畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-基于AT89C51單片機(jī)的電容式液位檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)

1、.基于AT89C51單片機(jī)的電容式液位檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)一、概述隨著微電子工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，單片機(jī)控制的智能型控制器廣泛應(yīng)用于電子產(chǎn)品中，為了對(duì)單片機(jī)控制的智能型控制器有較深的了解。經(jīng)過綜合分析選擇了由單片機(jī)控制的智能型液位控制器作為研究項(xiàng)目，通過訓(xùn)練充分激發(fā)自己分析問題、解決問題和綜合應(yīng)用所學(xué)知識(shí)的潛能。另外，液位控制在高層小區(qū)水塔水位控制，污水處理設(shè)備和有毒，腐蝕性液體液位控制中也被廣泛應(yīng)用。通過對(duì)模型的設(shè)計(jì)可很好的延伸到具體應(yīng)用案例中。本設(shè)計(jì)基于AT89C51單片機(jī)，包括測(cè)量電路部分、AD轉(zhuǎn)換部分、鍵盤輸入控制部分、液位實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)顯輸出部分以及液位控制部分，還可在此基礎(chǔ)上添加報(bào)警器。二、系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方

2、案的確定2.1 功能需求分析（1）要求能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)較高精度的測(cè)量。（2）以單片機(jī)AT89C51為基礎(chǔ)，設(shè)計(jì)外圍電路。（3）電路設(shè)計(jì)，包括AD轉(zhuǎn)換模塊、數(shù)顯模塊、鍵盤輸入模塊 、報(bào)警模塊、控制模塊。（4）對(duì)測(cè)量電路的各種精度指標(biāo)進(jìn)行測(cè)試（非線性誤差、重復(fù)性、滯后、靈敏度、抗側(cè)向能力大小、溫變對(duì)靈敏度的影響等指標(biāo)）。2.2 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇對(duì)于液位進(jìn)行控制的方式有很多，而應(yīng)用較多的主要有2種，一種是簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)械式控制裝置控制，一種是復(fù)雜的控制器控制方式。 復(fù)雜控制器控制方式，這種控制方式是通過安裝在水泵出口管道上的壓力傳感器，把出口壓力變成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工業(yè)電信號(hào)的模擬信號(hào)，經(jīng)過前置放大、多路切換、AD變換成數(shù)

3、字信號(hào)傳送到單片機(jī)，經(jīng)單片機(jī)運(yùn)算和給定參量的比較，進(jìn)行PID運(yùn)算，得出調(diào)節(jié)參量；經(jīng)由DA變換給調(diào)壓變頻調(diào)速裝置輸入給定端，控制其輸出電壓變化，來調(diào)節(jié)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速，以達(dá)到控制水箱液位的目的。針對(duì)上述2種控制方式，以及設(shè)計(jì)需達(dá)到的性能要求，這里選擇第二種控制方式，同時(shí)考慮到成本需要把PID控制去掉。最終形成的方案是，利用單片機(jī)為控制核心，設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)對(duì)低溫儲(chǔ)罐液位進(jìn)行監(jiān)控的系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)監(jiān)控對(duì)象的特征，要求實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)低溫儲(chǔ)罐的液位高度，并與開始預(yù)設(shè)定值做比較，由單片機(jī)控制固態(tài)繼電器的開斷進(jìn)行液位的調(diào)整，最終達(dá)到液位的預(yù)設(shè)定值。檢測(cè)值若高于上限設(shè)定值時(shí)，要求報(bào)警，斷開繼電器，控制水泵停止上水；檢測(cè)值若低于下限設(shè)定

4、值，要求報(bào)警，開啟繼電器，控制水泵開始上水?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)時(shí)顯示測(cè)量值，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)水箱液位的監(jiān)控。原理流程圖如下（圖2.2）：圖2.2 液位測(cè)量原理流程圖三、部分電路的設(shè)計(jì)3.1傳感器的組成圖3.1 為傳感器部分的結(jié)構(gòu)原理圖。它主要是由細(xì)長(zhǎng)的不銹鋼管(半徑為R1 ) 、同軸絕緣導(dǎo)線(半徑為R0 ) 以及其被測(cè)液體共同構(gòu)成的金屬圓柱形電容器構(gòu)成。該傳感器主要利用其兩電極的覆蓋面積隨被測(cè)液體液位的變化而變化, 從而引起對(duì)應(yīng)電容量變化的關(guān)系進(jìn)行液位測(cè)量。圖3.1傳感器原理圖3.2 單片機(jī)電路設(shè)計(jì)3.2.1 AT89C51功能及引腳分布本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)基于AT89C51單片機(jī)， AT89C51是一種帶4K字節(jié)閃爍

