新高一暑假銜接課程(英語(yǔ))

1、致學(xué)教育 咨詢熱線：83247563新高一暑假銜接課程句子成分及結(jié)構(gòu)一：句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng), 英語(yǔ)的基本成分有七種主語(yǔ)（subject）、謂語(yǔ)（predicate）、賓語(yǔ)（object）、表語(yǔ)（predicative）、定語(yǔ)（attribute）、狀語(yǔ)(adverbial)，補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）。（1）. 主語(yǔ) S主語(yǔ) (Subject) 是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。表示句子說的是什么人或什么事。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不是疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例

2、如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 名詞2.We often speak English in class. 代詞3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 數(shù)詞4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 不定式5.Smoking does harm to the health. 動(dòng)名詞6.The rich should help the poor. 名詞化的形容詞7.

3、When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 主語(yǔ)從句8.It is necessary to master a foreign language。it 為形式主語(yǔ)，不定式為真正的主語(yǔ)（2）. 謂語(yǔ) （V）謂語(yǔ) (Predicate) 說明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.2、復(fù)合

4、謂語(yǔ)：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 注意：謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。（3）表語(yǔ) （P）表語(yǔ)(Predicative)用以說明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）2.Is it yours?（代詞）3.The weather has turned c

5、old.（形容詞）4.The speech is exciting.（分詞）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語(yǔ)）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linking verb)用

6、于連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，說明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, stand, 例如： He always keep silent at meeting. 3）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 4）變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go,

7、come, run.例如： He became mad after that.  除此之外，還有prove, turn out, appear, seem等。The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success。（4）賓語(yǔ) (O)賓語(yǔ)（Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如： 1.They visited an exhibition yesterday.名詞2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 代詞，動(dòng)名詞

8、3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 名詞，數(shù)詞4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 名詞化形容詞，名詞5.He pretended not to see me. 不定式6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 動(dòng)名詞7.I think（that）he is fit for his office. 賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)種類：1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)O+直接賓語(yǔ)O） Lend me your dictionary, please. He gav

9、e me a book yesterday.2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)O+賓補(bǔ)C） 1. They elected him their monitor. 名詞2.They painted their boat white. 形容詞3.Let the fresh air in. 介詞4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 不定式5.We saw her entering the room. 動(dòng)名詞6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 介詞短語(yǔ)7.We will soon make our

10、city what your city is now. 從句以上幾種是句子的必要成分，不可缺少，否則句子意義就不完整。句子除了必要成分外，還可以有定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，同位語(yǔ)和插入語(yǔ)。（5）定語(yǔ) 修飾，限制，描述或補(bǔ)充說明名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)(Attribute)。1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞）4.His rapi

11、d progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)）8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定語(yǔ)從句)（

12、6）狀語(yǔ) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分。從情況,時(shí)間,處所,方式,條件,對(duì)象,肯定,否定,范圍和程度等方面對(duì)謂語(yǔ)中心進(jìn)行修飾或限制，狀語(yǔ)一般由副詞充當(dāng)，也可由名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，從句等充當(dāng)。1.Light travels most quickly. 副詞及副詞性短語(yǔ)2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 介詞短語(yǔ)3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. 不定式4.He is in the room makin

13、g a model plane. 分詞短語(yǔ)5.Wait a minute. 名詞6.Once you begin, you must continue. 狀語(yǔ)從句9種狀語(yǔ)種類如下： 1. How about meeting again at six? 時(shí)間2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 原因3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 條件4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 地點(diǎn)5.She put the eggs into t

14、he basket with great care. 方式5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 伴隨6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 目的7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 結(jié)果8.She works very hard though she is old. 讓步9.I am taller than he is. 比較（7）同位語(yǔ)（Appositive）對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常

15、由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.We students should study hard. We all are students. （8）插入語(yǔ)（Parenthesis）對(duì)一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.二：英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。1： （主謂）2： （主系表）

16、3： （主謂賓）4： （主謂間賓直賓）5： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）基本句型一： （不及物動(dòng)詞）1. The sun rose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等?；揪湫投?（是系動(dòng)詞） （表語(yǔ)） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The din

17、ner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. 基本句型 三： （主謂賓）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。 （及物動(dòng)詞） （賓語(yǔ)）1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused t

