組織學(xué)重點(diǎn)知識總結(jié)

1、Chapter 2 Epithelial Tissue 一、總述1. what is the epithelium?由許多排列密集、形態(tài)較規(guī)則的上皮細(xì)胞和極少量細(xì)胞間質(zhì)所組成。2. position：body surface, inner surface of cavity, tube, sac etc.(人體外表面，體內(nèi)各種管，腔及囊的內(nèi)表面)。3Charactersa. more cells, less extracellular matrix（細(xì)胞多，細(xì)胞間質(zhì)少）b. polarity 極性 free(apical)surface lateral surface basal surfac

2、ec. avascularity(無血管) no blood vesselsd. innervation : rich in nerve terminalse. functions:protection,absorption,4 .classification 被覆上皮 腺上皮 感覺上皮二、 Covering epithelium(被覆上皮)1. 單層扁平上皮（Simple squamous epithelium）（1）分布 內(nèi)皮：襯于心臟、血管和淋巴管腔面 間皮：襯于胸膜、腹膜和心包膜表面（2）功能：fluid flow and material exchange（3）特點(diǎn)：很薄，僅有一層扁

3、平細(xì)胞組成。從表面看，細(xì)胞呈多邊形，細(xì)胞邊緣呈鋸齒狀，相鄰細(xì)胞彼此嵌合；核圓形，位于細(xì)胞中央。從垂直切面看，細(xì)胞呈扁圓形，胞質(zhì)很薄，僅含核部分略厚。2 .單層立方上皮（Simple cuboidal epithelium） （1）分布：腎小管和甲狀腺濾泡（2）功能：secretion and absorption（分泌和吸收）（3）特點(diǎn)：由一層立方形細(xì)胞組成，從表面看，細(xì)胞呈多邊形；從垂直切面看，細(xì)胞呈立方形，核圓，位于細(xì)胞中央。3.單層柱狀上皮（Simple columnar epithelium）（1） 分布：腸壁（2） 功能：secretion and absorption（3） 特點(diǎn)：

4、由一層棱柱狀細(xì)胞組成，從表面看，細(xì)胞呈多邊形；從垂直切面看，細(xì)胞呈柱狀，核橢圓，多靠近細(xì)胞基底部（4） 杯狀細(xì)胞：一種腺細(xì)胞，分泌粘液，有滑潤和保護(hù)上皮的作用4.假復(fù)層纖毛柱狀上皮（Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium）（1） 分布：呼吸道的腔面（2） 功能：removing inhaled particles（3） 特點(diǎn)：由高矮不等的柱狀細(xì)胞、梭形細(xì)胞和椎體細(xì)胞組成，常夾有杯狀細(xì)胞5. 復(fù)層扁平上皮（Stratified squamous epithelium） （1） 分布：口腔、食管和肛管 （2） 功能：較厚，有較強(qiáng)的機(jī)械保護(hù)作用，耐

5、摩擦，并可阻止異物入侵，受損后，有較強(qiáng)的修復(fù)能力 （3）特點(diǎn)：由多層細(xì)胞組成，最深層的細(xì)胞附于基膜。只有靠表面的數(shù)層細(xì)胞為扁平狀，中間幾層細(xì)胞由淺至深分別為梭形和多邊形；緊靠基膜的一層細(xì)胞呈立方形或矮柱形。 （4）角化的復(fù)層扁平上皮 （5）未角化的復(fù)層扁平上皮6. 復(fù)層柱狀上皮（Stratified columnar epithelium） （1） 分布：眼瞼結(jié)膜和男性尿道 （2） 特點(diǎn)：深層為一層矮柱狀細(xì)胞，中間為幾層多邊形細(xì)胞，淺層是一層排列較整齊的柱狀細(xì)胞7變移上皮（Transitional epithelium） （1） 分布：腎盂、腎盞、輸尿管及膀胱的腔面 （2） 特點(diǎn)：變移上皮細(xì)胞

