工程建筑的變形監(jiān)測

1、Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Structure 工程建筑【EngineeringStructure或者工程結(jié)構(gòu)】的變形觀測Overview 概述【Overview縱覽、總的看法】Deformati on refers to the cha ngesof a deformable body n atural or man-made objects un dergoes in its shapes, dime nsion and positi on in space and time domap變形指一個形 變體【deformable

2、 body自然或人工物體在空間和時間范圍【domain領(lǐng)域、范圍】 在形狀、尺度和位置上經(jīng)受【undergo 經(jīng)受、收到】 的變化【變形指一個形變體在空間和時間上經(jīng)受的形狀、尺度和位置的變化】Due to factors such as changes of ground water level, tidal phenomena, tectonic phe nomena, etc, engin eeri ng structures such as dams, bridges, high rise build in gs, etc. are subject to deformation.由于【D

3、ue to】 諸如地下水位變化、潮汐現(xiàn)象、地殼構(gòu)造【tectonic 構(gòu)造的、地殼構(gòu)造的】 現(xiàn)象等等的因素【 factor, 工程建筑物如大壩、 橋梁、高層建筑等等受到變形【deformation】 影響【subject受影響】Deformation of engineering structures is often measured in order to ensure that the structure is exhibit ing a safe deformation behavior,工程建筑物的變形經(jīng)常觀測以保證 建筑呈現(xiàn)【exhibit展現(xiàn)】平安變形行為【工程建筑物的變形經(jīng)常觀

4、測以保證建筑物 的變形在平安范圍內(nèi)】Cost is more tha n offset by sav in gs a nd by improveme nts in safety both duri ng and after constructions.(As a result, the desig n, executio n and an alysis of such surveys are a matter of con siderable practical importance.作為結(jié)果，這種測量的設(shè)計、實施和分析是一件有著相當(dāng)大【considerable相當(dāng)大的】 的實際【practi

5、cal實際的】 重要性【importanee重要性】 的 事情Expa nded resource developme nt, the trend towards pote ntially-deformatio n-se nsitivity engin eeri ng and con structi on projects, and grow ing geoscie ncetific in terest in the study of crustal moveme nt have all comb ined to in crease aware ness of the n eed for a

6、comprehe nsive in tegrated approach to the desig n and an alysis of such deformati on surveys.隨著資源擴張的開展，趨勢朝向潛在變形敏感度工程和建筑工程，成長的地球科學(xué)感興趣的地殼運動研究已經(jīng)全部結(jié)合來增加全面整合方法的需求的知識變形測量的設(shè)計和分析Therefore it is importa nt to measure this moveme nts for the purpose of safety assessme nt and as well as preventing any disaste

7、r in the future.因此，為了平安評估【safety assessmen平安評估，assessmen評估】 和未來災(zāi)害【disaste】 預(yù)防【prevent】，變形 的測量非常重要Deformation Monitoring of natural and man-made structures is an engineering survey activity duri ng which repeated observati ons are made within a specified time frame for the purpose of detecting and qu

8、antifying movements of structures.自然和人工結(jié)構(gòu)的變形 觀測屬于工程測量行為，為了探查和測定【 quantify 確定數(shù)量】 結(jié)構(gòu)的變動，在一個 指定【specified指定的】 時間框架下重復(fù)觀測Such monitoring could be of a routine nature e.g. a dam at high and low water marks or made n ecessary by an abno rmal con diti on e.g. major works n ear a tall buildi ng這樣的 監(jiān)測可以是Under

9、 ordinary circumstances, the interval of time between monitoring and analysis may extend over several days or mo.在普通【ordinary 平常的、普通的】 情況【circumstances 情況、環(huán)境】下，監(jiān)測和分析之間的時間間隔可能延續(xù)幾天甚至更長時間Under critical condition, this may have to be nearly instantaneous in order to provide a warning, if necessary.在危急【c

10、ritical危急的】 情況下，如果需要【if necessary，幾乎、密切地】 即時的【instantaneoudThe volume of data may consist of only several items, in the simplest routine investigation, or of hun dreds or thousa nds of differe nt data, in very complex or critical con diti ons.數(shù)據(jù) 量【volume 可以是，簡單的例行調(diào)查中，僅由幾項組成【consist of由組成】；或者在復(fù)雜或危急狀況

11、下，由成百上千的不同數(shù)據(jù)組成The rate of monitoring may be annually, monthly, weekly, daily, hourly, or even more frequently.監(jiān)測頻率【rate 速率、比例】 可以是一年一次【annually 年一次、每年, 下同】、一月一次，一周一次、一天一次、每小時一次，甚至更頻繁Detect ing and qua ntify ing moveme nts require the use of very precise equipme nt檢測禾口 測定變形需要非常精確的儀器。Such movements ar

