes，lips，tongue，and hands .through our basic senses of sight，hearing， smell，taste，and touc

22、h，there is real-time monitoring of relative movements， positions，and temperatures thus if the coffee is too hot，the hand movement of the cup toward the lip is controlled and adjusted accordingly .the earliest applications of sensor fusion were in robot movement control， missile flight tracking，and s

23、imilar military applications . primarily because these activities involve movements that mimic human behavior . another example of sensor fusion is a machine operation in which a set of different but integrated sensors monitors (a) the dimensions and surface finish of workpiece，(b) tool forces， vibr

24、ations，and wear，(c) the temperature in various regions of the tool-workpiece system，and (d) the spindle power an important aspect in sensor fusion is sensor validation : the failure of one particular sensor is detected so that the control system maintains high reliability . for this application，the

25、receiving of redundant data from different sensors is essential. it can be seen that the receiving，integrating of all data from various sensors can be a complex problem .with advances in sensor size，quality，and technology and continued developments in computer-control systems，artificial neural netwo

26、rks，sensor fusion has become practical and available at low cost .movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom we have to be able to hold his arm, arm can be bent，then this three degrees of freedom, meanwhile there is

27、 a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy，the general robot has six degrees of freedom. we will be able to space the three locations，three postures，the robot fully achieved，and of course we have less than six degrees of freedomfiber-optic sensors are being developed for gas-turbin

28、e engines . these sensors will be installed in critical locations and will monitor the conditions inside the engine， such as temperature，pressure，and flow of gas . continuous monitoring of the signals from thes sensors will help detect possible engine problems and also provide the necessary data for

29、 improving the efficiency of the engines .傳感器技術(shù)傳感器一種通過(guò)檢測(cè)某一參數(shù)而產(chǎn)生信號(hào)的裝置。這一參數(shù)可以是位置、力、 力矩、壓力、溫度、濕度、速度、加速度或震動(dòng)。從傳統(tǒng)意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，傳感器（比 如執(zhí)行器、開關(guān)）可用于限制機(jī)器參數(shù)的極限位置。常見的傳感器有00限制工 作臺(tái)運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)床停止開關(guān)，（b）具有自動(dòng)關(guān)閉功能的壓力儀表和溫度儀表，（c） 防止速度超限的調(diào)速器。傳感器技術(shù)已成為制造過(guò)程和系統(tǒng)的重要方而。它對(duì)于 數(shù)據(jù)的正確采集、機(jī)器和系統(tǒng)的檢測(cè)、通訊以及計(jì)算機(jī)控制是很必要的。傳感器能夠?qū)⒁环N物理量轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種物理量，因此，傳感器通常（被看作） 指轉(zhuǎn)換器

30、。模擬傳感器產(chǎn)生信號(hào)，比如電壓信號(hào)，該信號(hào)與被測(cè)物理力量成一定 比例。數(shù)字傳感器具有數(shù)字輸出，該數(shù)字輸出能夠直接被傳遞到計(jì)算機(jī)上。模數(shù) 轉(zhuǎn)換器能夠在模擬傳感器和計(jì)算機(jī)之間起到接口作用。傳感器的分類在制造業(yè)中，傳感器可以分為以下幾類：機(jī)械類傳感器可以用來(lái)測(cè)量位置、 形狀、速度、力、力矩、壓力、震動(dòng)、應(yīng)變和質(zhì)量。電器類傳感器可以用來(lái)測(cè)量 電壓、電流、電荷、電傳導(dǎo)率。磁傳感器可以用來(lái)測(cè)量磁場(chǎng)、磁通量、磁導(dǎo)率。 熱傳感器可以用來(lái)測(cè)量溫度、熱流、熱傳導(dǎo)率以及特殊熱量。其他類型的傳感器 有聲學(xué)傳感器、超聲波傳感器、化學(xué)傳感器、光學(xué)傳感器、放射傳感器、激光傳 感器、光纖傳感器。根據(jù)應(yīng)用的不同，傳感器可以由金

31、屬材料、非金屬材料、有機(jī)材料、無(wú)機(jī)材 料以及流體、氣體、等離子體和半導(dǎo)體構(gòu)成。利用這些材料的不同特性，傳感器 將被測(cè)的物理量或參數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為模擬信號(hào)或數(shù)字信號(hào)輸出。比如，普通的水銀溫度 計(jì)的工作原理就是根據(jù)水銀和玻璃的熱膨脹率的不同而工作的。類似地，當(dāng)機(jī)器某一零件、物體障礙物、被測(cè)量與傳感器空間中的障礙物遮 擋住光束時(shí)，就可被光電器件感知并檢測(cè)到。接近開關(guān)（指感知并測(cè)量開關(guān)與物 體或機(jī)器的運(yùn)動(dòng)之間的距離）可根據(jù)聲學(xué)、磁學(xué)、電容、光學(xué)原理工作。其他執(zhí) 行器依靠接觸物體來(lái)執(zhí)行相應(yīng)的操作（通常機(jī)電一體化的方法）。傳感器對(duì)于智 能機(jī)器人的控制是不可缺少的，并且通過(guò)模仿人類，傳感器的特性得到了很大發(fā) 展。觸覺(jué)傳感技術(shù)通過(guò)一組傳感器可以連續(xù)不斷的測(cè)量接觸力的變化。這樣一個(gè) 系統(tǒng)能夠監(jiān)控任意的三維空間。在視覺(jué)傳感器（機(jī)器視覺(jué)，計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)）屮，光學(xué)攝像頭感知物體的存在以 及物體的形狀。接著，微處