財(cái)經(jīng)英語(yǔ)單詞--戰(zhàn)略風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理

1、Unit 3 Corporate Strategy and Risk Management PART I Fundamentals to Strategy第一部分 戰(zhàn)略基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)1.mission 'm()n n. 使命1-1 mission statement 使命陳述2.vision 'v()n n. 愿景3.strategic objective 戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)4.strategy 'strætd n. 戰(zhàn)略【講解】strategic str'tidk adj. 戰(zhàn)略的5.strategic str'tidk adj. 戰(zhàn)略的5-1 strate

2、gic management 戰(zhàn)略管理6.corporate strategy 公司戰(zhàn)略6-1 business unit strategy 業(yè)務(wù)單位戰(zhàn)略6-2 function strategy 職能戰(zhàn)略7.SMART SMART原則8.rational 'ræ()n()l approach 理性方法8-1 emergent 'md()nt approach 應(yīng)急方法PART II External and Internal Environment Analysis*第二部分 內(nèi)外部環(huán)境分析*9.PEST Model PEST模型9-1 Political p

3、9;ltk()l adj. 政治的9-2 Economic ,ik'nmk; ek- adj. 經(jīng)濟(jì)的【講解】economy 'knm n. 經(jīng)濟(jì)，節(jié)約economical adj. 經(jīng)濟(jì)的，節(jié)約的，合算點(diǎn)economics ik'nmks; ek-n. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況10.macro-economic policy 宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策【講解】macro- 'mækr 宏大的，巨大的micro- 'makr 微小的11.demographics n. 人口統(tǒng)計(jì)特征；人口統(tǒng)計(jì)12.industry life cycle 行業(yè)生命周期12-1 intr

4、oduction ,ntr'dk()n n. 起步期，引入期12-2 growth gr n. 成長(zhǎng)期12-3 decline d'klan n. 衰退期【講解】該詞還有動(dòng)詞詞性，除做“下降”講外，還有“拒絕”之意。13.business cycle 經(jīng)濟(jì)周期，商業(yè)周期14.Porters five forces model 波特的五力模型14-1 threat of new entrants 行業(yè)新進(jìn)入者的威脅【講解】entrant 'entr()nt n. 進(jìn)入者entrance 'entr()ns n. 進(jìn)入，入口14-2 bargaining power

5、 of customers/purchaser 客戶/購(gòu)買商的議價(jià)能力【講解】bargain 'bgn n. 交易，契約，v. 討價(jià)還價(jià)，拿做交易14-3 bargaining power of customers/purchaser 客戶/購(gòu)買商的議價(jià)能力petitor km'pett n. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，對(duì)手15-1 competitive km'pettv adj. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的，有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的15-2 compete km'pit v. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，對(duì)抗，比賽16.barriers to entry 進(jìn)入壁壘16-1 exit barrier 退出壁壘17.economy o

6、f scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)18.cost advantage 成本優(yōu)勢(shì)19.subsidy 'sbsd n. 補(bǔ)貼，津貼【講解】subsidize'sbs'daz v. 補(bǔ)貼，資助，20.know-how 'nuhau n. 專有技術(shù)，技術(shù)訣竅21.patent 'pæt()nt; 'pet()nt n. 專利權(quán) adj. 專利的 v. 授予專利e.g. Cost advantages of existing producers, independent of economies of scale include: (i) patent

7、rights, (ii) experience and know-how, (iii) government subsidies, (iv) laws and regulation, (v) favoured access to suppliers.【譯】現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的成本優(yōu)勢(shì)（與規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)無(wú)關(guān)）包括：（1）專利權(quán)；（2）經(jīng)驗(yàn)和專有技術(shù)；（3）政府補(bǔ)貼；（4）法律法規(guī)；（5）最優(yōu)惠供給資源。22.differentiation ,dfren'en n. 差異化；區(qū)別23.brand image 品牌形象24.customer loyalty'llt 客戶忠誠(chéng)度25.switching

