審計學一種整合方法第英文實用教案

1、Sarbanes-Oxley ActThe Act established the Public CompanyAccounting Oversight Board.It also requires auditors to attest tomanagement reports on the effectivenessof internal control over financial reporting.第1頁/共45頁第一頁，共45頁。 Describe auditing.第2頁/共45頁第二頁，共45頁。 Nature of AuditingAuditing is the accumul

2、ation and evaluationof evidence about information to determineand report on the degree of correspondencebetween the information and established criteria.Auditing should be done by a competent,independent person.第3頁/共45頁第三頁，共45頁。Information and Established CriteriaTo do an audit, there must be inform

3、ation in averifiable form and some standards (criteria)by which the auditor can evaluate the information.第4頁/共45頁第四頁，共45頁。Accumulating Evidence and Evaluating EvidenceEvidence is any information used by the auditorto determine whether the information beingaudited is stated in accordance with theesta

4、blished criteria.第5頁/共45頁第五頁，共45頁。Competent, Independent PersonThe auditor must be qualified to understand thecriteria used and must be competent to knowthe types and amount of evidence to accumulateto reach the proper conclusion after theevidence has been examined.The competence of the individual p

5、erformingthe audit is of little value if he or she is biasedin the accumulation and evaluation of evidence.第6頁/共45頁第六頁，共45頁。Audit ReportThe final stage in the auditing process ispreparing the Audit Report, which is thecommunication of the auditors findings to users.第7頁/共45頁第七頁，共45頁。Audit of a Tax Re

6、turn ExampleCompetent,independentpersonExamines cancelledchecks and othersupporting recordsAccumulates andevaluates evidenceDeterminescorrespondenceInformationInternal RevenueCode and allinterpretationsEstablished criteriaReport on taxdeficienciesReport on results第8頁/共45頁第八頁，共45頁。Learning Objective

7、2 Distinguish between auditing and accounting.第9頁/共45頁第九頁，共45頁。Distinguish BetweenAuditing and AccountingAccounting is the recording, classifying,and summarizing of economic eventsfor the purpose of providing financialinformation used in decision making.Auditing is determining whetherrecorded inform

8、ation properlyreflects the economic events thatoccurred during the accounting period.第10頁/共45頁第十頁，共45頁。Learning Objective 3 Explain the importance of auditing in reducing information risk.第11頁/共45頁第十一頁，共45頁。Economic Demandfor AuditingInformation risk reflects the possibility thatthe information upon

9、 which the businessrisk decision was made was inaccurate.Auditing can have a significant effecton information risk.第12頁/共45頁第十二頁，共45頁。 List the causes of information risk, and explain how this risk may be reduced.第13頁/共45頁第十三頁，共45頁。 Remoteness of information Biases and motives of the provider Volumi

10、nous data Complex exchange transactions第14頁/共45頁第十四頁，共45頁。Reducing Information Risk User verifies information User shares information risk with management Audited financial statements are provided第15頁/共45頁第十五頁，共45頁。Learning Objective 5 Describe assurance services and distinguish audit services from

11、other assurance and nonassurance services provided by CPAs.第16頁/共45頁第十六頁，共45頁。Assurance ServicesAn assurance service is an independentprofessional service that improves thequality of information for decision makers.Assurance services can be performed byCPAs or by a variety of other professionals.第17

12、頁/共45頁第十七頁，共45頁。Attestation ServicesAn attestation service is a type of assuranceservice in which the CPA firm issues areport about the reliability of an assertionthat is the responsibility of another party.第18頁/共45頁第十八頁，共45頁。Attestation Services1. Audit of historical financial statements2. Attestat

13、ion of internal control over financial reporting3. Review of historical financial statements4. Attestation services on information technology5. Other attestation services第19頁/共45頁第十九頁，共45頁。Relationships Among Auditors, Client, and External UsersClientClient or auditcommittee hiresauditorAuditor issu

