醫(yī)學(xué)英語論文

1、 黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)中六氣致病論的英語翻譯探討摘要:“ Huangdi Neijing ”, the bible of TCM, has profound and obscure language as well as ancient and abundant rhetoric devices. It is not only a Medical literature, but also a model of the ancient medical about Chinese rhetoric wield. There are also significant differences in the con

2、tents of the text and differences in the factors such as the translators linguistic and education background, translation skills, target readers and initiators of the translation. The application of pluralistic ancient-Chinese rhetoric devices make its English difficult. To better understand the eff

3、ects of translators subjectivity on translation, original sentences of Huangdi Neijing and their English equivalence were picked out. The English Sentences were compared between different versions and their differences were analyzed based on the theory of translators subjectivity.關(guān)鍵詞：黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng) 英譯 比較 六氣 中

4、醫(yī)藥是我國傳統(tǒng)文化的瑰寶，長期以來為中華民族的繁衍生息做出了不朽的貢獻(xiàn)。在人們?nèi)找孀非缶G色環(huán)?；貧w自然的今天，中醫(yī)藥更是以其神奇的療效綠色天然及較小的毒副作用在世界范圍越來越得到重視和認(rèn)可。中醫(yī)日益走向國際化，中醫(yī)翻譯事業(yè)也隨之日益繁榮。 黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)是我國現(xiàn)存最早的系統(tǒng)完整的醫(yī)學(xué)典籍，集中反映了我國上古時代至秦漢時期的主要醫(yī)學(xué)成就，奠定了中醫(yī)的理論基礎(chǔ)。目前已有多個英譯本，是研究中醫(yī)翻譯的主要素材。 黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)翻譯從1925開始，到2005年正式出版過11個英譯本。其中黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)全譯本4部，節(jié)譯本3部，編譯本4部。這些譯本產(chǎn)生于不同的歷史時期，由不同背景的譯者翻譯，譯本之間差異巨大，反映了中醫(yī)古籍英

5、譯事業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。譯者中有的是在讀博士的醫(yī)史學(xué)家，如美國的Ilza Veith;有的是出身中醫(yī)世家，在美國從事中醫(yī)臨床教學(xué)的中醫(yī)師，如吳氏父子Maoshing Ni;有的是比較嚴(yán)肅的醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)者，如文樹德和李照國等譯本內(nèi)容也不盡相同，有節(jié)譯、選譯、摘譯、編譯等不同譯本?？傮w而言，內(nèi)經(jīng)英譯已經(jīng)從規(guī)定性研究發(fā)展至描寫性研究，從純理論研究發(fā)展至具體文本研究，從語料研究微觀的符號層面發(fā)展至宏觀的語篇研究。隨著翻譯理論的不斷發(fā)展和完善，內(nèi)經(jīng)英譯事業(yè)最終會出現(xiàn)高潮，為中醫(yī)典籍英譯奠定一定理論和實踐基礎(chǔ)。而今現(xiàn)有的譯本有：Dawson節(jié)譯的素問（1925）；美國醫(yī)史學(xué)家Ilza Veith素問前34章的英譯本T

6、he Yellow Emperors Classic of Internal Medicine(1949);廣州孫逸仙醫(yī)學(xué)院院長黃雯醫(yī)師素問前2章的譯文Nei Ching, the Chinese Canon of Medicine(1950);加拿大人哼利·C陸（Henry C. Lu）內(nèi)經(jīng)和難經(jīng)的合譯本內(nèi)、難經(jīng)全集（1978）；美國華裔中醫(yī)師Maoshing Ni的素問編譯本The Yellow Emperors Classic of Medicine（1995）；李照國教授的素問全譯本Huangdi Neijing Yellow Emperors Canon of Medici

7、ne(2005)等等。 黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)分為素問和靈樞兩部分，其主要內(nèi)容包括：整體觀念、陰陽五行、藏象經(jīng)絡(luò)、病因病機、診法治則、預(yù)防養(yǎng)生和運氣學(xué)說等等。而本文主要研究的是“六氣致病論”，所謂六氣就是指風(fēng)、寒、暑、濕、燥、火，另外，內(nèi)經(jīng)里說：“夫百病之生也，皆生于風(fēng)寒暑濕燥火，以之化之變”。由于譯者的背景知識結(jié)構(gòu)的不同、雙語能力的差異、翻譯策略的不同，還有黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)本身運用了大量的修辭手法，這些因素都給其翻譯帶來了巨大的困難和差異，下面我將舉例來分析不同人對六氣治病論翻譯的差異： 例1：風(fēng)盛則動，熱盛則腫，燥盛則干，寒盛則，濕盛則濡瀉 李本：Predominance of wind causes trem

8、or of the limbs predominance of heat produces swelling, predominance of dryness lends to desiccation predominance of cold results in dropsy and predominance of dampness brings about watery diarrhea . 倪本：When the pathogenic wind comes like a storm. It can cause shaking, if fire burns excessively .The

9、re will be redness and swelling, if dryness is present there will be withering .Excess cold can result in swelling and extreme dampness will lead to urinary problems and diarrhea. 威本：When wind is victorious everything moves and stirs. When the heat overcomes the world then, in the end, swelling will

10、 ensue. When dryness overcomes the world everything will be scorched. When the cold overcomes the world everything becomes light and floating. When dampness overcomes the world the moisture will be dispelled. 分析：引自素問陰陽應(yīng)象大論篇第五，討論的是五氣偏盛致病的特點，“風(fēng)盛則動”是指風(fēng)氣太過，易導(dǎo)致痙攣動搖的癥狀。李本譯為：Predominance of wind causes tre