8、 cost 轉(zhuǎn)換成本【講解】switch swt v. 轉(zhuǎn)換 n. 轉(zhuǎn)換，開關(guān)26.distribution channel 銷售渠道27.price ceiling 價(jià)格上限【講解】ceiling 'sil n. 天花板，上限28.price-performance 性價(jià)比29.dominant 'dmnnt adj. 支配的，占優(yōu)勢(shì)的；統(tǒng)治的30.unique ju'nik adj. 唯一的，獨(dú)一無(wú)二的；獨(dú)特的31.intensity n'tenst n.強(qiáng)度；緊張32.expand k'spænd; ek- v. 擴(kuò)張；展開33.SWOT

9、 model SWOT模型33-1 strength stre; strek n. 優(yōu)勢(shì)33-2 weakness 'wikns n. 劣勢(shì)33-3 opportunity p'tjunt n. 機(jī)會(huì)33-4 threat ret n. 威脅34.internationalization 'int,nænlai'zein, -li'z- n. 國(guó)際化34-1 multinationalization n. 多國(guó)化34-2 globalization ,lublai'zein n. 全球化34-3 transnationalization

10、 n. 跨國(guó)化【講解】inter- 互相，在之間multi- 多trans- 穿過(guò)，橫過(guò)35.core competence 核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力35-1 seek sik resources 尋求資源petent 'kmpt()nt adj. 勝任的，有能力的，能干的37.tangible 'tæn(d)b()l resources 有形資源38.valuable resources 建立競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的資源38-1 rare resources 稀缺資源38-2 costly-to-imitate resources 不可被模仿的資源【講解】imitate 'mtet v

11、. 模仿，仿效，仿制38-2 costly-to-imitate resources 不可被模仿的資源【講解】imitate 'mtet v. 模仿，仿效，仿制38-3 non-substitutable resources 不可替代的資源【講解】substitutable 'sbstitju:tbl adj. 可替換的substitute 'sbsttjut v. 替代，代替 n. 代用品，代替者substitute為動(dòng)詞時(shí)，經(jīng)常與介詞for連用。They are substituting A for B. 【譯】他們正在用A替代B。39. value chain 價(jià)

12、值鏈39-1 primary 'pram()r activities 基本活動(dòng)39-2 secondary 'sek()nd()r activities 輔助活動(dòng)39-3 inbound 'nband logistics l'dstks 進(jìn)貨后勤39-4 outbound 'atband logistics 發(fā)貨后勤【講解】bound band n. 范圍 adj. 有義務(wù)的，受約束的 v. 限制，束縛39-5 operations ,p'ren n. 生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)39-6 marketing 'mkt n. 市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷39-7 service

13、s 's:visis n. 服務(wù)39-8 firm infrastructure 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)【講解】Infrastructure 'nfrstrkt n. 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，公共建設(shè)40. benchmarking 'bent,m:ki n. 基準(zhǔn)分析；標(biāo)桿管理PART III Strategy Selection and Implementation* 第三部分 戰(zhàn)略選擇與實(shí)施41. strategy alternatives 戰(zhàn)略選擇【講解】alternative l'tntv; l- n. 供替代的選擇adj.供選擇的，選擇性的， 42. gap analysi

14、s 差距分析43. corporate strategy 公司戰(zhàn)略43-1 growth strategy 成長(zhǎng)型戰(zhàn)略43-2 integrative growth strategy 一體化成長(zhǎng)戰(zhàn)略43-3 horizontal integration 橫向一體化戰(zhàn)略【講解】integrative 'intireitiv adj. 一體化的，綜合的integration nt'gre()n n. 集成，整合，融合43-4 vertical integration 縱向一體化戰(zhàn)略43-5 backwards vertical integration 前向一體化戰(zhàn)略43-6 for

15、wards vertical integration 后向一體化戰(zhàn)略43-7 stability strategy 穩(wěn)定型戰(zhàn)略【講解】stability st'blt n. 穩(wěn)定性，穩(wěn)定stable 'steb()ladj. 穩(wěn)定的43-8 defense strategy 防御型戰(zhàn)略43-9 maintaining strategy 維持型戰(zhàn)略43-10 suspending strategy 暫停戰(zhàn)略【講解】suspend s'spend v. 使暫停，推遲，掛起43-11 No-change strategy 無(wú)變戰(zhàn)略43-12 Profit-holding st