6、的形狀和層數(shù)可隨所在器官的功能狀況而發(fā)生變化三. 上皮組織的特殊結(jié)構(gòu) 1上皮細(xì)胞游離面（free surface）上的特殊結(jié)構(gòu) （1）細(xì)胞衣（cell coat）定義：是構(gòu)成細(xì)胞膜的糖蛋白和糖脂向外伸出的糖鏈部分。功能：粘著，支持，保護(hù)，物質(zhì)交換及識別等（2）微絨毛（microvillus）定義：是上皮細(xì)胞游離面細(xì)胞膜和胞質(zhì)共同伸出的細(xì)小指狀突起組成：胞質(zhì)里有微絲（microfilament）連于頂部終末網(wǎng)（terminal web）功能: 增加表面積，增強(qiáng)消化和吸收功能形成 1）紋狀緣 2）刷狀緣（3）纖毛（cilium） 定義：是上皮細(xì)胞游離面伸向腔面且能擺動的細(xì)長突起結(jié)構(gòu)：胞質(zhì)內(nèi)有微管（

7、microtubule）纖毛根部是基體（basal body）， 擺動和動力蛋白（dynein）有關(guān)功能：使粘附物向一定方向推送2上皮細(xì)胞側(cè)面（lateral surface）的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)non-special: the minute space and cadherin-cell adherent moleculesspecial: cell junction（細(xì)胞連接） structures（1）緊密連接（tight junction）定義：相鄰細(xì)胞間的嵴向?qū)?yīng)形成封閉索（sealing strand）功能：防止大分子物質(zhì)進(jìn)入深部組織，通知組織液外溢。機(jī)械性連接作用（2）中間連接（inter

8、mediate junction）定義：位于緊密連接的下方，細(xì)絲狀物質(zhì)呈連續(xù)帶狀環(huán)繞上皮細(xì)胞功能: 保持細(xì)胞形狀，傳遞細(xì)胞縮力，粘著。特點(diǎn)：形態(tài)和功能的完整性是鈣依賴的（3）橋粒（desmosome）定義：位于中間連接的深部，相鄰的細(xì)胞膜上形成附著板（attachment plaque）張力絲附著在板上功能：加強(qiáng)細(xì)胞間的連接(4) 縫隙連接（gap junction）定義：相鄰兩細(xì)胞膜上的柱狀顆粒彼此連接，管腔也連通，成為細(xì)胞間的直接連通的管道功能：進(jìn)行某些小分子物質(zhì)和離子的交換，傳遞化學(xué)信息。3上皮細(xì)胞基底面（basal surface）的特殊結(jié)構(gòu) （1）基膜（basement membra

9、ne）定義：是上皮基底面與深部結(jié)締組織間的一層薄膜結(jié)構(gòu)：透明板（lamina lucida）致密板（lamina densa）網(wǎng)織板（lamina fibroreticularis）功能： 1)支持、連接和固著作用，對細(xì)胞增殖，分化，遷移以及細(xì)胞代謝，信號傳導(dǎo)具有重要作用。2)半透膜 選擇透過性、（2）質(zhì)膜內(nèi)褶（plasma membrane infolding）定義：是上皮細(xì)胞基底面的細(xì)胞膜折向胞質(zhì)所形成的許多質(zhì)膜褶。功能：1 增加表面積 2 加強(qiáng)物質(zhì)和離子運(yùn)輸 （3）半橋粒（Hemidesmosome） 四、腺上皮與腺定義：以分泌功能為主的上皮成為腺上皮（glandular epithel

10、ium），以腺上皮為主要成分所構(gòu)成的器官為腺（gland）外分泌腺（exocrine gland）分泌物通過導(dǎo)管排出到體表或器官的表面 如汗腺，乳腺，唾液腺等內(nèi)分泌腺（endocrine gland）分泌物直接進(jìn)入腺細(xì)胞周圍的毛細(xì)血管和淋巴管1. 外分泌腺的結(jié)構(gòu)和分類（1） 外分泌腺分為單細(xì)胞腺（unicellular gland）和多細(xì)胞腺（multicellular gland）（2） 多細(xì)胞腺一般由分泌部（secretory portion）和導(dǎo)管（acinus）組成 根據(jù)腺細(xì)胞分泌物的性質(zhì) 漿液腺（serous gland）外分泌腺 黏液腺（mucous gland） 混合腺（mixe

