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1、unit four psychology in our daily life第一部分準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)(preparation)|、 熱身訓(xùn)練 (warmup exercises)1開啟話題when you go to. .you'd like.; sometimes; in such cases; open uppractice when you go to the doctor, you w like to come away with a prescription. sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all

2、 will be well. in such cases the doctor may prescribe a placebo. the study of the placebo opens up new knowledge about the way the human body can heal itself.2舉例說明,援引數(shù)據(jù),研究an example is.-; as a resultpractice an example of the doctor role in making the placebo work can be seen in this study asa resul

3、t. 70 percent of the people in the first group got much better.3表達(dá)不同觀點(diǎn),觀點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)折but not so do not work also yetpractice but it is not yet known just how the placebo works to heal the body other people say this is not so. placebos do not always work. a placebo can also have bad effects. and yet. the use o

4、f placebo has been well known for hundreds of years in other countries.匸.百寶箱 miscellanies你知道這些小知識(shí)么? test yourself小知識(shí)1什么是安慰劑?安慰劑是指用生物學(xué)上的本屬中性的物質(zhì)做成使受試者或病人相信其中含有某種藥物的藥丸 或制劑,比如,用沒有藥物活性的物質(zhì)淀粉等制成與真實(shí)藥物一樣的劑型作為安慰劑。安慰劑 (placebo) 一詞源于拉丁文,有“我將安慰”之意。小知識(shí)2什么是安慰劑效應(yīng)(placebo effect) ?一九五五年美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)henry k. beecher聘士正式將安慰劑

5、效應(yīng)一詞納入醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)。所謂安 慰劑效應(yīng),是指在治療屮向病人提供安慰劑、由治療的期望而造成的癥狀減輕或病情的好轉(zhuǎn)。許 多研究表明:至少有1/3以上的人對(duì)安慰劑有反應(yīng),出現(xiàn)了臨床癥狀的好轉(zhuǎn);如果再結(jié)合言語、宣傳和其他途徑,安慰劑的效果還要更顯著,這正應(yīng)了中國(guó)一句俗語:“信則靈二其實(shí),不但是 安慰劑,所有真實(shí)的藥物也都具有不同程度的“安慰劑效應(yīng)安慰劑效應(yīng)屬于暗示效應(yīng)。雖然安慰劑的心理作用得到了某些生理機(jī)制的證實(shí),但安慰劑卻 不是萬靈丹,除了可能加強(qiáng)身體的自愈功能外,安慰劑的治標(biāo)效果多于治本。醫(yī)生可以善用安慰 劑效應(yīng)(甚至受病人信賴的醫(yī)生,本身就是極為有效的安慰劑),加強(qiáng)病人的自愈能力,但也必須 清楚

6、其局限,以免引發(fā)病人過多不實(shí)之希望,到頭來蒙受更大的失望。小知識(shí)3什么是自愈功能?人體擁有自愈的功能。生物體除了能自行修補(bǔ)受損的部位外,還具有由免疫系統(tǒng)所引發(fā)的抵 抗力,因此導(dǎo)致多數(shù)疾病的發(fā)病過程受到了限制,甚至于無藥而愈。第二部另* 閱讀活'動(dòng)(reading-centered activities )課內(nèi)閱讀精講(in-class reading)| 一、課文尋換|本文是一篇有關(guān)安慰劑及安慰劑效應(yīng)的科普文章。作者從病人看病后都希望醫(yī)生開藥這樣一個(gè)司空見慣的事實(shí)入手,引出了安慰劑及安慰劑效 應(yīng)的概念。在文章的主體部分簡(jiǎn)述了安慰劑效應(yīng)研究以及對(duì)安慰劑應(yīng)用的不同態(tài)度,提出了 “人 體內(nèi)有

