TOEFL閱讀題1

1、托福閱讀真題100篇一（word版）小馬過河為大家準(zhǔn)備了“托福閱讀真題100篇一（word版）”，供各位備考托福的考生們參考使用，來提高自己的托福成績！免費(fèi)咨詢電話：400-0123-267 PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ic

2、e trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half

3、 the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox

4、 was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it

5、was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation

6、needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to tran

7、sport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks.One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to trav

8、el to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the wo

9、rd "icebox" become part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-establ

10、ished4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox5. The word &qu

11、ot;it" in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of theicebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of i

12、ce(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8.According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely pr

13、event ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (lines 18-19) toindicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an h

14、onest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly successful10.According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The "produce&

15、quot; mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) marketsPASSAGE 2The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports,and prec

16、ipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by windover the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continentalerosion: rain. Precipitated onto

17、the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, andrivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized networkchannels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in thecycle because water tends to minimize its pot

18、ential energy by running from high altitudes towardthe reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule t

19、o pass through one of the three reservoirs atmosphere, continent, and ocean we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in theatmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This lastfigure shows the importance of the

20、ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also therapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported.

21、 Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from twoclosely linked and interdependent

22、 processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to(A) c

23、louds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3.According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the "hydrogr

24、aphic network" (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves

25、through the cycle, as discussed inthe third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word "rapidity" in lin

26、e 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word "they" in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8.All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The wo

27、rd "efficiency" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectivenessPASSAGE 3The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts

28、 and sizes notonly trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo a group who lived on or near the coast duringthe 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to th

29、is day. Theymade baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people weremasters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; otherswith feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Po

30、mopeople made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all theirbasketwork by twining the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, aroundstiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling a process inwhich a continu

31、ous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping offlexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. Inaddition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employingmore than one of them in a single

32、 article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. Thewarp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woodyfiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomopeople used the bark

33、of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiledwork. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finestbasketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazinglyvaried. Every Pomo basketmaker kne

34、w how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patternsthat could be combined in a number of different ways. 1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials u

35、sed2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A)

36、 The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for gen

37、erations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6.According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7.Acc

38、ording to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twi

39、ning is most similar to therelationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in

40、 lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of thePomo people.(B) Baskets pr

41、oduced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.PASSAGE 4The term "Hudson River school" was applied to t

42、he foremost representatives ofnineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the goldendays of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct re

43、sult of thestruggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as therepresentative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practicedin a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securelyestablishe

44、d in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy ofDesign. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figuralsubject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in theirown country were uncertain

45、, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition inNew York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previousyears had been referred to as the "American", "native", or, occasionally, "New York" school themost represe

46、ntative school of American art in any genre had by 1890 become firmlyestablished in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it washardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed

47、 had worked and socialized in NewYork, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. Mostimportant, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of techniqueand composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole,who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possibleimplication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole,lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the r