11、d gland）根據(jù)腺細(xì)胞分泌物排除方式 局漿分泌腺（merocrine gland）外分泌腺 頂漿分泌腺（apocrine gland） 全漿分泌腺（holocrine gland）2導(dǎo)管（duct）定義：與分泌部直接連接的上皮性管道，由單層或復(fù)層上皮圍成。根據(jù)有無分支 單腺（simple gland）外分泌腺 復(fù)腺（compound gland）3腺細(xì)胞的類型（略）蛋白質(zhì)分泌細(xì)胞糖蛋白分泌細(xì)胞類固醇分泌細(xì)胞 肽分泌細(xì)胞五、上皮組織的更新和再生（略） Connective Tissue Proper一.CT目的要求 1.掌握疏松結(jié)締組織各種成分的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。了解纖維與基質(zhì)的形成。2.了解致密

12、結(jié)締組織、脂肪組織和網(wǎng)狀組織的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。二CT詞匯Connective tissue 結(jié)締組織Mesenchyme 間充質(zhì)Mesenchyme cell 間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞Connective tissue proper 固有結(jié)締組織Loose connective tissue 疏松結(jié)締組織Areolar tissue 蜂窩結(jié)締組織Fibroblast 成纖維細(xì)胞Fibrocyte 纖維細(xì)胞Procollagen 前膠原蛋白Tropocollagen 原膠原蛋白Growth factor 生長因子Plasma cell 漿細(xì)胞Immunoglobulin Ig 免疫球蛋白Antibody 抗體

13、Macrophage 巨噬細(xì)胞Primary lysosome 初級溶酶體Secondary lysosome 次級溶酶體Phagosome 吞噬體Phagocytic vacuole 吞飲小泡Specific phagocytosis 特異性吞噬作用Receptor 受體Nonspecific phagocytosis 非特異性吞噬作用Cytokine 細(xì)胞因子Mast cell 肥大細(xì)胞Histamine 組胺Heparin 肝素Eosinophil chemotactioc factor , ECF 嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞趨化因子Undifferentiated mesenchymal cell

14、未分化的間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞Fat cell 脂肪細(xì)胞Leukocytes 白細(xì)胞Collagenous fiber 膠原纖維Bundle of collagenous fibers 膠原纖維束Collagenous fibril 膠原原纖維Elastic fiber 彈性纖維Elastin 彈性蛋白Microfibril 微原纖維Fibrillin 原纖維蛋白Reticular fiber 網(wǎng)狀纖維Collagen 膠原蛋白Ground substance 基質(zhì)Tissue fluid 組織液Dense connective tissue 致密結(jié)締組織Dense regular connective

15、tissue 致密規(guī)則結(jié)締組織Dense irregular CT 不致密規(guī)則結(jié)締組織三.知識概要1.General features of CTa. small number of cells and large amount of extracellular matrixb. extracellular matrix is composed of amorphous ground substance, fibers and tissue fluidc. all of them originate from mesenchyme (embryonal CT)d. have functions

16、 of connection, supporting, protecting, nutrition, defense and repairing2.Connective Tissue Classification loose CT dense CT adipose tissue reticular tissueCT propercartilage tissue & bone tissueblood & lymph3. 3 types of fiber Collagen fiber：又稱white fiber，the most abundant & the thickes

17、t fiber in CT。periodic cross-striation at 67nm interval（有周期性橫紋）。由collagen (type I &III) 構(gòu)成。q Elastic fiber：又稱yellow fiber，no periodic cross-striation（無周期性橫紋），由elastin (core)+microfibrilselastic fiber 構(gòu)成。q Reticular fiber: no color (HE), black (silver staining) ,periodic cross-striation at 67nm i

18、nterval. periodic cross-striation at 67nm interval, 由collagen (type III) 構(gòu)成。4. 7 types of cellq Fibroblast: synthesize fibers and matrixq Undifferentiated mesenchymal cell: similar to fibrocyte and multidifferentiating potential ,可分化為：fibroblast and fat cellq Fat cell：nucleus located on one side of

19、cell and produce and store fatq Macrophage：acidophilic cytoplasm and lysosome, phagosome, originate from monocyte in blood q Mast cell: Cytoplasm contain leukotriene, numerous granules , histamine , heparin , Eosinophil chemotactic factor,cause allergic reactionq Leukocytes: lymphocyte, monocyte, eo