7、醫(yī)生”,即人體有自愈功能的觀點(diǎn)。用實(shí)例說明安慰劑對(duì)治療某些病癥和延緩衰老確有功 效,同時(shí)指出深受病人信賴的醫(yī)生,其本身就是極為有效的安慰劑。結(jié)論是安慰劑效應(yīng)表明人的 精神力量是無比強(qiáng)大的,人體內(nèi)有醫(yī)生。1)羅馬尼亞概況二、文化背最矢口識(shí)簡(jiǎn)介|國(guó)名:羅馬尼亞(romania)獨(dú)立日:5月9日(1 8 7 7 ) 國(guó)慶日:1 2月1日(19 18) 建軍節(jié):1 0月2 5日國(guó)旗:呈長(zhǎng)方形,由三個(gè)平行相等的國(guó)歌:三色旗征豐富的自然資源,紅色象征人民的勇敢和犧牲精神。豎長(zhǎng)方形組成,從左至右依次為藍(lán)、黃、紅三色。藍(lán)色彖征藍(lán)天,黃色彖 國(guó)徽:為盾徽。整個(gè)國(guó)徽?qǐng)D案是主權(quán)獨(dú)立、統(tǒng)一、不可分割的羅馬尼亞民族國(guó)家

8、的象征。國(guó)花:玫瑰花 國(guó)石:琥珀地理:面積為2 3.7 5萬平方公里。位于東南歐巴爾干半島東北部。海岸線長(zhǎng)2 4 5公里。全國(guó) 最高峰為摩爾達(dá)維亞努峰(海拔2 5 4 3米)。主要河流多瑙河(流經(jīng)境內(nèi)1 0 7 5公里)。 人口: 1 9 9 9年為2 2 4 5. 5萬。官方語言為羅馬尼亞語(通用語言),主要宗教是羅馬尼亞 東正教。首都:布加勒斯特(bucharest)®簡(jiǎn)史:19 18年羅馬尼亞成為統(tǒng)一的民族國(guó)家。1 9 4 7年1 2月3 0日宣告成立羅馬尼亞人 民共和國(guó)。1 9 6 5年通過新憲法,改國(guó)名為羅馬尼亞社會(huì)主義共和國(guó)。1989年12月22 日,齊奧塞斯庫(kù)政權(quán)被推翻

9、,救國(guó)陣線委員會(huì)接管了國(guó)家一切權(quán)力,2 8日改國(guó)名為羅馬尼亞。 實(shí)行多黨制。19 9 1年1 1月2 1日批準(zhǔn)的憲法規(guī)定,羅馬尼亞是一個(gè)主權(quán)、獨(dú)立、統(tǒng)一和不 可分割的民族國(guó)家,政體為共和制。議會(huì)是國(guó)家最高權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)和唯一的立法機(jī)構(gòu)。2)心理學(xué)簡(jiǎn)介心理學(xué)是研究人和動(dòng)物心理活動(dòng)和行為表現(xiàn)的一門科學(xué)。心理學(xué)一詞來源于希臘文,意思是 關(guān)于靈魂的科學(xué)。心理過程和人格都是心理學(xué)研究的重要對(duì)象。心理學(xué)還研究人的個(gè)體的和社會(huì)的、正常的和 異常的行為表現(xiàn)。心理學(xué)是人類為了認(rèn)識(shí)自己而研究自己的一門基礎(chǔ)科學(xué),兼有自然科學(xué)和社會(huì)科 學(xué)兩種屬性?,F(xiàn)代心理學(xué)是在1879年建立的。心理學(xué)問題概略地分為以下幾個(gè)層次:生理心理

10、學(xué)、認(rèn)知心理學(xué)、發(fā)展心理學(xué)、社會(huì)心理學(xué)、理論心理學(xué)。心理學(xué)的發(fā)展已經(jīng)有一百多年的歷史,它不僅是一門理論性強(qiáng)的基礎(chǔ)科學(xué),而且已經(jīng)發(fā)展成 為一門應(yīng)用范圍廣泛的應(yīng)用科學(xué)。它與許多實(shí)踐部門有著廣泛的橫向聯(lián)系,并且廣泛地為社會(huì)實(shí) 踐服務(wù)。3)醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)是心理學(xué)在應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域屮所形成的一門分支學(xué)科。是關(guān)于疾病和健康的心理學(xué)研究, 主要探討心理因素在維護(hù)健康和致病方面的作用,并研究在醫(yī)療小醫(yī)護(hù)人員與病人的行為特點(diǎn)。 醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)還研究精神藥物的作用,探討心理治療的方法。冃的是調(diào)動(dòng)病人的心理因素,使其盡 快恢復(fù)健康。;章結(jié)構(gòu)分析其實(shí),疾病的治療一直是一件牽涉到多方面,綜合性較強(qiáng)的復(fù)雜事情。在傳統(tǒng)的醫(yī)藥手術(shù)