14、esreport reliedupon by users第20頁/共45頁第二十頁，共45頁。Other Assurance ServicesMost of the other assurance services that CPAsprovide do not meet the formal definitionof attestation services.The CPA is not required to issue a written report.The assurance does not have to be about thereliability of another pa

15、rtys assertion aboutcompliance with specified criteria.第21頁/共45頁第二十一頁，共45頁。AICPA Assurance ServicesThe AICPA formed the Special Committeeon Assurance Services (SCAS).第22頁/共45頁第二十二頁，共45頁。Attestation Services on Information TechnologyWebTrust is an attestation service, and theWebTrust seal is a symbol

16、ic representationof the CPAs report on managementsassertions about its disclosure ofelectronic commerce practices.第23頁/共45頁第二十三頁，共45頁。Attestation Services on Information TechnologySysTrust is an attest-type engagementto evaluate and test system reliability inareas such as security and data integrity

17、.第24頁/共45頁第二十四頁，共45頁。Principles for WebTrust and SysTrust Services1. Online privacy2. Security3. Processing integrity4. Availability5. Confidentiality6. Certification authorities (WebTrust only)第25頁/共45頁第二十五頁，共45頁。Nonassurance Services Provided by CPAs1. Accounting and bookkeeping services2. Tax ser

18、vices3. Management consulting services第26頁/共45頁第二十六頁，共45頁。Other Assurance Services ExamplesControls over and risks related to investments,including policies related to derivativesassessing the processes in a companysinvestment practices to identify risks and todetermine the effectiveness of those pr

19、ocesses.第27頁/共45頁第二十七頁，共45頁。Other Assurance Services ExamplesMystery shoppingperforming anonymous shopping to assesssales personnel dealing with customers andprocedures they follow.第28頁/共45頁第二十八頁，共45頁。Other Assurance Services ExamplesAssess risks of accumulation, distribution,and storage of digital

20、informationassessing security risks and relatedcontrols over data and other informationstored electronically, including theadequacy of backup and off-site storage.第29頁/共45頁第二十九頁，共45頁。Other Assurance Services ExamplesFraud and illegal acts risk assessmentdeveloping fraud risk profiles and assessing t

21、headequacy of company systems and policies inpreventing and detecting fraud and illegal acts.第30頁/共45頁第三十頁，共45頁。Other Assurance Services Examples Compliance with trading policies and procedures Compliance with entertainment royalty agreements ISO 900 certification Environmental audit第31頁/共45頁第三十一頁，共

22、45頁。Assurance, Attestation, and Nonassurance ServicesOther Assurance ServicesCertainManagementConsultingOther Attestation Services(e.g., WebTrust, SysTrust)ATTESTATION SERVICESAuditsReviewsInternal Controlover Financial ReportingASSURANCE SERVICES第32頁/共45頁第三十二頁，共45頁。Assurance, Attestation, and Nonas

23、surance ServicesCertainManagementConsultingOther ManagementConsultingTaxServicesAccounting andBookkeeping第33頁/共45頁第三十三頁，共45頁。Learning Objective 6 Differentiate the three main types of audits.第34頁/共45頁第三十四頁，共45頁。Types of Audits Operational Compliance Financial Statement第35頁/共45頁第三十五頁，共45頁。Operational

24、 AuditExampleEvaluate computerized payroll systemfor efficiency and effectivenessInformationNumber of records processed, costs ofthe department, and number of errorsEstablishedCriteriaCompany standards for efficiency andeffectiveness in payroll departmentAvailableEvidenceError reports, payroll recor

25、ds, andpayroll processing costs第36頁/共45頁第三十六頁，共45頁。Compliance AuditExampleDetermine whether bank requirementsfor loan continuation have been metInformationCompany recordsEstablishedCriteriaLoan agreement provisionsAvailableEvidenceFinancial statements andcalculations by the auditor第37頁/共45頁第三十七頁，共45頁。Audit of Historical Financial StatementsExampleAnnual audit of Boeings financialstatementsInformationBoeings financial st