20、sinophilq Plasma cell: basophilic cytoplasm, rich in rER & Golgi complex, produce Ab/immunoglobulin 5.Adipose tissue general features an aggregation of fat cells HE: round empty space Sudan III: wedding-ring like Distribution Functions Origin: derived from UMC. Chapter 4 cartilage(軟骨) and bone（骨

21、）一軟骨cartilage軟骨是由軟骨組織(cartilage tissue)及其周圍的軟骨膜(perichondrium)組成的器官。(一) 軟骨組織cartilage tissue軟骨組織cartilage tissue由軟骨基質(zhì)cartilage matrix和軟骨細(xì)胞chondrocyte構(gòu)成。1.軟骨基質(zhì)cartilage matrix軟骨基質(zhì)由無定形基質(zhì)ground substance和包埋在其中的纖維構(gòu)成。軟骨基質(zhì)內(nèi)的小腔稱為軟骨陷窩cartilage lacuna,軟骨細(xì)胞chondrocyte位于其中。LM: basophilic嗜堿性軟骨囊 cartilage capsul

22、e:軟骨陷窩周圍含硫酸軟骨素較多，嗜堿性強(qiáng)，染色深。軟骨組織內(nèi)無血管，淋巴管和神經(jīng)，軟骨基質(zhì)富含水分，通透性強(qiáng)，所以營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)通過滲透作用進(jìn)入軟骨組織的深部。2.軟骨細(xì)胞chondrocyteEmbedded in cartilage lacuna軟骨細(xì)胞充滿與軟骨陷窩內(nèi)。Peripheric cell軟骨組織周邊部的細(xì)胞：small,immature(不成熟),single（單個分布）,flattened（扁平）central cell軟骨組織中心的細(xì)胞： large,mature,round and in group of 2-8 cells 這些細(xì)胞由一個幼稚軟骨細(xì)胞分裂增殖而來，故稱為同

23、源細(xì)胞群isogenous group(二) 軟骨膜Two layersout layer: contain more fiber-protection膠原纖維，起保護(hù)作用。inner layer: less fiber, more cells 其中梭形fusiform in shape的為骨祖細(xì)胞osteoprogenitor cell,可增殖分化為軟骨細(xì)胞。(三) 軟骨的發(fā)生、生長和再生1 發(fā)生：源于胚胎時期的間充質(zhì)mesenchyme2 生長：間質(zhì)生長和外加生長兩種不同的方式間質(zhì)生長interstitial growth: 軟骨內(nèi)生長，軟骨組織內(nèi)的軟骨細(xì)胞增殖分化，多見于年幼的軟骨。外加

24、生長appositional growth: 軟骨膜下生長，軟骨膜內(nèi)層的骨祖細(xì)胞分裂分化，多見于發(fā)育中和成熟狀態(tài)的軟骨。3 再生：軟骨細(xì)胞的再生能力較弱，多采用移植的方法治療軟骨疾病。(四) 軟骨的分類1 透明軟骨hyaline cartilage:分布很廣，乳白色，半透明2 彈性軟骨elastic cartilage:分布于耳廓、外耳道、咽鼓管和會厭等處，不透明，黃色。3 纖維軟骨fibrocartilage:分布于椎間盤、關(guān)節(jié)盤、恥骨聯(lián)合等處，不透明，乳白色。二骨Bone consists of bone tissue骨組織, periosteum骨外膜 and endosteum骨內(nèi)膜,

25、 bone marrow骨髓。(一) 骨組織osseous tissue/bone tissue1.骨基質(zhì)bone matrix: organic matter有機(jī)質(zhì) and inorganic matter無機(jī)質(zhì) Organic matter:90% bone collagen fiber骨膠纖維and 10% ground substance無定形基質(zhì)。 Inorganic matter: also called bone mineral骨鹽Hydroxyapatite crystal羥基磷灰石Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2pin-shaped 細(xì)針狀10-20 nm longitudin

26、al arranged 沿膠原纖維長軸縱向排列。2骨細(xì)胞：骨祖細(xì)胞、成骨細(xì)胞、骨細(xì)胞、破骨細(xì)胞。 骨祖細(xì)胞osteoprogenitor cell: a kind of stem cell干細(xì)胞 Small. fusiform in shape梭形 Ovoid nucleus 細(xì)胞核為橢圓形 Slight basophilic cytoplasm 細(xì)胞質(zhì)弱堿性 Exist in the surface of bone tissue 可分化為成軟骨細(xì)胞chondroblast和成骨細(xì)胞osteoblast 成骨細(xì)胞osteoblast: Exist in the surface of bone

27、tissue Large ,single layer, cuboidal or low columnar cell 單層,立方體或矮柱狀。 分泌類骨質(zhì)osteoid 成骨細(xì)胞被類骨質(zhì)包埋后，便形成骨細(xì)胞。 骨細(xì)胞osteocyte Multiple long and thin processes 有多而細(xì)長的突起 Body of osteocyte 胞體 locates in bone lacuna(骨陷窩) Processes of osteocyte 突起 locate in bone canaliculus(骨小管) Basophilic cytoplasm 細(xì)胞質(zhì)堿性 Adjacent

28、 cells connect with gap junction 縫隙連接 破骨細(xì)胞osteoclast Small amount Located in resorption bay 吸收凹 (also called Howship lacuna Howship 陷窩 ) 有多個單核細(xì)胞融合而成 multinuclear large cell 多核巨細(xì)胞 溶解和吸收骨基質(zhì)(二) 長骨long bone 由骨密質(zhì)、骨松質(zhì)、骨膜、關(guān)節(jié)軟骨、骨髓以及血管和神經(jīng)構(gòu)成的器官。1.骨密質(zhì) compact bone 按排列方式分為環(huán)骨板、骨單位和間骨板。環(huán)骨板：outer circumferential l

29、amella外環(huán)骨板環(huán)繞骨干的外表面 Inner circumferential lamella內(nèi)環(huán)骨板環(huán)繞骨干的內(nèi)表面骨單位osteon .also called Haversian system 哈弗斯系統(tǒng) Between inner and outer circumferential lamellas Large amount ,main part of compact bone骨密質(zhì)的主要結(jié)構(gòu)單位。 Central canal / Haversian canal 中央管-骨單位中軸 Osteon lamella / Haversian canal 骨單位骨板-同心圓包繞在中央管外間骨板

30、interstitial bone: 原有的骨單位或內(nèi)、外環(huán)骨板被吸收后殘留部分。 扇形或不規(guī)則2.骨松質(zhì)spongy bone: 分布于長骨兩端的骨骺和骨干的內(nèi)側(cè)面。3.骨膜 骨外膜 periosteum 骨內(nèi)膜endosteum三骨的發(fā)生osteogenesis 骨組織的發(fā)生過程中既有骨組織的形成，也有骨組織的吸收1. 膜內(nèi)成骨 intermembranous ossification：頂骨、額骨和鎖骨2. 軟骨內(nèi)成骨endochondral ossification:四肢骨、軀干骨和部分顱底骨.四關(guān)節(jié)動關(guān)節(jié)：主要是滑膜關(guān)節(jié)，分布廣泛，在肢體運(yùn)動中尤為重要。不動關(guān)節(jié)：顱骨縫、恥骨聯(lián)合、椎間

31、連接。(一) 滑膜關(guān)節(jié)synovial joint:由關(guān)節(jié)軟骨articular cartilage、關(guān)節(jié)囊articular capsule和關(guān)節(jié)腔articular cavity等構(gòu)成.1. articular cartilage2. articular capsule: two layersout layer:纖維排列緊密，與骨外膜連接，維持關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定。Inner layer:疏松，光滑。稱為滑膜synovial membrane3. articular cavity:關(guān)節(jié)囊所封閉形成的腔，腔內(nèi)有少量滑液synovial fluid,由潤滑和營養(yǎng)作用。(二) 椎間連接：由軟骨終板carti

32、lage end plate和椎間盤intervertebral disc構(gòu)成。1. cartilage end plate:覆蓋在每個椎體的上下兩面的透明軟骨。2. intervertebral disc:由周圍部的纖維環(huán)annulus fibrosus和中央部的髓核nucleus pulposus構(gòu)成。Chapter 5 Blood and Lymph一、 血液血液（Blood） 血漿（blood plasma）占血液容積的55%血細(xì)胞（blood cell） 紅細(xì)胞（erythrocyte，red blood cell） 占血液容積的55% 血小板（blood platelet）又稱血栓

33、細(xì)胞（thrombocyte） 白細(xì)胞（leukocyte，white blood cell） 白細(xì)胞 無粒白細(xì)胞（agranulocyte） 單核細(xì)胞（monocyte） 淋巴細(xì)胞（lymphocyte） 有粒白細(xì)胞（granulocyte） 中性粒細(xì)胞（neutrophilic granulocyte，neutrophil） 嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞（eosinophilic granulocyte，eosinophil） 嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞（basophilic granulocyte，basophil）1、 血液加抗凝劑離心沉淀后分三層 上層淡黃色血漿 下層深紅色紅細(xì)胞 中間薄層灰白色白細(xì)胞與血小板 血

34、液無抗凝劑靜置上層淡黃色透明液體為血清（serum）-臨床生化檢查常用 Serum：plasma in which the fibrinogen（纖維蛋白質(zhì)）has been remove by clotting.2、 血漿：水（90%）+血漿蛋白3、 血液細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查（blood smear）：Wright or Giemsa staining 紅細(xì)胞 ErythrocyteGeneral features：7.5 um in diameter, 2um thick；biconcave disc in shape （雙凹圓盤狀）；no nucleus, no organelle（細(xì)胞器）；fi

35、lled with hemoglobin (Hb，血紅蛋白)；血紅蛋白：red color， combine and transfer O2 and CO2貧血（anaemia）：RBC <3.0X1012 /L or Hb <100g/LLife span: 120 days 網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞 Reticulocyte：尚未完全成熟的紅細(xì)胞（immature cell）0.5-1% of total erythrocyte population or 3-6% in neonate（新生兒）；remained ribosome-delicate network structure wh

36、en stained with brilliant cresyl blue；will disappear after 1-3 days. 白細(xì)胞 LeukocyteGeneral features：a group of large cells with nucleus；no hemoglobin, colorless in fresh blood； Defense and immune reaction. 中性粒細(xì)胞 Neutrophil50-70% of total leukocyte population LM: shape: round, d=10-12um nucleus: sever

37、al (2-5) lobes cytoplasm: weak pink, fine neutrophilic granules EM: specific granule（特殊顆粒）: 80%, small azurophilic granule（嗜天青顆粒）: 20%, largefunction: phagocytose bacteria 當(dāng)機(jī)體受到某些細(xì)菌感染發(fā)生炎癥時，白細(xì)胞總數(shù)增加，中性粒細(xì)胞比例顯著提高。life span: 6-8 hours in blood, 2-3 days in CT 嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞 Eosinophil0.5-3% of total leukocyte po

38、pulation LM: 10-15 um in diameter 2 lobes nucleus red, acidophilic granulesEM: numerous granules with electron dense crystalloid ACPase, peroxidase, histaminasefunction: counteract the infection of parasite reduce allergic reactionlife span: in blood 6-8h, in CT 8-12d在過敏性或變態(tài)反應(yīng)性疾病以及寄生蟲感染時，嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多。 嗜

39、堿性粒細(xì)胞 Basophilsmallest in number, <1%；“S” shaped or irregular nucleus；basophilic granule: histamine, heparin.顆粒內(nèi)含肝素，組胺，與肥大細(xì)胞分泌的物質(zhì)相同（白三烯），參與過敏反應(yīng)function: involved in allergic reaction life span: 10-15 days 單核細(xì)胞 Monocyte3-8% of total leukocyte population, largest in size nucleus: kidney-like, horse

40、-shoe in shapecytoplasm: gray-blue, contains azurophilic granule peroxidase, ACPase, function: immigrate to CTmacrophage - mononuclear phagocyte system life span: 1-5d in blood 單核吞噬細(xì)胞系統(tǒng) Mononeuclear phagocyte systemDefinition：monocytes in blood & phagocytes in other tissues or organsComposition：

41、 monocytes in blood macrophages in connective tissue Kupffer cells in liver microglial cells in nervous system dendritic cells in epidermis, lymph nodes, spleen & thymusStructure：large cell body；filopodiumOrigin：stem cells in bone marrow monocytes in blood tissuesFunction： phagocytosis: e.g. dus

42、t cells in the lung. antigen presenting killing neoplastic cells: by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 淋巴細(xì)胞 Lymphocyte20-30% of total leukocyte population；most are small lymphocytes in blood； dense nucleus；less cytoplasm, contains azurophilic granuleclassification:small lymphocyte TC (thymus dependent lym

43、phocyte) BC (bone marrow dependent lymphocyte) medium-sized lymphocytelarge lymphocyte-natural killer cellfunction: TC: -cytokines cellular immunity BC: -plasma cell Ab humoral immunity 血小板 Blood platelet General features：not true cell, irregular disc, 3um in diameter；in groupsFunction：blood clottin

44、g origin: cytoplasmic fragment of megakaryocyte in bone marrowRoutine blood stain: morphology, number and percentage of blood cells RBC male:(4-5.5)×1012/L female: (3.5-5)×1012/LHb male:120-150g/L female: 110-140g/L WBC (4-10)×109/LPt (100-300)×109/L二、 造血器官和血細(xì)胞的發(fā)生Haemopoiesis（造血）

45、-formation of bloodPlaces for haemopoiesis: yalk sac（卵黃囊） (3Week)liver (6Week) spleen (4Month) bone marrow (postnatal) for adult, liver & spleen become the places for hemopoiesis during massive blood loss Structure of bone marrow（骨髓）red bone marrow-hemopoietic tissue hemopoietic inductive microe

46、nvironment ( HIM): The environment for hemopoietic cell growth and development, bone marrow HIM includes N of bone marrow, BV, fiber, extracellular GS and hemopoietic stromal cellsHemopoietic stem cell（造血干細(xì)胞） and hemopoietic progenitor cell（造血祖細(xì)胞）hemopoietic stem cell(HSC): multipotential stem cello

47、riginated yalk sac red bone marrow constitutes about 0.5% of total bone marrow cellssimilar to small LCfeature: strong potential to proliferation, but generally in Go still statemultidifferentiated abilityability to copy itself: keep certain numberhemopoietic progenitor cell(HPC): committed stem cel

48、loriginated from hemopoietic stem cellforming colony forming unit(CFU) under the regulate of colony stimutating factor(CSF): l CFU-GEMMl BFU-E,CFU-El CFU-GMl CFU-MKl CFU-TL,CFU-BLGeneral regulation of hemopoietic processes ：l promordial stagel immature stagel mature stageregulations:l size of cell b

49、ecome smaller and smallerl Nucleus become smaller and smaller or disappears chromatin: from fine and loose to rough and densel cytoplasm: -more and more -basophilic: weaker and weaker -specific granule: more and morel ability to division: from have to no, but keep the potentials三、淋巴 LymphMuscle tiss

50、ue注釋：標(biāo)有下劃線的為重點(diǎn)。1Muscle tissue in generalMyocyte（肌細(xì)胞） = muscle fiber（肌纖維） -sarcolemma （肌膜）= cell membrane -sarcoplasm（肌質(zhì)） = cytoplasm -sarcoplasmic reticulum （肌質(zhì)網(wǎng)）= sER· Classification-according to structure & function -skeletal muscle (骨骼肌)-striated, voluntary -cardiac muscle （心?。?striated,

51、 involuntary -smooth muscle （平滑肌）-unstriated, involuntary21. Skeletal muscleMicrostructure （1）multinuclei, ovoid, peripherally-located（2） filled with longitudinal parallel-arranged myofibrilsUltrastructure myofibril（肌原纖維）:-cross striation: light band - I (isotropic) band, dark band - A (anisotropic)

52、 band Sarcomere*（肌節(jié)）重點(diǎn)掌握Ø The part of a myofibril situated between two consecutive Z-linesØ It is composed of 1/2I + A + 1/2IØ It is the structural and functional unit of myofibril Transverse tubule (T-tubule)（橫小管）Ø Sarcolemma invaginate into sarcoplasm to form a transverse distr

53、ibuted tubular systemØ Function: transfer stimulation into cytoplasm Longitudinal tubule (L-tubule)（縱小管即肌質(zhì)網(wǎng)）Ø A longitudinal distributed tubular system formed by sarcoplasmic reticulumØ Function: Ca2+ pump on membrane, (鈣泵) -store and release Ca2+ Terminal cisternaØ Longitudinal tubu