16、rategy 維持利潤(rùn)戰(zhàn)略43-13 retrenchment strategy 收縮型戰(zhàn)略【講解】retrenchment r'trentmnt n. 緊縮，節(jié)省動(dòng)詞形式為retrench。43-14 withdrawal strategy 撤退型戰(zhàn)略【講解】withdrawal wð'dr()l n. 撤退，提款，收回，取消，退股withdraw wð'dr 是其動(dòng)詞形式。43-15 transition strategy轉(zhuǎn)型戰(zhàn)略【講解】transition træn'z()n; trn-; -'s- n. 過(guò)渡，轉(zhuǎn)變t

17、ransit 'trænst; 'trns-; -nz- v. 運(yùn)送，經(jīng)過(guò) n.運(yùn)輸，經(jīng)過(guò)43-16 Strategy transition 戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)型43-17 turnaround strategy 扭轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)略43-18 divestiture strategy 剝離戰(zhàn)略【講解】divestiture da'vestt; d- n. 剝奪，脫衣43-19 liquidation strategy 清算戰(zhàn)略44.product-market mix 產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)組合44-1 Ansoff Matrix 安索夫矩陣44-2 market penetration str

18、ategy市場(chǎng)滲透戰(zhàn)略【講解】penetration pen'tre()n n. 滲透，侵入penetrate 'pentret v. 滲透，刺入，看透45. organic growth 有機(jī)增長(zhǎng)，自然增長(zhǎng)【講解】organic 'vtk()l adj. 有機(jī)的，組織的，根本的46. M&A, Merger & Acquisition 并購(gòu)47. horizontal M&A 橫向并購(gòu)47-1 vertical M&A 縱向并購(gòu)47-2 conglomerate M&A 混合并購(gòu)【講解】horizontal hr'znt

19、()l n. 水平線，水平位置 adj. 水平的，地平線的vertical 'vtk()l n. 垂直線，垂直面 adj. 垂直的，直立的conglomerate kn'glm()rt adj. 成團(tuán)的 v. 聚結(jié)，凝聚 n. 企業(yè)集團(tuán)，聚合物47-3 consequent M&A 順向并購(gòu)【講解】consequent 'knskw()nt adj. 隨之發(fā)生的，作為結(jié)果的 n. 結(jié)果，后項(xiàng)48. strategic alliance 'lans 戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟49. joint venture合營(yíng)企業(yè)【講解】venture 'vent n. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，企

20、業(yè) v. 冒險(xiǎn)，投機(jī)50.franchise 'fræn(t)az n. 特許經(jīng)營(yíng)，特許經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)50-1 the combination of manufacturing enterprise and retailing制造企業(yè)與零售業(yè)相結(jié)合50-2 the combination of manufacturing enterprise and wholesaler制造企業(yè)與批發(fā)商相結(jié)合50-3 the combination of service business and retail outlets 服務(wù)企業(yè)與零售店相結(jié)合50-4 the combination of wh

21、olesaler and retail outlets 批發(fā)商和零售店相結(jié)合【講解】wholesale n.&adj.&v. 批發(fā)（名詞，動(dòng)詞），批發(fā)的（形容詞）wholesaler 'hul,seil n. 批發(fā)商retail 'ritel v. n.&adj.&v. 零售（名詞，動(dòng)詞），批發(fā)的（形容詞）retailer 'ri:teil n. 零售商51. OEM, Original Equipment Manufacture 貼牌加工，貼牌生產(chǎn)；原始設(shè)備制造商52. synergy 'sndi n. 協(xié)同，協(xié)同作用；增效53

22、. generic strategy 一般戰(zhàn)略54. function strategy 職能戰(zhàn)略55. niche strategy 利基（壁龕）戰(zhàn)略【講解】niche ni; nt n.&v. 壁龕（名詞），放入壁龕（動(dòng)詞）56. strategy evaluation 戰(zhàn)略評(píng)估57. scenario analysis 情景分析法58. rating and scoring method 評(píng)級(jí)和評(píng)分法59. decision tree決策樹法60. cash flow analysis資金流量分析 61. break-even analysis 盈虧平衡分析62. resourc