5、可編程可擦除只讀存儲(chǔ)器的低電壓，高性能CMOS8位微處理器，俗稱單片機(jī)。AT89C2051是一種帶2K字節(jié)閃爍可編程可擦除只讀存儲(chǔ)器的單片機(jī)。單片機(jī)的可擦除只讀存儲(chǔ)器可以反復(fù)擦除100次。該器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存儲(chǔ)器制造技術(shù)制造，與工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的MCS-51指令集和輸出管腳相兼容。由于將多功能8位CPU和閃爍存儲(chǔ)器組合在單個(gè)芯片中，ATMEL的AT89C51是一種高效微控制器。AT89C單片機(jī)為很多嵌入式控制系統(tǒng)提供了一種靈活性高且價(jià)廉的方案。引腳分布如下圖3.2.1所示：圖3.2.1 AT89C51及引腳分布VCC：供電電壓。GND：接地。P0口：P0口為一個(gè)8位漏級(jí)開路雙向I/O口，

6、每腳可吸收8TTL門電流。當(dāng)P1口的管腳第一次寫1時(shí)，被定義為高阻輸入。P0能夠用于外部程序數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器，它可以被定義為數(shù)據(jù)/地址的第八位。在FIASH編程時(shí)，P0 口作為原碼輸入口，當(dāng)FIASH進(jìn)行校驗(yàn)時(shí)，P0輸出原碼，此時(shí)P0外部必須被拉高。P1口：P1口是一個(gè)內(nèi)部提供上拉電阻的8位雙向I/O口，P1口緩沖器能接收輸出4TTL門電流。P1口管腳寫入1后，被內(nèi)部上拉為高，可用作輸入，P1口被外部下拉為低電平時(shí)，將輸出電流，這是由于內(nèi)部上拉的緣故。在FLASH編程和校驗(yàn)時(shí)，P1口作為第八位地址接收。P2口：P2口為一個(gè)內(nèi)部上拉電阻的8位雙向I/O口，P2口緩沖器可接收，輸出4個(gè)TTL門電流，當(dāng)P

7、2口被寫“1”時(shí)，其管腳被內(nèi)部上拉電阻拉高，且作為輸入。并因此作為輸入時(shí)，P2口的管腳被外部拉低，將輸出電流。這是由于內(nèi)部上拉的緣故。P2口當(dāng)用于外部程序存儲(chǔ)器或16位地址外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器進(jìn)行存取時(shí)，P2口輸出地址的高八位。在給出地址“1”時(shí)，它利用內(nèi)部上拉優(yōu)勢(shì)，當(dāng)對(duì)外部八位地址數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器進(jìn)行讀寫時(shí)，P2口輸出其特殊功能寄存器的內(nèi)容。P2口在FLASH編程和校驗(yàn)時(shí)接收高八位地址信號(hào)和控制信號(hào)。P3口：P3口管腳是8個(gè)帶內(nèi)部上拉電阻的雙向I/O口，可接收輸出4個(gè)TTL門電流。當(dāng)P3口寫入“1”后，它們被內(nèi)部上拉為高電平，并用作輸入。作為輸入，由于外部下拉為低電平，P3口將輸出電流（ILL）這是由于

8、上拉的緣故。P3口也可作為AT89C51的一些特殊功能口，如下表所示：管腳 備選功能P3.0 RXD（串行輸入口）P3.1 TXD（串行輸出口）P3.2 /INT0（外部中斷0）P3.3 /INT1（外部中斷1）P3.4 T0（記時(shí)器0外部輸入）P3.5 T1（記時(shí)器1外部輸入）P3.6 /WR（外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器寫選通）P3.7 /RD（外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器讀選通）P3口同時(shí)為閃爍編程和編程校驗(yàn)接收一些控制信號(hào)。RST：復(fù)位輸入。當(dāng)振蕩器復(fù)位器件時(shí)，要保持RST腳兩個(gè)機(jī)器周期的高電平時(shí)間。ALE/PROG：當(dāng)訪問外部存儲(chǔ)器時(shí)，地址鎖存允許的輸出電平用于鎖存地址的地位字節(jié)。在FLASH編程期間，此引腳用