11、等因 素之外,我們還可以有效地應(yīng)用非傳統(tǒng)手段來幫助病人恢復(fù)。其中一個(gè)最典型地例子就是安慰劑地 使用。本文深入探討了這一有趣地現(xiàn)象,也有助于我們進(jìn)一步認(rèn)知我們自身的特點(diǎn)。there are five parts in this passage:part 1 (par.lpar.2) introduction: the term placebo is introduced一-when it is prescribed and what it is. part 2 (par.3par.7) the study of the placebopart 3 (par.8一par.9) different

12、cases in which a placebo may work: the placebo has been found to work with seasickness, coughs, colds, and pain after an operation.part 4 (parjopanll) two opposite attitudes towards the use of a placebo: some doctors think that if the placebo can have bad effects it should never be used. other count

13、ries are known to have been using placebos for hundreds of yearspart 5 (parj2) conclusion: it is suggested that the human mind is stronger than we think it is.四、課文內(nèi)容分析is there a doctor in the body?人體內(nèi)有醫(yī)生嗎?panl when you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription. it makes you feel be

14、tter to know you will get some medicine. but the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. in such cases the doctor may prescribe a placebo無論中外,醫(yī)生們都有一個(gè)禁忌,那就是不 要給自己家人看病。他們的醫(yī)術(shù)因?yàn)橛辛擞H 情的牽絆而不再靈驗(yàn)。人的心理因素在很多 事情上往往起了意想不到的作用;醫(yī)生

15、看病 時(shí)也會(huì)巧妙地用到它,而又不能告訴病人實(shí) 情,于是就有了不是藥而有療效的安慰劑。par<2 a placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or an empty capsule. even though they have no medicine in them, these things seem to make people well. the patient thinks it is medicine and begins to get better. how does this happen?安慰劑不含有任何有效的藥物成分,卻會(huì)起 到

16、治療作用,是不是因?yàn)樗鼈冋娴暮苌衿?呢?par3 the study of the placebo opens up new knowledge about the way the human body can heal itself. it is as if there was a doctor in each of us. the “doctor*' will heal the body for us if we let it.人們由此得到的啟發(fā)是:是否在人體有白愈 功能呢?或者我們就形彖地稱這種天賦的自 我本能為一位“體內(nèi)醫(yī)生”好了。par>4 but it is not

17、yet known just how the placebo works to heal the body. some people say it works because the human mind fools itself. these people say that if the mind is fooled into thinking it got medicine, then it will act as if it did4, and the body will feel better.但是,安慰劑到底如何產(chǎn)生作用?對(duì)于這一 點(diǎn),人們還有分歧。有些人認(rèn)為這是一種自 我欺騙,自欺

18、欺人,一相情愿的情緒,因而 疾病可以得到“治療”。par>5 other people say this is not so. they say that the placebo makes the wish to get better become reality. the placebo will not work if the patient knows it is a placebo. this shows that the body is not fooled by it. it seems that if patients think they have been given

19、 medicine, they will have hope they feel that they are getting some help. this gives them a stronger will to get better, and that is what helps to heal them.另外一些人則現(xiàn)實(shí)和客觀一些。他們認(rèn)為病 人得知真相后是不可能讓安慰劑產(chǎn)生任何作 用的。但是,在不知道的情況下,病人因?yàn)?拿到了藥物,會(huì)相應(yīng)產(chǎn)生些須的期望或信心, 從而有助與疾病的治療。積極向上的情緒對(duì) 于疾病一種有效的抵御方法,這一點(diǎn)是公認(rèn) 的常識(shí)。par.6 placebos do

20、not always work. the success of this treatment seems to rest a lot with the relationship between the patient and the doctor. if the patient has a lot of trust in the doctor and if the doctor really wants to help the patient, then the placebo is more likely to work so in a way, the doctor is the most