23、e allocation analysis 資源配置分析63. ROCE method, Return on capital employed method 投入資本回報(bào)率法64. net cash flow method 現(xiàn)金凈流量法65. payback period method 投資回收期法66. discounted cash flow method 未來(lái)現(xiàn)金流折現(xiàn)分析法67. centralization ,sentrlai'zein, -li'z- n. 集權(quán)型68. hierarchy 'hark n. 層級(jí)，等級(jí)制度69. rganizational

24、structure 組織結(jié)構(gòu)69-1 entrepreneurial structure 創(chuàng)業(yè)型組織結(jié)構(gòu)69-2 functional 'f(k)()n()l structure 職能型組織結(jié)構(gòu)69-3 divisional d'vnl structure 事業(yè)部制組織結(jié)構(gòu)69-4 production division structure 產(chǎn)品事業(yè)部制69-5 brand division structure 品牌事業(yè)部制69-6 geographicald'græfk()l division structure 區(qū)域事業(yè)部制69-7 customer se

25、gmentation division structure 客戶細(xì)分事業(yè)部制69-8 SBU (Strategic Business Unit) 戰(zhàn)略業(yè)務(wù)單位69-9 holding company structure H型結(jié)構(gòu)；控股企業(yè)/控股集團(tuán)組織結(jié)構(gòu)69-10 matrix structure 矩陣制組織結(jié)構(gòu)69-11 multinational and global structure 多國(guó)全球企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)69-12 international division 國(guó)際事業(yè)部69-13 international subsidiary sb'sdr國(guó)際子公司70. static

26、'stætk adj. 靜態(tài)的71. organic :'ænik adj. 有機(jī)的；組織的；根本的72. structure configuration結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)型【講解】configuration kn,fg're()n; -gj- n. 配置，構(gòu)型72-1 operating core 作業(yè)核心72-2 strategic apex 頂點(diǎn)【講解】apex 'epeks n. 頂點(diǎn)，尖端72-3 technostructure 'tekn'strkt n. 技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)PART III Strategy Selection and

27、 Implementation* 第三部分 戰(zhàn)略選擇與實(shí)施 73.organizational configuration 組織構(gòu)型73-1 simple structure 簡(jiǎn)單型結(jié)構(gòu)73-2 machine bureaucracy 機(jī)械型企業(yè)【講解】bureaucracy ,bj()'rkrs n. 官僚機(jī)構(gòu)，官僚主義73-3 professional bureaucracy 專業(yè)型企業(yè)73-4 divisionalized structure 部門型企業(yè)73-5 adhocracy bureaucracy 靈活性企業(yè)【講解】adhocracy æd'hkrsi

28、n. 靈活組織機(jī)構(gòu)，無(wú)固定結(jié)構(gòu)的管理方式或組織ad hoc ,æd'hk adj. 特別的，臨時(shí)，專設(shè)73-6 missionary 'm()n()r bureaucracy 使命型企業(yè)74.ROI, return on investment 投資回報(bào)率75.market segmentation 市場(chǎng)細(xì)分【講解】segmentation ,semn'ten n. 細(xì)分76.product position 產(chǎn)品定位77.marketing mix 營(yíng)銷組合78.discrimination pricing 產(chǎn)品差別定價(jià)法【講解】discrimination

29、n. 區(qū)別，歧視discriminate d'skrmnet v. 區(qū)別，歧視78-1 penetration pen'tre()npricing 滲透定價(jià)法78-2 skimming'skm pricing 撇脂定價(jià)法79.leading strategy 領(lǐng)先策略79-1 lag læg strategy 滯后策略80.JIT, just-in-time 及時(shí)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)81.recruit r'krut n. & v. 招聘82.succession sk'se()n planning 繼任計(jì)劃83.quality managemen