11、mor of the limbs，即風(fēng)邪偏盛，易導(dǎo)致四肢震顫。倪本譯為：When the pathogenic wind comes like a storm. It can cause shaking.是：風(fēng)邪襲人會導(dǎo)致震顫。威本譯為：When wind is victorious everything moves and stirs.風(fēng)邪偏盛，一切都會動搖。中醫(yī)理論中，風(fēng)邪致病的特點是易導(dǎo)致四肢搐動，只有李本增加of the limbs（四肢）補充了這層隱含信息。 “濡瀉”王冰注：“脾胃受濕，則水谷不分，水谷相和，故大腸傳導(dǎo)而注瀉也，以濕注瀉，故謂之濡瀉”（王冰，林憶，2004）?？梢姡?/p>

12、濡瀉”即泄瀉，和小便無關(guān)。倪本譯為：urinary problems and diarrhea. 意思是小便失常即泄瀉，增加了“小便失?！边@一原文沒有的信息，容易誤導(dǎo)讀者。 原文中“盛”出現(xiàn)五次，均指各種邪氣在人體正邪斗爭中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。Veith 五處全譯為：overcomes the world，意為自然界中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)；“則動”、“則干”、“則寒”原本指各種邪氣致病人體出現(xiàn)的不同癥狀特征。她分別譯為：everything moves and stirs、 everything will be scorched 、everything becomes light and floating，譯文

13、中的“the world”、“everything”將中醫(yī)術(shù)語的外延泛化，與中醫(yī)關(guān)于五邪致病的特征沒有關(guān)系，可見他并沒有理解中醫(yī)原文的內(nèi)涵。 總結(jié)：內(nèi)經(jīng)語句言簡意賅，內(nèi)容豐富，用抽象的語言概括豐富的理論知識，對臨床有很好的指導(dǎo)意義。李本和倪本都不同程度將內(nèi)經(jīng)語句的臨床指導(dǎo)意義譯出，威本則沒有。 例2：因于濕，首如裹。 李本：Attacked by Dampness (or Wetness),people will feel that theirheads are as heavy as being bound. 倪本:When damp invades the body, the head w

14、ill feel heavy and distended, as if tightly bandaged. 威本：In times of humidity( of fall) people feel as though their heads were closely bandaged. 分析：本句引自素問生氣通天論篇第三意思是：濕邪犯人，頭部就像被蒙裹一樣沉重。“首如裹”形容頭部沉重，如被物裹一樣。這是中醫(yī)濕困清陽的表現(xiàn)。（內(nèi)經(jīng)講義，1984）。李本、倪本譯文分別是：Attacked by Dampness (or Wetness)、When damp invades the body都是濕

15、邪侵襲人體的意思。與原文相符。威本譯為：In times of humidity( of fall)意思是：秋天氣候潮濕的時候，這與原文不符；而且我過大部分地區(qū)都是秋天氣候干燥。濕是指濕邪，而不是指秋天的氣候，威本是誤譯。 例3：因于寒，欲如運樞，起居如驚，神氣乃浮。 李本：In cold weather, Yangqi flows in the body just like a door-hinge rotating in the door-mortar. Any rash action in daily life will disperse Shenqi(Spirit-Qi). 倪本：Du

16、ring the winter, if one lives improperly, giving in to impulsive desires and emotions such as anger and irritability, the spirit becomes restless, causing the yang qi to disperse at the surface. At this point the yang qi can no longer control the orifices and pores of the body. The result will be an

17、 outpouring of the qi and subsequent vulnerability to invasions. 威本：In time of the cold (of winter) one should act as though one were moving around a pivot, and if one behaves (moves and rests) as though one were startled, then ones spirit and breath of life will be unstable. 吳氏父子：When a man is inva

18、ded by cold , he will be disquieted and restless like being on alert, his spirit and energy excrete outside and his Yang energy become unstable. 分析：該句引子生氣通天論篇第三。王冰注：因天之寒，當(dāng)深居周密，如樞紐之內(nèi)動，不當(dāng)煩擾筋骨，使陽氣發(fā)泄于皮膚而傷于寒毒。若起居暴猝，馳騁荒佚，則神氣浮越，無所寧矣（王冰，林億，2004）。意思是說天氣寒冷的時候，人體的陽氣就像門軸在門臼中運轉(zhuǎn)一樣活動于體內(nèi)，應(yīng)當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎護(hù)衛(wèi)，如果起居同時煩躁驚恐，就使神氣外越。 四

19、種譯文的意思基本相同?！坝邕\樞”李本譯為：Yangqi flows in the body just like a door-hinge rotating in the door-mortar，形象生動；倪本正話反說。譯為if one lives improperly, giving in to impulsive desires and emotions such as anger and irritability，即：如果生活沒有規(guī)律，如沖動、生氣、焦慮等，“沖動、生氣、焦慮”原文沒有對應(yīng)的信息，是Ni自己添加的內(nèi)容。另外，吳氏父子和威本的“氣”分別翻譯為“energy”和“ breath”，而其他倆人直接用漢語拼音翻譯為“qi”，我個人認(rèn)為后者翻譯更好一些，因為在漢語中意思很廣泛，前者那樣翻譯就局限了它的意思。 比較有意思的是Veith的翻譯：one should act as though one were moving around a pivot，將“欲如運樞”直譯，認(rèn)為可以理解為冬天人們應(yīng)當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎起居，就像人們抬著靈樞一樣要安靜肅穆，這種說法沒有依據(jù)，是她的推測。 小結(jié)：綜上所述，由于譯者的背景知識結(jié)構(gòu)的不同、雙語能力的差異、翻譯策略的不同，還有黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)本身運用了大量的修辭手法，這些因素都使其翻譯大