21、 powerful placebo of all.其實(shí),人們的情緒還會(huì)受到藥物以外的影響。 比如,醫(yī)生和病人關(guān)系的好壞,病人對(duì)醫(yī)生 的信心,都影響了疾病的治療。從這種意義 上來講,一個(gè)值得信賴的醫(yī)生會(huì)帶給病人最 大的精神安慰,或直白地講,醫(yī)生就是最好 的安慰劑。par<7 an example of the doctor's role in making the placebo work can be seen in this study. some patients with bleeding ulcers were put in two groups. the first g

22、roup were told by a doctor that they had been given a new drug which,it was hoped, would give them some relief. the second group were told by a nurse that they had been given a new drug but that not much was known about how it would work. as a result, 70 percent of the people in the first group got

23、much better. only 25 percent of the people in the second group got better. and both groups had in fact been given the same thing一a placebo.為了證明心理暗示對(duì)于治療疾病的功效,或 者說為了研究人們的情緒多大程度上會(huì)影響 到治療結(jié)果,科學(xué)家們進(jìn)行了一次對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)。 這兩組的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比正好說明了安慰劑的實(shí)際 用處和她起作用的原因。par<8 the placebo has been found to work with a lot of different c

24、ases. it helps such things as seasickness, coughs, colds, and even pain after an operation. and there was an experiment done to see if a placebo could help old people stay healthy and live longer.安慰劑被廣泛地應(yīng)用到很多疾病的治療上 去。安慰劑似乎有很強(qiáng)的應(yīng)用范圍,看來, 無論生了什么病,都需要積極向上的態(tài)度, 這樣才有益于治療。par.9 the test was done in romania w

25、ith 150 people over the age of 60. they were put in three groups with 5() people in each group the first group were given nothing at all. the second group were given a placebo. the third group were given a real drug and told that it would help with the problems of old age. (in fact, it was not a dru

26、g for old age at all.) the three groups were studied for many years the first group showed no changes from the way old people in that village had always been. the醫(yī)生看到安慰劑的功效很大,就把它推而廣 之,希望有助于長(zhǎng)壽問題之類的研究。他們 于是又做了一次對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn),并且還多了一組。 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果同樣是鼓舞人心的。second group (with the placebo) had much better health and a low

27、er death rate. the third group (with the real drug) showed much the same results as the group that took the placebo.panlo a placebo can also have bad effects. if patients expect a bad reaction to medicine, then they will also show a bad reaction to the placebo. this would seem to show that a lot of

28、how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body. some doctors still think that if the placebo can have bad effects it should never be used they think there is still not enough known about it.但有時(shí)候,也適得其反,正因?yàn)槿藗兊男睦?因素左右了藥物的作用,假如人們不信任安 慰劑,安慰劑也就不會(huì)產(chǎn)生作用,甚至是壞 作用。par.ll and yet, the use of

29、the placebo has been well known for hundreds of years in other countries. tribal doctors in some african countries have known for a long time that patients will get better if they think they are going to. many of the "treatments" they use do not seem able to make a sick person better and y

30、et such treatments work.但我們不能因噎廢食。自古以來,古人就有 了這種“智慧”的治療方法,而且效果不錯(cuò)。par. 12 the strange power of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is stronger than we think it is. there are people who say you can heal your body by using your mind. and the interesting thing is that even people who swe

31、ar this is not possible have been healed by a placebo.從安慰劑,我們得到了啟發(fā),看來人們心理 情勢(shì)的潛力是很大的,而我們到目前為止, 還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有發(fā)揮出這種潛力,十分可惜。i五、難點(diǎn)解析i(1) as if的用法【課本句】(line 12) it is as if there was a doctor in each of us.就好像我們每個(gè)人體內(nèi)有一個(gè)醫(yī)生一 樣。(line 16-17) these people say that if the mind is fooled into thinking it got medicine, t

32、hen it will act as if it did, and the body will feel better.這些人說如果能使人腦上當(dāng),誤以為得到了藥物治療,那么人 腦就會(huì)像真的得到了藥物一樣行事,于是病體就會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)?!窘?析】在as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的從句中,用虛擬語氣的情況比較多,動(dòng)詞一般用過去的時(shí)態(tài)。 從句如果是現(xiàn)在的情況,動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)。從句如果是過去的情況,動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。例句:he talks as if he had a potato in his mouth.他講起話來仿佛嘴里含了一個(gè)土豆似的。 he behaved as訐nothing had hap

33、pened.看他的舉止好像什么也沒發(fā)生過似的 now it was as though she had known millie for years.現(xiàn)在好像她認(rèn)識(shí)米莉有好多年了似的。 有吋從句的謂語動(dòng)詞也可用一般吋,特別是當(dāng)主句謂語是look, seem, taste, smell吋 例句:it looks as if it is going to rain.看起來像要下雨。 it seems as if we shall have to walk.似乎我們得步行了。 the milk smells as if it is sour.這奶聞起來像是酸了。(2)疑問代詞和疑問副詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

34、的用法【課7句】(line 23) this gives them a stronger will to get better, and that is what helps to heal them.這 就使得他們更加強(qiáng)烈地希望身體好轉(zhuǎn),而正是這種希望有助于他們康復(fù)。(line 50-52) this would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body.這似乎表明藥物反應(yīng)在很大程度上是心理上的而不是生理上的?!窘馕觥坑申P(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的名詞

35、性從句可在句中作主語、賓語、表語、同位語等成分。 例句: what you need is more practice.你需要的是更多的練習(xí)。(作主語) how the book will sell depends on its author.書的銷量収決于作者。(作主語) show me what you have bought.把你買的東西給我看看。(作賓語) my original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered.我原來的問題一為什么他非要那 樣做,還沒有答復(fù)。(作同位語) that's where yo

36、u are mistaken.這就是你誤解的地方。(作表語)(3)rather than 的用法【課本句(line 50-52) this would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body.這似乎表明藥物反應(yīng)在很大程度上是心理上的而不是生理上的。【解 析】表示選擇,可譯為“不是”。這一表達(dá)方式經(jīng)常用在平行結(jié)構(gòu)里,即rather than的前后是 兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)相同、時(shí)態(tài)相同的短語或從句。例句:i'd call her hair chestnut

37、 rather than brown.我寧愿說她的頭發(fā)是栗色的,而不是棕色。 i'd prefer to go in august rather than in july.我愿八月去,不愿七月去。 i always prefer starting early, rather than leaving eveiything to the last minute.我總是愿意早開始,而 不愿意把所有的事情都留到最后才做。 1 decided to write rather than telephone.我決定寫信而不打電話。(4) it作形式主語的用法【課本句blit it is not y

38、et known just how the placebo works to heal the body.但是,我們?nèi)匀徊磺宄?安慰劑是如何治病的?!窘馕觥縤t可以作先行詞,作為句子的主語,而把句子的真正主語移到后面去,以免主語顯得過 長(zhǎng)??梢频胶竺嫒サ闹髡Z最常見的是不定式。句子的主語可以是be +形容詞或名詞,或是介詞短語, 或是that引導(dǎo)的從句,或是連接代詞(副詞)引導(dǎo)的從句。例句:it's pleasant to lie on the beach.躺在沙灘上很令人愉快。 it,s a great pleasure to know you.認(rèn)識(shí)你真是太高興了。 it's

39、against the law to do that.這樣做是違法的。 il was evident that victor had returned.顯然維克特li經(jīng)回來了。 it's not known where she went.她到哪里去了沒有人知道。|六、課文 內(nèi)容完形填空directions: the following passages, taken from the selection you have just read, have several words omitted. fill in the blanks without looking back at t

40、he passage when finished, correct your answers by checking with the answer key 1. 課內(nèi)閱讀文主題與結(jié)構(gòu)詞完形填空a. subject matter words missing:doctors know sometimes what a patient needs is a 1)rather than medicine. so, they2)a placebo, and then the ptitient gets better. there is no sure conclusion as to how a pl

41、aceboworks since there is no medicine in it. but one thing is certain: the success of this 3)rests to agreat extent with the 4)between the patient and the doctor. in addition to its good points, theplacebo may cause bad effects as well. whatever a placebo brings, il has 5)that the humanmind is stron

42、ger than we think it is.be structure words missingit is not known 1)the placebo works to heal the body some people think it is becausethe mind fools itself. that is to say, if the mind is fooled into thinking it got the medicine, it will act 2)if it did, and the body will feel better. however, other