30、t 質(zhì)量管理84.TQM, total quality management 全面質(zhì)量管理PART IV Strategy Change Management*第四部分 戰(zhàn)略變革管理*85.strategic failure 戰(zhàn)略失效，戰(zhàn)略失敗85-1 early failure早期失效85-2 later failure晚期失效85-3 occasional failure偶爾失效86.strategy control 戰(zhàn)略控制86-1 budgetary control預(yù)算控制87.CSF, critical success factors 關(guān)鍵成功要素88.KPI, key perfor

31、mance indicators 關(guān)鍵性業(yè)績(jī)指標(biāo)89.incremental budgeting 增量預(yù)算89-1 zero-based budgeting 零基預(yù)算90.BSC, the Balanced Score Card 平衡計(jì)分卡90-1 finance fa'næns; f-; 'fanæns n. 財(cái)務(wù)90-2 innovation n've()n and learning 創(chuàng)新與學(xué)習(xí)90-3 internal process 內(nèi)部流程90-4 customer 'kstm n. 顧客91.predictive strategy

32、 change 提前性戰(zhàn)略變革【講解】predictive pr'dktvadj. 預(yù)言性的，預(yù)測(cè)性的91-1 reactive strategy change 反應(yīng)性戰(zhàn)略變革【講解】reactive r'æktv adj. 反應(yīng)的，反動(dòng)的91-2 critical strategy change危機(jī)性戰(zhàn)略改革91-3 types of strategic change變革類型91-4 incremental change增量改革91-5 transformation trænsf'me()n; trns-; -nz- change轉(zhuǎn)化變革91-6

33、unfreeze n'friz stage 解體階段91-7 change behavior/attitudes stage變革階段91-8 refreeze ri:'fri:z stage 重新鞏固階段PART V Financial Strategy第五部分 財(cái)務(wù)戰(zhàn)略92.production life cycle 產(chǎn)品生命周期93.investment portfolio pt'fl 投資組合94.BCG Matrix* 波士頓矩陣95.financial risk 財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)96.Select financial strategy based on the val

34、ue creation or growth rate 基于創(chuàng)造價(jià)值或增長(zhǎng)率的財(cái)務(wù)戰(zhàn)略選擇PART VI Internal Control第六部分 內(nèi)部控制97.COSO, committee of sponsoring organization COSO委員會(huì)，發(fā)起組織委員會(huì)98.internal environment 內(nèi)部環(huán)境99.recognition of defects in internal control 內(nèi)部控制缺陷的認(rèn)定100.audit committee 審計(jì)委員會(huì)101.internal audit 內(nèi)部審計(jì)102.segregation of duty 職責(zé)分離【講解

35、】segregation ,segr'ge()n n. 隔離，分離PART VII Risk Management Theory and Practice*第七部分 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理理論和實(shí)務(wù)*103.risk rsk n. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)103-1 Probability prb'blt n. 概率Risk = result × probability103-2 risk appetite 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好103-3 risk tolerance 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)容忍度；風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承受能力103-4 risk attitude 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)態(tài)度【講解】appetite 'æptat n. 胃口，口味

36、，嗜好tolerance 'tlrns n. 容忍，寬容，公差attitude 'ættjud n. 態(tài)度attitude (towards) Risk appetite = risk tolerance × risk attitude104.types of risk 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)類型105.industry risk 行業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)106.business risk 經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)106-1 market risk 市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)106-2 political risk 政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)106-3 operational risk 操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)106-4 law/compliance km&

37、#39;plans risk 法律/合規(guī)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)107.risk management 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理108.people m'trt n. 人員109.sensitivity analysis 敏感性分析110.expected value 預(yù)期值，期望值111.decision tree 決策樹112.VaR 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)價(jià)值；在險(xiǎn)價(jià)值【講解】Value at risk 在險(xiǎn)價(jià)值113.exchange rate 匯率114.transaction risk 交易風(fēng)險(xiǎn)115.IRP, interest rate parity 利率平價(jià)【講解】parity 'pært n. 平價(jià)，同