12、e very small and to accurately measure them requires meticulous fieldwork as well as rigorous analysis of observed data.這種變形非常小，準確測量他 們需要細心的【meticulous小心的】 外業(yè)，還有觀測數(shù)據(jù)的嚴格【 rigorous 嚴格的】 分析Deformati on mon itori ng tech niq ues can be gen erally divided in to geotech ni cal, structural and geodetic sur

13、vey methods.變形監(jiān)測技術(shù)可以一般【gen erally】分為：十木技術(shù) 的、結(jié)構(gòu)的和測繪的方法The geodetic methods highly un derstood by engin eeri ng surveyors that can be used are Global Positioning System GPS, close-range photogrammetry with the use of terrestrial camera, precise theodolite and levels, total station, laser scanners, and

14、 vibration mon itori ng systems, a very long baseli ne in terferometry and satellite laser rangin g.測繪法非常為工程測量人員所理解可以使用的是GPS,使用地面攝影機【terrestrial camera地面攝影機】的訴景攝影測量，精密經(jīng)緯儀和水準儀，全站儀，激光掃描儀，禾口振動【vibrati on 振動】 監(jiān)測 系統(tǒng)，甚長基線干預(yù)測量【very long baseli ne in teferometry】和衛(wèi)星激光測距A nu mber of traditi onal survey ing t

15、ech niq ues have also bee n modified and applied to yield the highest possible accuracies.許多傳統(tǒng)測量技術(shù)也經(jīng)過改進【modify 改進】 并用于 產(chǎn)生【yield產(chǎn)生】盡可能最高的精度Geodetic measureme nts invo Ive the observables of horiz on tal an gles, or directi on; spatial distance; and height diferen ce.測繪方法測量【即， geodetic型的變形監(jiān)測測量工作】 包括水平

16、角或方向的觀測【observable觀測 n詞性變換】；空間距離；高差【height differenee】 的觀測【observable觀測 n詞性變換】Geotechnical measurementsconsist of similar geometric quantities, but over a much smaller extent than for geodetic measurementsdistances to a few meters rather than hundreds of meters, as well as measurements of the physic

17、al or mechanical state of the object being monitored. 土木技術(shù)方法的測量工作由類似的幾何量組成，但是比測繪 法測量距離上從幾米，The survey methods can be further subdivided into the survey n etwork method and direct measurement method.測量方法可以進一步細分為【subdivide細分】 測量網(wǎng)和直接 測量法。In geodetic method there are two types of geodetic networks, name

18、ly the reference absolute and relative network.測地學(xué)方法中有兩種類型的測量網(wǎng)，被稱為參考絕 對網(wǎng)和相對網(wǎng)Monitoring Schemes 監(jiān)測方案A deformati on survey requires the assessme nt of project expectati on s.變形觀測需要項目預(yù)期的估計This would include accuracy statements in order to detect the movement and external effects of the object suspected

19、 of movemen(t. 包括The observation period and frequency must also be established. The selection of most appropriate technique or combination of techniques for any particular application will depend upon cost, the accuracy required, and the scale of the survey involved. Therefore several aspects relate

20、d to the optimal design of the networks, measurement and analysis techniques suited to the monitoring surveys have to be considered. The design of monitoring scheme should satisfy not only the best geometrical strength of the network but should primarily fulfill the needs of subsequent physical inte

21、rpretation of the monitoring results. Selection of monitoring techniques depends heavily on the type, the magnitude and the rate of the deformation. Therefore, the proposed measuring scheme should be based on the best possible combination of all available measuring instrumentation. A common feature

22、for both geodetic and satellite methods in monitoring scheme involves the following three stages: The design of the scheme required to undertake the deformation survey must consider the instrumentation to be used, the geometry of the network, the location of observables points, the types of observab

23、les, preanalysis of possibly environmental influences, and frequency of observation of the observables to the expected form of deformation. The reference datum must be appropriate, secure, and stable and not influenced by the suspected or anticipated movement within the local site area. The executio

24、n process that runs a designed network into reality should be carefully done, which deals with both the documentation of the proposed network stations and the actual field measurement techniques in which the equipment used must be adjusted and in good working order with appropriate calibrations comp

25、leted. Data processing deals with the processing and analysis of the collected geodetic data, quality assurance and control that must be followed to confirm the expected results. Processing occurs simultaneously with capture and subsequentto capture with different tasks at each time. During capture,

26、 the points involved must be identified an ancillary observations, such as temperature, must be requested along with dealing with the observation. The observation would likely be repeated in order to obtain a mean and an estimated of its standard deviation and the mean would be compared with the pre

27、dicted or most recent value as a check on consistency. Subsequent processing would further reduce the observation and the data into series file or campaign file following the structure of the data management system. Consistency would be checked either again for the observation or further for the red

28、uced data.Trend AnalysisOnce more than one campaign has been observed or once enough data are contained in a series, it is necessary to determine the tendency that is being exhibited in space or over time or both. The observed tendencies are then brought together to suggest possible forms of models, i.e., the choice of parameters to be estimated. The trend analysis acts as a filter by extracting the behavio