9、于輸入編程脈沖。在平時(shí)，ALE端以不變的頻率周期輸出正脈沖信號(hào)，此頻率為振蕩器頻率的1/6。因此它可用作對(duì)外部輸出的脈沖或用于定時(shí)目的。然而要注意的是：每當(dāng)用作外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器時(shí)，將跳過一個(gè)ALE脈沖。如想禁止ALE的輸出可在SFR8EH地址上置0。此時(shí)， ALE只有在執(zhí)行MOVX，MOVC指令是ALE才起作用。另外，該引腳被略微拉高。如果微處理器在外部執(zhí)行狀態(tài)ALE禁止，置位無效。/PSEN：外部程序存儲(chǔ)器的選通信號(hào)。在由外部程序存儲(chǔ)器取指期間，每個(gè)機(jī)器周期兩次/PSEN有效。但在訪問外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器時(shí)，這兩次有效的/PSEN信號(hào)將不出現(xiàn)。/EA/VPP：當(dāng)/EA保持低電平時(shí)，則在此期間外部程序

10、存儲(chǔ)器（0000H-FFFFH），不管是否有內(nèi)部程序存儲(chǔ)器。注意加密方式1時(shí)，/EA將內(nèi)部鎖定為RESET；當(dāng)/EA端保持高電平時(shí)，此間內(nèi)部程序存儲(chǔ)器。在FLASH編程期間，此引腳也用于施加12V編程電源（VPP）。XTAL1：反向振蕩放大器的輸入及內(nèi)部時(shí)鐘工作電路的輸入。XTAL2：來自反向振蕩器的輸出。3.2.2 振蕩方式的選擇 本次設(shè)計(jì)用到的是內(nèi)部振蕩方式，這種方式下在X1和X2兩端跨接石英晶體及兩個(gè)電容，如下圖所示，這樣就和內(nèi)部的反響放大器構(gòu)成穩(wěn)定的自己振蕩器。電容C1和C2通常取30pF，可穩(wěn)定頻率并對(duì)正當(dāng)頻率有微調(diào)作用。接線圖如下：圖3.2.2 內(nèi)部振蕩方式3.2.3 復(fù)位電路的設(shè)

11、計(jì)復(fù)位電路的基本功能是：系統(tǒng)上電時(shí)提供復(fù)位信號(hào)，直至系統(tǒng)電源穩(wěn)定后，撤銷復(fù)位信號(hào)。為可靠起見，電源穩(wěn)定后還要經(jīng)一定的延時(shí)才撤銷復(fù)位信號(hào)，以防電源開關(guān)或電源插頭分-合過程中引起的抖動(dòng)而影響復(fù)位。圖1所示的RC復(fù)位電路可以實(shí)現(xiàn)上述基本功能，圖3為其輸入-輸出特性。但解決不了電源毛刺（A點(diǎn)）和電源緩慢下降（電池電壓不足）等問題 而且調(diào)整 RC常數(shù)改變延時(shí)會(huì)令驅(qū)動(dòng)能力變差。左邊的電路為高電平復(fù)位有效右邊為低電平Sm為手動(dòng)復(fù)位開關(guān) Ch可避免高頻諧波對(duì)電路的干擾。電路圖如下：圖3.2.3 復(fù)位電路3.3 AD轉(zhuǎn)換電路的設(shè)計(jì) 本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)使用AD轉(zhuǎn)換器件是ADC0809，ADC0809是8路模擬信號(hào)的分時(shí)

12、采集，片內(nèi)有8路模擬選通開關(guān)，以及相應(yīng)的通道抵制鎖存用譯碼電路，其轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間為100s左右，ADC0809芯片為28引腳為雙列直插式封裝，其引腳分布圖如下：圖3.3 AD0809引腳圖3.3.1 ADC0809主要信號(hào)引腳的功能IN7IN0模擬量輸入通道ALE地址鎖存允許信號(hào)。對(duì)應(yīng)ALE上跳沿，A、B、C地址狀態(tài)送入地址鎖存器中。START轉(zhuǎn)換啟動(dòng)信號(hào)。START上升沿時(shí)，復(fù)位ADC0809；START下降沿時(shí)啟動(dòng)芯片，開始進(jìn)行A/D轉(zhuǎn)換；在A/D轉(zhuǎn)換期間，START應(yīng)保持 低電平。本信號(hào)有時(shí)簡(jiǎn)寫為ST.A、B、C地址線。 通道端口選擇線，A為低地址，C為高地址，引腳圖中為ADDA，ADDB和A

13、DDC。其地址狀態(tài)與通道對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系見表9-1。CLK時(shí)鐘信號(hào)。ADC0809的內(nèi)部沒有時(shí)鐘電路，所需時(shí)鐘信號(hào)由外界提供，因此有時(shí)鐘信號(hào)引腳。通常使用頻率為500KHz的時(shí)鐘信號(hào)EOC轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)束信號(hào)。EOC=0,正在進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換；EOC=1,轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)束。使用中該狀態(tài)信號(hào)即可作為查詢的狀態(tài)標(biāo)志，又可作為中斷請(qǐng)求信號(hào)使用。D7D0數(shù)據(jù)輸出線。為三態(tài)緩沖輸出形式，可以和單片機(jī)的數(shù)據(jù)線直接相連。D0為最低位，D7為最高OE輸出允許信號(hào)。用于控制三態(tài)輸出鎖存器向單片機(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)換得到的數(shù)據(jù)。OE=0，輸出數(shù)據(jù)線呈高阻；OE=1，輸出轉(zhuǎn)換得到的數(shù)據(jù)。Vcc +5V電源。Vref參考電源參考電壓用來與輸入的模擬信號(hào)進(jìn)行比較

14、，作為逐次逼近的基準(zhǔn)。其典型值為+5V(Vref(+)=+5V, Vref(-)=-5V).3.3.2 ADC0809與AT851單片機(jī)的連接電路連接主要涉及兩個(gè)問題。一是8路模擬信號(hào)通道的選擇，二是A/D轉(zhuǎn)換完成后轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)據(jù)的傳送。ADC0809與AT89C51單片機(jī)的連接圖如下：圖 ADC0809與AT89C51單片機(jī)的接線圖如圖所示模擬通道選擇信號(hào)A、B、C分別接最低三位地址A0、A1、A2即（P0.0、P0.1、P0.2），而地址鎖存允許信號(hào)ALE由P2.0控制，則8路模擬通道的地址為0FEF8H0FEFFH.此外，通道地址選擇以WR作寫選通信號(hào)，這一部分電路

15、連接如圖所示。圖 模擬通道選擇信號(hào)接線圖從圖中可以看到，把ALE信號(hào)與START信號(hào)接在一起了，這樣連接使得在信號(hào)的前沿寫入（鎖存）通道地址，緊接著在其后沿就啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換。啟動(dòng)A/D轉(zhuǎn)換只需要一條MOVX指令。在此之前，要將P2.0清零并將最低三位與所選擇的通道好像對(duì)應(yīng)的口地址送入數(shù)據(jù)指針DPTR中。例如要選擇IN0通道時(shí)，可采用如下兩條指令，即可啟動(dòng)A/D轉(zhuǎn)換： MOV DPTR , #FE00H ；送入0809的口地址 MOVX DPTR , A ；啟動(dòng)A/D轉(zhuǎn)換（IN0）注意：此處的A與A/D轉(zhuǎn)換無關(guān)，可為任意值。3.3.3 轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)據(jù)的傳送A/D轉(zhuǎn)換后得到的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)及時(shí)傳送給單片

16、機(jī)進(jìn)行處理。數(shù)據(jù)傳送的關(guān)鍵問題是如何確認(rèn)A/D轉(zhuǎn)換的完成，因?yàn)橹挥写_認(rèn)完成后，才能進(jìn)行傳送。為此可采用下述三種方式。1）定時(shí)傳送方式對(duì)于一種A/D轉(zhuǎn)換其來說，轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間作為一項(xiàng)技術(shù)指標(biāo)是已知的和固定的。例如ADC0809轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)間為128s，相當(dāng)于6MHz的MCS-51單片機(jī)共64個(gè)機(jī)器周期?？蓳?jù)此設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)延時(shí)子程序，A/D轉(zhuǎn)換啟動(dòng)后即調(diào)用此子程序，延遲時(shí)間一到，轉(zhuǎn)換肯定已經(jīng)完成了，接著就可進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳送。2）查詢方式A/D轉(zhuǎn)換芯片由表明轉(zhuǎn)換完成的狀態(tài)信號(hào)，例如ADC0809的EOC端。因此可以用查詢方式，測(cè)試EOC的狀態(tài)，即可卻只轉(zhuǎn)換是否完成，并接著進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳送。3）中斷方式把表明轉(zhuǎn)換完成的狀態(tài)信

17、號(hào)（EOC）作為中斷請(qǐng)求信號(hào)，以中斷方式進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳送。不管使用上述那種方式，只要一旦確定轉(zhuǎn)換完成，即可通過指令進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳送。首先送出口地址并以信號(hào)有效時(shí)，OE信號(hào)即有效，把轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)據(jù)送上數(shù)據(jù)總線，供單片機(jī)接受。不管使用上述那種方式，只要一旦確認(rèn)轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)束，便可通過指令進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳送。所用的指令為MOVX 讀指令，仍以圖9-17所示為例，則有 MOV DPTR , #FE00H MOVX A , DPTR該指令在送出有效口地址的同時(shí)，發(fā)出有效信號(hào)，使0809的輸出允許信號(hào)OE有效，從而打開三態(tài)門輸出，是轉(zhuǎn)換后的數(shù)據(jù)通過數(shù)據(jù)總線送入A累加器中。這里需要說明的示，ADC0809的三個(gè)地址端A、B、C即可如

18、前所述與地址線相連，也可與數(shù)據(jù)線相連，例如與D0D2相連。這是啟動(dòng)A/D轉(zhuǎn)換的指令與上述類似，只不過A的內(nèi)容不能為任意數(shù)，而必須和所選輸入通道號(hào)IN0IN7相一致。例如當(dāng)A、B、C分別與D0、D1、D2相連時(shí)，啟動(dòng)IN7的A/D轉(zhuǎn)換指令如下：MOV DPTR， #FE00H ；送入0809的口地址MOV A ，#07H ；D2D1D0=111選擇IN7通道MOVX DPTR， A ；啟動(dòng)A/D轉(zhuǎn)換3.4 鍵盤輸入電路的設(shè)計(jì)3.4.1 按鍵去抖通常的按鍵所用開關(guān)為機(jī)械彈性開關(guān),當(dāng)機(jī)械觸點(diǎn)斷開、閉合時(shí),電壓信號(hào)小型如下圖。由于機(jī)械觸點(diǎn)的彈性作用,一個(gè)按鍵開關(guān)在閉合時(shí)不會(huì)馬上穩(wěn)定地接通,在斷開時(shí)也不

19、會(huì)一下子斷開。因而在閉合及斷開的瞬間均伴隨有一連串的抖動(dòng),如下圖。抖動(dòng)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短由按鍵的機(jī)械特性決定,一般為5ms10ms。按鍵穩(wěn)定閉合時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短則是由操作人員的按鍵動(dòng)作決定的,一般為零點(diǎn)幾秒至數(shù)秒。鍵抖動(dòng)會(huì)引起一次按鍵被誤讀多次。為確保CPU對(duì)鍵的一次閉合僅作一次處理,必須去除鍵抖動(dòng)。在鍵閉合穩(wěn)定時(shí)讀取鍵的狀態(tài),并且必須判別到鍵釋放穩(wěn)定后再作處理。按鍵的抖動(dòng),可用硬件或軟件兩種方法。（1）硬件消抖：在鍵數(shù)較少時(shí)可用硬件方法消除鍵抖動(dòng)。下圖所示的RS觸發(fā)器為常用的硬件去抖。圖3.3.1 RS觸發(fā)器硬件消抖圖中兩個(gè)“與非”門構(gòu)成一個(gè)RS觸發(fā)器。當(dāng)按鍵未按下時(shí),輸出為1;當(dāng)鍵按下時(shí),輸出為0。此時(shí)