38、等，相等115-1 PPP, purchasing power parity 購(gòu)買力平價(jià)115-2 Fisher Effect 費(fèi)雪效應(yīng)115-3 International Fisher Effect 國(guó)際費(fèi)雪效應(yīng)115-4 expectation ekspek'te()n theory 預(yù)期理論116.hedging 'hedi n. 對(duì)沖，套期117.forward contract 遠(yuǎn)期合約117-1 futures 'fju:tz n. 期貨117-2 options 'p()nz n. 期權(quán)117-3 swap swp n. 掉期；互換118.cal

39、l option 看漲期權(quán)119.exercise price 行權(quán)價(jià)格120.OTC, over the counter 場(chǎng)外交易；非處方藥121.money of account 計(jì)價(jià)貨幣122.match income and expenditure 匹配收入和支出123.payment in advance and lag 提前和滯后付款ting 'net n. 凈額結(jié)算124-1 bilateral ba'læt()r()l netting 雙邊凈額結(jié)算124-2 multilateral netting 多邊凈額結(jié)算【講解】前綴bi- 通常有“二、雙、兩”

40、之意。詞根lateral是“邊”的意思。125.match long-term assets and liabilities 匹配長(zhǎng)期資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債126.fixed interest rate 固定利率127.Floating interest rate 浮動(dòng)利率128.cap options 利率上限期權(quán)128-1. Floor options下限128-2 Collar 'kl option 利率上下限期權(quán)，利率雙限期權(quán)129.quality spread 質(zhì)量幅差129-1 quality spread differential ,df'ren()l質(zhì)量差幅的差額130.d

41、erivatives 金融衍生工具131.financial instrument 'nstrm()nt金融工具132.forward exchange rate 遠(yuǎn)期匯率133.maturity m'trt n. 成熟；到期PART VIII Bankrupt第八部分 破產(chǎn)134.bankrupt 'bækrpt n. 破產(chǎn)135.Z-score mode*l Z分模型136.divestment strategy 企業(yè)放棄戰(zhàn)略【講解】divestment dai'vestmnt, di- n. 剝奪（財(cái)產(chǎn)），撤資，轉(zhuǎn)讓部分投資137.MBO, ma

42、nagement buyout * 管理層收購(gòu)；管理層購(gòu)出【講解】buyout 'ba'atn. 收購(gòu)，買入，買下全部產(chǎn)權(quán)buy-in n.&v. （證券或商品市場(chǎng)上在交割日期前以空頭）買進(jìn)137-1 leveraged buyout 杠桿收購(gòu)137-2 employee buyout 雇員收購(gòu)【講解】后綴-ee通常表示動(dòng)作的承受者或者受益者。-ee后綴源于古法語(yǔ),最初是一個(gè)帶法律意味的后綴,在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中已演變成一個(gè)構(gòu)詞能力活躍的后綴,已經(jīng)突破法律用語(yǔ)范圍的,并常帶有戲謔語(yǔ)氣的后綴。-ee通常用于嚴(yán)肅的、法律的或準(zhǔn)法律的場(chǎng)合,如promisee(受約人),payee(受

43、付人),donee(接受捐贈(zèng)人),trustee(受托人)。employee empl'i; em'pli; m- & employer m'pl; em- 雇員和雇主lessee le'si & lessor le's; 'les 承租人和出租人vendor 'vend; 'vend & vendee ven'di 賣主和買主truster 'trst & trustee trs'ti 信托人和受托人，托管人promisor 'prms(r) & promi

44、see prm'si 立約人（許諾人）和受約人（承諾人）payer 'pe & payee pe'i 付款人和收款人138.capital reallocation 資本再調(diào)配138-1 debt restructuring 債務(wù)重組【講解】restructure ri'strkt v. 重建，調(diào)整，更改結(jié)構(gòu)139.debt to equity swaps 債務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)股份140.liquidation lkw'de()n n. 清算141.enterprise privatization ,praivtai'zein, -ti'z- 企業(yè)私有化PART IX IT Management第九部分 信息技術(shù)管理142.information technology (IT) 信息技術(shù)143.levels of information 信息的層次144.information system strategy 信息系統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略144-1 TPS, transaction processing system 交易處理系統(tǒng)144-2 MIS, management information system 管理信息系統(tǒng)144-