初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法1：句子成分

1、句子是什么：句子成份  一主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)(subject) 是一個(gè)句子的主題， 是句子所形容的主體。如，小李是老師。這句話說(shuō)的是小李，“小李”是主語(yǔ)。它的位置一般在一句之首。名詞性質(zhì)的詞語(yǔ)和詞組，數(shù)詞，副詞，句子都可以做主語(yǔ)。1名詞作主語(yǔ)。 如：a tree has fallen across the road. 2代詞用作主語(yǔ)。如：youre not far wrong. (你差不多對(duì)了)。 3數(shù)詞用作主語(yǔ)。如： four from seven leaves three. 7減4余4名詞化的形容詞用作主語(yǔ)。  old and young marched s

2、ide by side. 老少并肩而行。 5副詞用作主語(yǔ)。如：now is the time. 現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候了。 6名詞化的介詞作主語(yǔ)。如：the ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我們必須承受人生之沉浮。 7不定式用作主語(yǔ)。 如：to find your way can be a problem.你 it would be nice to see him again. 如能見(jiàn)到他，那將是一件愉快的事。 8 動(dòng)名詞用作主語(yǔ)。如：smoking is bad for you

3、. 吸煙對(duì)你有害。 9 名詞化的過(guò)去分詞用作主語(yǔ)。如： the deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。 10. 介詞短語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)。如： from yenan to nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 從延安到南泥灣要三個(gè)小時(shí)。 11.從句用作主語(yǔ)。如: whenever you are ready will be fine. 你無(wú)論什么時(shí)候準(zhǔn)備好都行。 12.句子用作主語(yǔ)。如：”how do you do ?” is a greeting.“你

4、好”是一句問(wèn)候語(yǔ)。 二謂語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)【或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(predicate verb)】由簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)（系動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）系動(dòng)詞（后跟表語(yǔ)）構(gòu)成，位置一般在主語(yǔ)之后。 1由簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。 (1). what happened? 發(fā)生了什么事？ (2). he worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。 2由動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的謂語(yǔ)。 (1). i am reading. 我在看書(shū)。  (2).i have finished my homework.我已經(jīng)做完了作業(yè)。&

5、#160;you can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。3、系+表：i am a student.我是一名學(xué)生。 三表語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)的功能是表述主語(yǔ)的特征、身份等，位于聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞之后，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。在系表結(jié)構(gòu)鐘，聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞只是形式上的謂語(yǔ)，真正起謂語(yǔ)作用的則是表語(yǔ)。聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞包括：be動(dòng)詞的各種形式 能做系動(dòng)詞的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞： 能做系動(dòng)詞的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞;變化，感官，似乎 come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表變化的動(dòng)詞) fell，sound

6、 ,smell , look , taste （感觀動(dòng)詞） seem, appear (似乎，好像) 例如： 1our dream has come true. 我的夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。（come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等） 2. he fell sick. 他病了。  keep fit.保重。  keep作為系動(dòng)詞還常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ， silent，clean，dry 3a thin person always seems to be taller than

7、he really is. 一個(gè)瘦個(gè)子似乎比他的實(shí)際高度要高些。 四賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)（object）在句中主要充當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者(動(dòng)詞作用的對(duì)象)，因此一般皆置于及物動(dòng)詞之后。如： our team beat all the others. 我們的球隊(duì)打敗了所有其他球隊(duì)。 可以用作賓語(yǔ)的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的分詞、從句等。 1do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯嗎？（名詞） 2they wont hurt us. 他們不會(huì)傷害我們。（代詞） 3if you a

8、dd 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。（數(shù)詞）。 4i shall do my possible. 我將盡力而為。（名詞化形容詞） 5he left there last week. 他上個(gè)星期離開(kāi)了那里。（副詞） 6does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要離開(kāi)家嗎？（不定式） 7he never did the unexpected(想不到的，意外的). 他從不做使人感到意外的事。（名詞化的分詞） 8do you understand what i mean? 你明白我

9、的意思嗎？（從句） 擴(kuò)展： 賓語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞需要兩個(gè)同等的賓語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)一般指動(dòng)作的承受者，間接賓語(yǔ)指動(dòng)作指向的人（多指人），具有這種雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞叫做與格動(dòng)詞(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，間接賓語(yǔ)一般須與直接賓語(yǔ)連用，通常放在直接賓語(yǔ)之前。如：i have fo