20、即使用按鍵的機(jī)械性能,使按鍵因彈性抖動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生瞬時(shí)斷開（抖動(dòng)跳開B）,中要按鍵不返回原始狀態(tài)A,雙穩(wěn)態(tài)電路的狀態(tài)不改變,輸出保持為0,不會(huì)產(chǎn)生抖動(dòng)的波形。也就是說,即使B點(diǎn)的電壓波形是抖動(dòng)的,但經(jīng)雙穩(wěn)態(tài)電路之后,其輸出為正規(guī)的矩形波。這一點(diǎn)通過分析RS觸發(fā)器的工作過程很容易得到驗(yàn)證。（2）軟件消抖：如果按鍵較多,常用軟件方法去抖,即檢測(cè)出鍵閉合后執(zhí)行一個(gè)延時(shí)程序,產(chǎn)生5ms10ms的延時(shí),讓前沿抖動(dòng)消失后再一次檢測(cè)鍵的狀態(tài),如果仍保持閉合狀態(tài)電平,則確認(rèn)為真正有鍵按下。當(dāng)檢測(cè)到按鍵釋放后,也要給5ms10ms的延時(shí),待后沿抖動(dòng)消失后才能轉(zhuǎn)入該鍵的處理程序。3.4.2 鍵盤掃描方法掃描查詢法，是一

21、種最常用的按鍵識(shí)別方法，如下圖所3.4示鍵盤，介紹過程如下。（1）判斷鍵盤中有無鍵按下 將全部行線Y0-Y3置低電平，然后檢測(cè)列線的狀態(tài)。只要有一列的電平為低，則表示鍵盤中有鍵被按下，而且閉合的鍵位于低電平線與4根行線相交叉的4個(gè)按鍵之中。若所有列線均為高電平，則鍵盤中無鍵按下。 （2）判斷閉合鍵所在的位置 在確認(rèn)有鍵按下后，即可進(jìn)入確定具體閉合鍵的過程。其方法是：依次將行線置為低電平，即在置某根行線為低電平時(shí)，其它線為高電平。在確定某根行線位置為低電平后，再逐行檢測(cè)各列線的電平狀態(tài)。若某列為低，則該列線與置為低電平的行線交叉處的按鍵就是閉合的按鍵。 圖3.4 4×4鍵盤掃描法接口電

22、路3.5 數(shù)顯輸出電路的設(shè)計(jì)下圖為并行輸入硬件譯碼靜態(tài)顯示電路，采用鎖存器MC14495將P1口低4位輸出地BCD碼譯成七段字形段碼，利用P1口高4位作為各鎖存譯碼器的鎖存信號(hào)。CPU把送顯數(shù)據(jù)寫到鎖存器后，對(duì)應(yīng)的各位LED即可穩(wěn)定顯示。圖3.5 硬件譯碼并行輸入靜態(tài)顯示電路3.6報(bào)警及控制電路的設(shè)計(jì)四、軟件設(shè)計(jì)部分4.1 原理圖的繪制根據(jù)需求制作了MC14495原件，改造了AT89C51原件，原件圖如下：圖4.1.1 AT89C51圖4.1.2 ADC08094.2 流程圖的設(shè)計(jì)g an employment tribunal claiEmployment tribunals sort ou

23、t disagreements between employers and employees.You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if:· you don't agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you· your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.For more informa

24、tion about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal.You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven't appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarde

25、d to you as a result of your failure to appeal.Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually ac

26、cept i.If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed under Further help.Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.Most

27、 people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed under Further help.If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may

28、ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as a damages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can't charge you more than 35% of your compensation  if you win the case.If you are thinking about signing

29、 up for  a damages-based agreement, you should make sure you're clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau.  To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click on&

30、#160;nearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see Employment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebration

31、s and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Ue

32、fa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said th

33、ey were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appear

34、ance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel someth

35、ing, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲。或許是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個(gè)不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過去，對(duì)自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏?？傆X得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么，或者寫點(diǎn)什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺到有些事情，非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes a

36、re necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isn't rea

37、lly grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think don't want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat pro

38、fusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can't remember his appearance.童年時(shí)，覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn)，會(huì)越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無；初中時(shí)，以為要有一場(chǎng)暗戀才意味著真正的成長(zhǎng)，但三年過去后，自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時(shí)候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長(zhǎng)了，好像并沒有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個(gè)句點(diǎn)，但畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來再次站

39、在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場(chǎng)，看著他投過籃球的球框時(shí)，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來，這個(gè)世界上，對(duì)某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的，除了非做不可的堅(jiān)決，還有，時(shí)間。A person's time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing c

40、ould shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm inje

41、ction, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個(gè)人的時(shí)候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒有什么可以撼動(dòng)自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分，有很多錯(cuò)過，好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑，或者說，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thoug

42、ht of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that haven't start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因

43、子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場(chǎng)還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計(jì)劃那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humi

44、dity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The supersonic des