43、 people don't think so. they say thebody couldnt be fooled 3)the placebo will not work if the patient knows it is a placebo. it isthe hope brought by the "medicine'、4)gives the patient a stronger will to get better. that is5)helps to heal them2、課內(nèi)閱讀文主題與結(jié)構(gòu)詞完形填空練習(xí)答案key to cloze test a: 1)

44、 reassurance 2) prescribe 3) treatment 4) relationship 5) suggestedkey to cloze test b: 1) how 2) as 3) because 4) that 5) what人體內(nèi)有醫(yī)生嗎?1 當(dāng)你去看病時(shí),你總希望走時(shí)能拿到一張藥方。知道你能得到一些藥,你會(huì)感覺好些。但是 醫(yī)生清楚并不是所有情況都需要用藥。有時(shí)病人所需要的只是一個(gè)一切都會(huì)好的保證。在這種情 況下,醫(yī)生可能就會(huì)開安慰劑。2 安慰劑可以是糖丸、無害的針劑或者空的膠囊。盡管安慰劑屮沒有任何藥的成分,但似乎也 能使人康復(fù)。病人以為這就是藥,然后開始好轉(zhuǎn)。

45、這究竟是怎么回事呢?3 安慰劑的研究揭示了一個(gè)有關(guān)人體怎樣自愈的新知識(shí)領(lǐng)域。就好像我們每個(gè)人體內(nèi)都有一個(gè) 醫(yī)生一樣。這位“醫(yī)生”能治好我們的病,如果我們讓他治的話。4 但是,我們?nèi)匀徊磺宄参縿┚烤故侨绾沃尾〉?。有些人說,它能起作用是因?yàn)槿四X會(huì)欺騙 自己。這些人說如果能使人腦上當(dāng),誤以為得到了藥物治療,那么人腦就會(huì)像真的得到了藥物一 樣行事,于是病體就會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)。5 另一些人持不同意見。他們認(rèn)為病人希望身體好轉(zhuǎn),而安慰劑能促使這種愿望成真。如果病 人知道是安慰劑的話,那么它就沒有效果了。這表明人體并沒有上當(dāng)受騙。情況似乎是這樣:如 果病人以為他們得到了藥物治療,他們就會(huì)充滿希望。他們感到正在得到治

46、療。這就使得他們更 加強(qiáng)烈地希望身體好轉(zhuǎn),而正是這種希望有助于他們康復(fù)。6 安慰劑并不總是有效。這種療法是否成功在很大程度上似乎取決于病人與醫(yī)生之間的關(guān)系。 如果病人非常信任醫(yī)生,而醫(yī)生又真心想幫助病人的話,安慰劑就更有對(duì)能起作用。所以從某種 意義上說,醫(yī)生是最有效的安慰劑。7 有一項(xiàng)研究可以作為例子來說明醫(yī)生在促使安慰劑發(fā)揮作用的過程中所起的作用。一些潰瘍 出血的病人被分為兩組。第一組病人由一位醫(yī)生告訴他們用了一種新藥,并且相信這種藥能夠緩 解他們的疼痛感。第二組病人由一位護(hù)士告訴他們用了一種新藥,但是藥效如何還不太清楚。結(jié) 果,第一組中百分之七十的病人病情明顯好轉(zhuǎn)。第二組中只有百分之二十五

47、的病人情況有了好轉(zhuǎn)。 實(shí)際上,兩個(gè)組都用了同樣的安慰劑。8 人們己發(fā)現(xiàn)安慰劑能在很多不同的病例中發(fā)揮作用。它對(duì)于暈船、咳嗽、感冒甚至術(shù)后疼痛 這樣的病癥都有幫助。曾經(jīng)有過一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)來檢驗(yàn)安慰劑是否能幫助老人健康長(zhǎng)壽。9 這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)是在羅馬尼亞的150名60歲以上的老人屮做的。他們被分成三組,每組50人。第 一組的老人什么也沒給。第二組用了安慰劑。第三組用了真藥,并被告知這種藥對(duì)于因年老而出 現(xiàn)的疾病有幫助(實(shí)際上它根本不是針對(duì)老年人的藥)。對(duì)三組老人的研究持續(xù)了很多年。第一組 與那個(gè)村莊里老年人一貫的狀況沒有什么區(qū)別。第二組(用了安慰劑的)身體要健康得多,死亡 率也降低了。第三組(用了真藥的)與用

48、安慰劑的那組人結(jié)果完全一樣。10安慰劑也會(huì)有不良后果。如果病人認(rèn)為藥物會(huì)有不良反應(yīng),那么他們用了安慰劑之后也會(huì)顯 示不良反應(yīng)。這似乎表明藥物反應(yīng)在很大程度上是心理上的而不是生理上的。一些醫(yī)生仍然認(rèn)為 如果安慰劑有可能存在不良反應(yīng),那就不該使用。他們覺得對(duì)于安慰劑的了解還不夠。11盡管如此,人們知道在別的一些國(guó)家安慰劑的使用己有好兒百年了。在一些非洲國(guó)家,部落 的醫(yī)生早已知道,如果病人認(rèn)為自己會(huì)好起來,他們的病情就會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)。他們釆用的很多“療法” 看似不可能治好病人,但居然行之有效。12安慰劑的奇效似乎確實(shí)表明人的精神力量比我們所想象的更為強(qiáng)大。有些人認(rèn)為你可以用精 神來治愈自己的疾病。有趣的是,

49、甚至那些信誓旦旦認(rèn)為這是不可能的人也因?yàn)橛昧税参縿┒?全康復(fù)了。課后閱讀精講(after-class reading)passage i the psychology of money(花錢的,c?理)|一.課文導(dǎo)讀|心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為,人們各自的花錢習(xí)慣不僅反映其信念和價(jià)值觀,而ii還可能與其過去的 問題有關(guān)。對(duì)于很多人而言,錢是權(quán)力、影響力和愛的象征。但是,人們的生活中存在兩種 不正常的消費(fèi)心理一一沖動(dòng)花錢和專買便宜貨。商界認(rèn)識(shí)到并利用了這種心理,提高了銷售 額。心理學(xué)家運(yùn)用行為療法對(duì)那些具有不正常消費(fèi)心態(tài)的人進(jìn)行治療。篇章結(jié)構(gòu)分析i t t t正如醫(yī)學(xué)中可以運(yùn)用心理暗示來輔助治療,精明的商人

50、以及各方人士都可以從心理分析角度, 更進(jìn)一步地認(rèn)識(shí)到商業(yè)中正確掌握顧客心理的重要性,從而使自己的牛意蒸蒸日上,日益發(fā)達(dá)。 there are 2 parts in this passage:part 1. (par.l-par.4): this is a deep and practical study on consumers9 behaviors, especially about compulsive spenders and compulsive bargain hunters.part 2 (par.5-par.6): how relevant people could make u

51、se of this new result about consuming psychology.三、課外閱讀文完形填空i1. 課外閱讀文主題與結(jié)構(gòu)詞完形填空a. subject matter words missingpsychologists believe that money-spending habits not only show beliefs and values of people, but also 1)from their past problems. they think, for many people, money is a symbol of strengthan

52、d influence as well as a 2)of love compulsive spenders will take greater 3)inspending enormous 4)of money than in the things they buy. bargain hunters will have afeeling of winning when they buy something cheaper, although it is not actually needed business people have used the psychology of money s

53、pending to increase their sales. psychologists often use "behavior therapy to help people to solve their 5)problems.structure words missingthis passage mentions two kinds of money-spending psychology. one is compulsive spending.1) other compulsions, this compulsion is also hard to explain for c

54、ompulsive spenders2) buy on credit, spending large amounts of money brings more pleasure than the things theybuy. the 3)is bargain hunting compulsive bargain hunters often buy things 4)they do not need just because they are cheap. 5)they can buy something cheaper than others,they feel they are winni

55、ng.2 課外閱讀文主題與結(jié)構(gòu)詞完形填空練習(xí)答案key to cloze test a: 1) stem 2) symbol 3) pleasure 4) amounts 5) personalitykey to cloze test b: 1) like 2) who 3) other 4) that 5) wheni四、參考譯文i花錢的心理1 你是花錢成癮,還是盡可能守著錢不花?你專愛買便宜貨嗎?你是愿意使用信用(賒欠)賬 戶還是支付現(xiàn)金?你對(duì)這些問題的冋答能反映出你的個(gè)性。根據(jù)心理學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn),我們每個(gè)人的 花錢習(xí)慣不僅體現(xiàn)我們的信仰、價(jià)值觀、而且還跟過去存在的問題有關(guān)。2 心理學(xué)家相信對(duì)

56、許多人來說,錢是力量和支配力的重要象征。丈夫抱怨妻子的花錢習(xí)慣,可 能就是因?yàn)楹ε率プ约涸诨橐鲥臋?quán)威。反過來,妻子可能會(huì)因?yàn)樯煞虻臍舛蠊P大筆地亂 花錢。此外,許多人把錢看成是愛的象征。他們把錢花在家人和朋友身上以表達(dá)對(duì)他們的愛,或 者為自己購(gòu)買昂貴的禮物,因?yàn)樽约阂残枰獝邸? 人們可能會(huì)癡迷于不同的事物一一例如,烈酒、毒品、某些食物甚至電視節(jié)目。有這些癖好 的人就是上了癮,也就是說,他們有著強(qiáng)烈的心理需求,他們認(rèn)為這種需求必須得到滿足。按照 心理學(xué)家的說法,許多人購(gòu)物成癖,他們覺得自己必須把錢花出去。跟其他大多數(shù)癖好相似,這 種欲望是非理性的一一不可能做出合理的解釋。對(duì)那些賒賬購(gòu)物成癖

57、的人而言,信用賬戶比現(xiàn)金 更為刺激。換句話說,購(gòu)物成癖的人認(rèn)為,借助賒賬,他們可以無所不為。他們從大筆花錢時(shí)體 驗(yàn)到的樂趣實(shí)際上比從所購(gòu)物品中獲得的樂趣大得多。4 甚至還有四處搜尋便宜貨的特殊心理。當(dāng)然,為了省錢多數(shù)人會(huì)去光顧大甩賣、便宜貨和折 扣商品。然而,購(gòu)買便宜貨成癖的人經(jīng)常僅僅因?yàn)閮r(jià)廉而買一些自己不需要的東西。他們?cè)敢庀?信這是在給自己省錢,但事實(shí)上他們是在玩一場(chǎng)很刺激的游戲:當(dāng)他們能買到比別人更便宜的東 西時(shí),他們覺得自己是贏家。專家斷言,大多數(shù)人對(duì)自己的行為都有兩種解釋:一個(gè)是他們行事 的正當(dāng)理由,一個(gè)是真正原因。5 當(dāng)然,不只是科學(xué)家了解消費(fèi)習(xí)慣方面的心理因素,商人也了解。商店、

58、公司和廣告商都利 用心理因素來增加營(yíng)業(yè)額:在廣告宣傳和決定產(chǎn)品的推銷方法時(shí),他們會(huì)考慮人們對(duì)于愛、權(quán)力 或影響力的追求,人們的基本價(jià)值觀、信仰和觀點(diǎn)等因素。6 心理學(xué)家常常用一種被稱為“行為療法”的手段來幫助個(gè)人解決其性格上的問題。用這種方 法,他們能幫助那些感到自己在花錢方面存在問題的人,他們會(huì)給這些人“布置任務(wù)”。例如,如 果一個(gè)人每到一個(gè)商店都要買點(diǎn)什么,治療專家就會(huì)教他這樣來約束自己:在治療的第一天,他 必須去一家商店,呆5分鐘再離開。第二天,他要呆上10分鐘,并試試某種商品。第三天,他要 呆上15分鐘,向售貨員問個(gè)問題,但什么都不買。不久,他就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)什么都不買對(duì)自己不會(huì)有什 么不好的事情發(fā)生。這樣,他就能改掉購(gòu)物成癖的毛病了。passage 2 how to jump queue fury(女口何壓制掃匸隊(duì)時(shí)的一、課文導(dǎo)讀|排隊(duì)會(huì)使人們滿腹牢騷。麻省理工學(xué)院的理查德拉森教授對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象作了研究。他以豪斯敦機(jī) 場(chǎng)的旅客為例,證明人們惱怒的程度不是和等待時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短直接相關(guān),而是和所謂的“社會(huì)公正” 有關(guān)。因此

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