10、und him a place. 我給他找到了一個(gè)職位。 五補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）是一種補(bǔ)足主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的意義的句子成分。補(bǔ)足主語(yǔ)意義的句子成分叫做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（subject complement）,補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)意義的句子成分叫做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（object complement）. (1). 形容詞用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是常置于主語(yǔ)之前，后有逗號(hào)。 tired and sleepy, i went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。 有時(shí)可以置于主語(yǔ)之后，前后都有逗號(hào)，與非限定性定語(yǔ)相似。如： the man, cruel beyond b

11、elief, didnt listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地殘酷，不聽(tīng)取他們的懇求。 (2).可以用做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等 ，常見(jiàn)的詞語(yǔ)find/make/name/want/think等 +sb./sth.+賓補(bǔ)1.they named the child jimmy. 他們將孩子命名為吉米。（名詞用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)） 2.my mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. 我的母親面很嫩，你會(huì)以為她是我的姐

12、姐（名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)） 3.i found the book very interesting.我發(fā)現(xiàn)那本書(shū)很有趣。（形容詞短語(yǔ)用作賓補(bǔ)） 六定語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ)是用來(lái)說(shuō)明名詞、名詞性代詞的品質(zhì)與特征的詞或一組詞?？捎米鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)的有：形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句和句子等。 1形容詞用作定語(yǔ)是最常見(jiàn)的。 （1）. she is a natural musician. 她是一位天生的音樂(lè)家。 （2）. he must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。（后置

13、定語(yǔ)） 2. 名詞用作定語(yǔ)。如 （1）. a baby girl 女?huà)?#160;（2）. well water 井水 (3). sports car 雙座輕型汽車 3代詞作定語(yǔ)。 （1）. your hair needs cutting. 你該理發(fā)了。（物主代詞用作定語(yǔ)） （2）. everybodys business is nobodys business. 人人負(fù)責(zé)就是無(wú)人負(fù)責(zé)。 4數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ)   do it now, you may not get a second chance. 現(xiàn)

14、在就干吧，你可能再?zèng)]有機(jī)會(huì)了。 基數(shù)詞用作后置定語(yǔ)： page 24 room 201 the year 1949 4. 副詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、常后置，如： the room above 樓上的房間 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日 5不定式用作定語(yǔ) 。 （1）. thats the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。 6動(dòng)名詞用作定語(yǔ). sleeping pills 安眠藥  learning method 學(xué)習(xí)方法

15、0;7分詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ) a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a retired worker 一個(gè)退休工人 8介詞短語(yǔ)用作定語(yǔ)。 . this is a map of china. 這是一幅中國(guó)地圖。 9從句用作定語(yǔ)，即定語(yǔ)從句 the car thats parked outside is mine. 停在外面的車是我的。 your car, which i noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 我在外面看見(jiàn)你的汽車了，它給另一輛車撞了。 七同位語(yǔ) 

16、當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子成分可被用來(lái)說(shuō)明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，后者就叫做前者的同位語(yǔ)（appositive）.這兩個(gè)句子成分多由名詞（代詞）擔(dān)任，同位語(yǔ)通常皆放在其說(shuō)明的名詞（代詞）之后。 1名詞用作同位語(yǔ)。 （1）. we have two children, a boy and a girl.我們有兩個(gè)孩子，一男一女。 【two children=a boy and a girl.】（2）we, the chinese people, are determined to build china into a powerful and

17、prosperous country. 我們中國(guó)人民決心將中國(guó)建成一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的繁榮的國(guó)家。 【we=the chinese people】2代詞用作同位語(yǔ)。  they all wanted to see him. 他們都想見(jiàn)他。 3數(shù)詞用作同位語(yǔ)。 （1）。are you two ready?你們倆準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？ （2）。they two went, we three stayed behind.他們倆去了，我們?nèi)齻€(gè)留了下來(lái)。 4不定式與動(dòng)名詞用作同位語(yǔ)。 （1）。their latest proposal, to conce

18、ntrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.他們最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提議遭到了某些人的反對(duì)。 【提議=集中全力于初等教育】（2）。the first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個(gè)計(jì)劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。 5從句用同位語(yǔ)，即同位語(yǔ)從句 （1）。the news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不正確。 （2）。w

19、e are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可信賴的問(wèn)題。 八狀語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)（adverbial）是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。如： 1the girl is improving remarkably. 這個(gè)女孩大有進(jìn)步。 2可用作狀語(yǔ)的有副詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句等。 （1）。副詞最常用作狀語(yǔ)，位置比較靈活，可置句末、句首和句中。 he speaks the language

20、badly but read it well. 這種語(yǔ)言，他講得不好，但閱讀能力很強(qiáng)。 naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 當(dāng)我們期望旅館的旅客把房門(mén)鎖上。 3狀語(yǔ)按用途來(lái)分，可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等 （1）。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，多位于句末和句首，有時(shí)亦可置于句中 shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? (2).地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，多置于句末，有時(shí)也位于句首和句中。 

21、there are plenty of fish in the sea. （3）。原因狀語(yǔ)，包括表理由的狀語(yǔ)，多置于句末，有時(shí)亦可置于句首。 because he was ill ,tom lost his job. (4). 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，多由不定式、分詞和從句表示，常位于句末。 she woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. she spoke so softly that i couldnt hear what she said. (5). 目的狀語(yǔ)，多由不

22、定式、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句等表示，常位于句末，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)可以置于句首。 he ran for shelter(隱蔽處).他跑去避雨。 in order to get into a good school, i must study even harder. (6). 條件狀語(yǔ)。多由短語(yǔ)和從句表示，常置于句末和句首。 if he were to come, what should we say to him? (7). 讓步狀語(yǔ)，由短語(yǔ)和從句表示，常置于句末和句首。 he helped me although he didnt know me.&

23、#160;(8).程度狀語(yǔ)。常由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及從句等表示。 the lecture is very interesting. to what extent would you trust them? 你對(duì)他們信任程度如何？ （9）。伴隨狀語(yǔ)，常由短語(yǔ)和獨(dú)立主格等表示。對(duì)位于句末和句首。 he stood there ,pipe(煙斗) in mouth. 英語(yǔ)句子成分基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)及答案（一）(一). 指出下列句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞 the teacher with two of his students is walking into the clas

24、sroom. there is an old man coming here. the useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. to do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二). 選出句中謂語(yǔ)的中心詞 i don't like the picture on the wall.    a. don't     

25、0;        b. like                c. picture       d. wall the days get longer and longer when summer comes.    a. get    

26、;              b. longer            c. days   d. summer do you usually go to school by bus?    a. do         &

27、#160;      b. usually            c. go             d. bus there will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.    a. will be 

28、60;         b. meeting          c. the library      d. afternoon did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?    a. did        

29、;        b. twins           c. have        d. breakfast tom didn't do his homework yesterday.    a. tom        

30、     b. didn't            c. do         d. his homework what i want to tell you is this.    a. want         

31、60;  b. to tell             c. you          d. is we had better send for a doctor.    a. we             &

32、#160;b. had             c. send       d. doctorwhom did you give my book to?    a. give             b. did   &

33、#160;              c. whom        d. book(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ) my brother hasn't done his homework.a        b      c    

34、;       d people all over the world speak english.     a     b                c           

35、         d you must pay good attention to your pronunciation.a         b              c          d h

36、ow many new words did you learn last class?a       b   c    dthe old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.a                     

37、0;b         c        d（四）找出下列句中的表語(yǔ) the old man was feeling very tired.   a             b        c   

38、         d why is he worried about jim?a        b      c       d the leaves have turned yellow. a           b&

39、#160;       c       d soon they all became interested in the subject.a           b              c    

40、;          d she was the first to learn about it. a         b       c         d(五) 挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ) (6分，6分鐘) they use mr. mrs. with the family

41、 name.   a     b                                c        d what is your giv

42、en name?a    b           c      d on the third lap are class 1 and class 3. a     b  c              d i a

43、m afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.a       b       c                    d the man downstairs was trying to sleep. a &#

44、160;           b                  c        d(六) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) (6分，6分鐘) she likes the children to read newspapers and book

45、s in the reading-room.             a          b                        

46、0; c                                             d she found it difficult t

47、o do the work.a      b     c               dthey call me lily sometimes.  a    b   c       di saw mr. wang get on t

48、he bus.a  b          c               ddid you see li ming playing football on the playground just now?   a          

49、;       b                     c                     d(七) 挑出下列句中的狀

50、語(yǔ)（8分， 8分鐘） there was a big smile on her face.a      b          c             d every night he heard the noise upstairs.   a     &#

51、160;          b          c           d he began to learn english when he was eleven. a       b          c                   dwith the medicine box under her arm, miss li hurried off. &