18、o help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said "Good morning." 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型 四： O （主謂間賓直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人(間接賓語(yǔ))；一個(gè)指物(直接賓語(yǔ))。 （及物） O（多指人） （多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that

19、 the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 基本句型 五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。 （及物） （賓語(yǔ)） （賓補(bǔ)） 1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them get

20、ting on the bus. 三：Practice makes perfect.(一) 選擇句子結(jié)構(gòu)a， b， c， d， e， 1. Please tell us a story._2. She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._（二）.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：v 1. The students got on the school bus.v

21、 2. He handed me the newspaper.v 3. I shall answer your question after class.v 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!v 5. They went hunting together early in the morning.v 6. His job is to train swimmers.v 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v 8. There is going to be an American film ton

22、ight.v 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v 10. His wish is to become a scientist.v 11. He managed to finish the work in time.v 12. Tom came to ask me for advice.v 13. He found it important to master English.v 14. Do you have anything else to say?v 15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so

23、good.v 16. Would you please tell me your address?v 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.v 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v 19. He noticed a man enter the room.v 20. The apples tasted sweet.（三）翻譯下列句子主謂結(jié)構(gòu) （ 主語(yǔ) 不及物動(dòng)詞 ）1你應(yīng)當(dāng)努力學(xué)習(xí)。2.她昨天回家很晚。 3.那天早上我們談了很多。 4.會(huì)議將持續(xù)兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 5.在過去的十年里，我的

24、家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu) （主語(yǔ) 及物動(dòng)詞 賓語(yǔ) ）1.昨晚我寫了一封信。 2.今天下午我想同你談?wù)劇?3.這本書他讀過多次了。 4.他們成功地完成了計(jì)劃。 5.那位先生能流利地說三種語(yǔ)言。主系表結(jié)構(gòu) （主語(yǔ) 系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ) ）1.我的兄弟都是大學(xué)生。 2.冬季白天短，夜晚長(zhǎng)。3.孩子們，請(qǐng)保持安靜。 4.樹葉已經(jīng)變黃了。 5.這個(gè)報(bào)告聽起來很有意思。 雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) （主語(yǔ)雙賓動(dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ) ）1 Johnson 先生去年教我們德語(yǔ)。 2. 奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。 3. Mary把錢包交給校長(zhǎng)了。 4. Robinson Crusoe 給自己做了一只小船。 5. 我替

25、你叫輛出租汽車好嗎？復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) （主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ）1.我們叫她Alice. 2.我們大家都認(rèn)為他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。 3.我們要使學(xué)校變得更美麗。 4.每天早晨我們都聽到他大聲朗讀英語(yǔ)。 5.我們不會(huì)讓她在晚上外出的。 There be 句型1今晚沒有會(huì)。2.這個(gè)村子過去只有一口井。 3這個(gè)學(xué)校有一名音樂老師和一名美術(shù)老師 4.燈亮著，辦公室里肯定有人。 5.恰好那時(shí)房里沒人。 初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法一名詞I.名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞Beijing, ChinagunfamilyworkairII. 名詞的數(shù)：1.

26、規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proo

27、fs, roof-roofs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos

28、, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mous

29、e-mice 2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料),

30、 sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某國(guó)人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無

31、主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的構(gòu)成：?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞

32、后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncle

33、s2. s所有格的用法：表示時(shí)間todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the l

34、ifes time, the plays plot7某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 二冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或

35、事，相當(dāng)于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of,

36、 a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the P

37、acific Ocean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist

38、Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代in the 1990s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有this, my, whose,

39、 some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5學(xué)科，語(yǔ)言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husband a

40、nd wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.三代詞：I.代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself

41、, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, n

42、either/ eitherII. 不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：1. one, some與any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me

43、 some money?3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)

44、以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much wa

45、ter is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students

46、in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eithe

47、rall表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, ev

48、ery, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6

49、形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序：代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長(zhǎng)短形狀新舊溫度顏色國(guó)籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形

50、容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII. 副詞副詞的分類：1時(shí)間副詞soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5頻度副詞always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地點(diǎn)副詞here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑

51、問副詞how, where, when, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。1. 同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常

52、用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級(jí)來表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。如：I have never spent a more worryi

53、ng day.5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介詞I.介詞分類：1簡(jiǎn)單介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短語(yǔ)介詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4雙重介詞from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞c